Purple Discoloration Research Articles

Reactions in Maize Infected with Swedish Isolates of Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYDV)

AbstractNine cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) were tested for susceptibility to BYDV under three temperature ranges in the greenhouse. Three Swedish isolates of BYDV were used, two specifically transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (39/78) and by Sitobion avenae (Fabr.) (27/77), respectively, and the third by both species (70). The virus isolates were transmitted successfully from different grasses to maize and from infected maize to the susceptible oat cultivar “Sol II” by the respective aphid species. S. avenae showed very high ability to transmit the S. avenae specific isolate to and from maize plants.The main symptoms that developed on maize were fine chlorotic irregular spots, reddish purple discoloration and malformed leaves.The relationship between maize cultivar, temperature and percent of infection is discussed. Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used with success to detect the virus isolate 27/77 in susceptible and symptomless maize plants.Electron microscopy of maize (cv. LG ll) infected with the 27/77 isolate of BYDV revealed virus‐like particles, about 22 nm in diameter, in the nuclei of companion cells, in the plasmodesmata connecting companion cells with mature sieve tubes, in the lumen of mature sieve tubes and in xylem tracheal elements.

Occurrence and Quality of Florunner Peanuts with Purple Testa Discoloration

Abstract Occurrence and quality of Florunner peanuts with purple testae from combined Federal-State check grade samples were examined. The number of purple peanuts varied inversely with seed size, with up to 6.7% weight in the commercial grade size “other edible.” Exposure of viable peanut pods to light affected the development of purple testae. The percentage of No. 1 grade size peanuts with purple testae increased from 0.86 to 8.53 when pods on growing plants were exposed to direct sunlight. Misting freshly harvested peanuts for 10 days in the windrow also increased the occurrence of purple testae. Except for oil color, only slight differences were found in objective quality determinations between purple testae and normal (no purple testae) peanuts of the same size. Peanut butter from normal peanuts was judged better flavored than that from purple testae peanuts but no difference was detected between normal and a sample containing 7.5% purple, although purple testae peanuts increased the tendency toward grayness of the peanut butter. These data indicate the need for reevaluation of the “damage” designation of peanuts with purple testae.

“Paradoxical Undressing”in Fatal Hypothermia

The phenomenon called paradoxical undressing has been described from 33 cases of hypothermia collected from Swedish police reports. The cases were almost evenly distributed with regard to sex, age, and geographical distribution. The cases occurred more frequently in open land although cases from town areas were also found. Most incidents were recorded from November to February at low ambient temperatures, although cases were also reported at temperatures above 0 degree C. Arteriosclerosis and chronic alcoholism were important concomitant illnesses, the latter being frequent in middle-aged men. Epilepsy, diabetes, and pregnancy were present in single cases. Ethanol and other drugs were present in 67% of the males and in 78% of the females, ethanol predominating in men and various psychotropic agents in women. The mean blood ethanol concentration in males was 0.16% and in females, 0.18%. Most frequent findings at necropsy were purple spots or discoloration on the extremities, pulmonary edema, and gastric hemorrhages. It is concluded that paradoxical undressing might be explained by changes in peripheral vasoconstriction in the deeply hypothermic person. It represents the last effort of the victim and is followed almost immediately by unconsciousness and death.

Height growth and apical damage of white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.) from various latitudes outplanted in New Brunswick

White ash (Fraxinusamericanus L.) collected from a total of 36 geographic areas (in New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, and 18 areas of the United States) were outplanted in New Brunswick. The seven hundred and eighty-three 3-year-old seedlings showed a height range from 76 to 25 cm; the height was correlated with latitude (positive) and persistence of the apical bud (negative). Material from more southerly states (Illinois, Tennessee, and Kentucky) survived but suffered the most heavy apical damage of all the material outplanted in New Brunswick. It is suggested that white ash from the northeast of the continent, especially that from New Brunswick, is more resistant to winter damage and local indigenous material is therefore recommended for planting. More southerly material showed purple discoloration of the foliage and crinkled leaf edges. There was little correlation between height of seedlings and elevation of the original populations.

Reduction in the photosynthetic rate of Acer, quercus and Fraxinus species caused by sulphur dioxide and ozone

The relative sensitivity of leaf photosynthesis to fumigation with sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and ozone (O 3) was determined over a range of light intensity and relative humidity for sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh, black oak Quercus velutina Lamb and white ash Fraxinus americana L. Treatments included fumigation at low (0.2-0.4), intermediate (0.5-0.6) and high (1.3-1.5 cal cm −2 min −1) light intensity and low (22–43%) and high (55–92%) relative humidity. After one week of fumigation at low humidity and low light intensity the rate of photosynthesis was 52, 46 and 80% for treatment with 50 pphm (1.4 mg m −3) SO 2, 52, 73 and 100% for treatment with 50 pphm (1.1 mg m −3) O 3 and 56,59 and 62% for treatment with 50 pphm SO 2 plus 50 pphm O 3, respectively for black oak, sugar maple and white ash. After three weeks of fumigation SO 2 reduced photosynthesis to 26, 57 and 93% while O 3 reduced photosynthesis to 57, 45 and 94%, respectively in black oak, sugar maple and white ash. Visible symptoms did not appear during fumigation for any of these experiments except that the onset of autumnal coloration for some fumigated leaves occurred up to two weeks earlier than for non-fumigated leaves. Fumigation for one week with 50 pphm SO 2 plus 50 pphm O 3 at high humidity and high light intensity reduced photosynthesis to 15% in sugar maple and to 30% in white ash. Visible symptoms of red or purple discoloration for white ash and reddish flecking in sugar maple occurred for all leaves fumigated at these conditions. The photosynthetic rate of leaves exposed to SO 2 plus O 3 at high relative humidity and either intermediate or low light intensity was reduced to 44 to 65% with visible symptoms occurring on some, but not all, replicates.

HYPERBRADYKININISM: A NEW ORTHOSTATIC SYNDROME

Five patients presented with a familial syndrome of orthostatic lightheaded-ness or syncope and facial erythema associated with an excessive orthostatic fall in pulse pressure and rise in heart-rate (compared with ninety-four normal subjects), ecchymoses, and purple discoloration of the legs after standing. The five patients almost invariably had plasma concentrations of bradykinin above the normal range and normal plasma-kallikreinogen concentrations. In at least some of the patients, hyper-bradykininæmia was probably caused by impaired destruction of circulating bradykinin, since plasma-bradykininase-I concentrations were commonly below the levels found in normal subjects. There was considerable improvement in symptoms and in the blood-pressure and pulse-rate changes during treatment with propranolol, fludrocortisone, or cypro-heptadine.

Market Quality of Radishes Stored in Low O2-Atmospheres1

Abstract Oxygen at 1% was optimal for topped red radishes stored at 5 or 10°C because it retarded softening and new root and top growth. At 2.5°, the radishes kept well in air. Roots were injured by 1/2% O2 during 15 days at 10° and by 1/4% O2 during 8 days at 10° or 15 days at 5°. Bacterial decay, surface mold, a purplish discoloration, and off-flavors were symptoms of low-O2 injury. Slowing of deterioration due to low O2 generally persisted during 3 subsequent days in air at 10°, but injuries induced by low O2 intensified in air. Pithiness was independent of O2 concn, but increased during storage at 5 and 10°. The relation between pithiness and translucence is discussed. One-half and 1/4% O2 inhibited the growth of aerial mycelium of Peronospora parasitica Pers. ex Fr. on radishes with typical black downy mildew lesions.

Lead Contamination of Flux-Grown Garnets and the Effect on Optical Properties

One occasionally observes in flux-grown gallium and aluminum garnets a purple discoloration. Combined optical absorption, emission spectrographic and electron microprobe studies of crystals showing pronounced color banding indicate a direct correlation between depth of purple color and dissolved lead content. In addition to the broad visible absorption band leading to the purple color, a sharp absorption band is observed near 2.8 μ in the discolored crystals. Since the small lead impurity cannot by itself produce either of these absorptions, they must be attributed to associated charge-compensating mechanism—e.g., charged vacancies (color centers) in the one instance and OH− replacements for oxygen ions in the other. While it can be argued that the lead impurity must be partially self-compensating, the divalent state appears to predominate.

Arthus Reaction in the Mouse and the Rat after Intralabial Injection of Antigens

Abstract Systemic anaphylaxis cannot be produced in mice and rats as readily as in many other species of animals. Local anaphylactic reaction in the skin of the rat is scant and in the mouse has not been demonstrated, at least in its typical form. Selye (1) discovered that the normal rat responds with edema and purple discoloration of the “snout” and paws to the first injection of egg white given into a vein or the peritoneal cavity. He also has shown that the same reaction occurs following the injection of a relatively small amount of dextran (2) into the lip or the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the paw; in these instances the “snout” and all of the paws develop purplish discoloration and edema. McMaster Kruse, Sturm and Edwards (3) found that the lips and paws of actively sensitized mice may respond with purple discoloration and swelling to the intravenous injection of rabbit serum containing the appropriate antibodies (reverse passive anaphylaxis)2.

Nonsurgical treatment of birthmarks by tattooing.

The following report presents a physical method of obliterating a birthmark, or port-wine stain, of the face by intradermal injection of permanent pigments by tattooing. This method was reported by Conway1and is executed with the Conway Dermajector, an electrical tattooing machine. I believe that this is a definite improvement in the treatment of certain capillary hemangiomas, the flat port-wine stains due to subdermal and dermal capillary invasion which cause a marked purplish discoloration of the skin through a normal epidermis. Other physical methods, such as electrodesiccation, irradiation, and application of solid carbon dioxide are often not successful, and if successful may leave a thin atrophic skin., which condition may be worse than the original lesion. This method of tattooing pigment over the nevus can give a better result than surgical excision of a large hemangioma which has to be replaced by a skin graft from a distant area of the body, which skin does not match the rest of the face

Direct Current Combined with X-Ray Therapy: Case of Kaposi Sarcoma Thus Treated

The use of direct current in combination with x-ray therapy in order to increase the efficacy of the latter has not been reported, although it has been known for some time. Our basis for this procedure is of necessity, therefore, purely theoretical. In the case to be reported treatment was given with the following x-ray therapy factors: 120 kv.p., 5 ma. filament current, 4 mm. Al filtration, 25 cm. distance. The output of the apparatus was 15 r per minute. Each area received a total of 1,500 r. The electrical apparatus consisted of an ordinary galvanic machine and a pair of electrodes made of felt pads soaked in normal saline. The positive electrode was placed over the tumor area and the negative electrode over a nearby area, so that the lines of force would travel as directly as possible through the region of the tumor. The positive electrode was made as small as possible but large enough to cover the entire tumor area. The purpose of this arrangement was to produce the greatest possible current density at the site of the lesion. The x-rays were directed through the positive electrode into the tumor area. The plan followed was to give direct current first for about ten minutes, then to begin x-ray irradiation while the current was still on and continue both until the desired x-ray dose (150 r) had been delivered. Direct current was applied to the limit of tolerance as judged by the sensation of pain or discomfort. V. R., a 67-year-old Italian tailor, was admitted because of edema of the left lower extremity and widespread involvement of the skin by the bluish tumors characteristic of hemorrhagic sarcoma. The patient had first noticed these lesions about five years prior to admission. Examination showed a brawny edema of the left lower leg and foot with purplish discoloration of the skin of that area. On the left plantar surface were numerous hemorrhagic verrucous lesions. The right foot also showed diffuse involvement by lesions of the hemorrhagic type, but this foot was not indurated or swollen. The right hand and wrist were edematous and indurated and several small hemorrhagic nodules protruded from the skin on the dorsum of the wrist. Scattered widely on different areas of the body were numerous circinate areas of purple color. Each area was made up of confluent groups of small, round, firm subcutaneous hemorrhagic nodules which faded only slightly on pressure. The patient was studied completely for systemic involvement, and all laboratory findings were negative, including blood serologic tests. Biopsy of lesions similar to those treated revealed a picture characteristic of hemorrhagic sarcoma of Kaposi, showing dense new capillary formation with increased cellular infiltrate, the so-called second phase of this type of tumor. On Jan. 25, 1943, two areas on the patient's right arm (Fig. 1) were selected for treatment.

Carcino-Osteogenic Sarcoma a Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Chest Wall: Report of a Case

Mature bone tissue is sometimes found in the stroma of carcinoma but the association of rapidly growing osteogenic and epithelial tissue is believed to be of uncommon occurrence. Case Report A white female, aged fifty-nine, entered the hospital Nov. 10, 1932, complaining of a lump in the chest wall above the right breast. This tumor, which was first noticed in 1903, had enlarged very slowly until 1931 but in the past year had increased in size quite rapidly. A purplish discoloration of the skin had recently appeared. The patient did not remember receiving trauma to this area. The tumor measured 1.8 × 2.0 cm. in diameter and was located in the subcutaneous tissue of the chest 3.5 cm. below the middle of the right clavicle. It was hard, apparently encapsulated, and freely movable over the pectoral muscles. The surface was elevated about 1 cm. above the level of the adjacent skin, and was covered by purple colored epidermis, that was moderately adherent to the tumor. There was no tenderness. This tumor with the adjacent skin and subcutaneous tissue was excised on the day of admission to the hospital. A diagnosis of malignancy was made from a study of frozen sections but no further operative treatment seemed to be indicated since the local lesion was apparently completely resected. The wound healed in a satisfactory manner. Four years after the operative removal of this tumor the patient was entirely free of recurrence and evidence of metastases.

NAEVUS FLAMMEUS ASSOCIATED WITH GLAUCOMA

Naevus flammeus associated with glaucoma has been recognized since 1860, when Schirmer 1 reported a case of nevus of the face and buphthalmus. Since then about sixty-five cases have been reported, and in these fifteen eyeballs have been examined histologically. By naevus flammeus, or port wine nevus, is meant a congenital anomaly manifesting itself as a purple discoloration of more or less extensive areas of the skin, the anatomic basis of which consists of telangiectatic vessels. This malformation is more common on the face than on the body and is most often confined to one side of the face, with the median line as its boundary. Not infrequently a striking agreement may be observed between the nevus and the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. The glaucoma which is associated with this condition is chronic and noninflammatory or primary. The age at which the ocular hypertension