Stages Of Purification Research Articles

Mathematical Description of the Process of Impact Interaction of a Flow of Catalyst Particles With a Breaking Element In a Cyclone Device With a Coaxial Arrangement of Purification Stages

Mathematical Description of the Process of Impact Interaction of a Flow of Catalyst Particles With a Breaking Element In a Cyclone Device With a Coaxial Arrangement of Purification Stages

Hybrid Mass Spectrometry Applied across the Production of Antibody Biotherapeutics.

Post expression from the host cells, biotherapeutics undergo downstream processing steps before final formulation. Mass spectrometry and biophysical characterization methods are valuable for examining conformational and stoichiometric changes at these stages, although typically not used in biomanufacturing, where stability is assessed via bulk property studies. Here we apply hybrid MS methods to understand how solution condition changes impact the structural integrity of a biopharmaceutical across the processing pipeline. As an exemplar product, we use the model IgG1 antibody, mAb4. Flexibility, stability, aggregation propensity, and bulk properties are evaluated in relation to perfusion media, purification stages, and formulation solutions. Comparisons with Herceptin, an extensively studied IgG1 antibody, were conducted in a mass spectrometry-compatible solution. Despite presenting similar charge state distributions (CSD) in native MS, mAb4, and Herceptin show distinct unfolding patterns in activated ion mobility mass spectrometry (aIM-MS) and differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). Herceptin's greater structural stability and aggregation onset temperature (Tagg) are attributed to heavier glycosylation and kappa-class light chains, unlike the lambda-class light chains in mAb4. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed that mAb4 undergoes substantial structural changes during purification, marked by high flexibility, low melting temperature (Tm), and prevalent repulsive protein-protein interactions but transitions to a compact and stable structure in high-salt and formulated environments. Notably, in formulation, the third constant domain (CH3) of the heavy chain retains flexibility and is a region of interest for aggregation. Future work could translate features of interest from comprehensive studies like this to targeted approaches that could be utilized early in the development stage to aid in decision-making regarding targeted mutations or to guide the design space of bioprocesses and formulation choices.

Prospects for reducing resistance of ash collecting apparatus

Various variations of reducing the aerodynamic resistance of devices with a complex flow-through configuration are considered. About 50% of power plants in the Russian Federation operate on coal, with two-stage cleaning used in the ash collection process. Modern coarse ash collectors allow achieving an efficiency of 55 – 80% depending on their service life. It is advisable to reduce the number of cleaning stages by upgrading them with modern cleaning devices that allow achieving high efficiency of cleaning the dusty flow and subjecting this cleaning complex to less repair work. IVACis an inertial-vacuum ash collector, which can achieve the capture of a wide range of studied particles (1 – 100 μm) with an efficiency of up to 99%. This device was tested at the Omsk CHP Plant, but it was found to feature an increased aerodynamic resistance, as well as high efficiency. The objective of this work is to keep an aerodynamic resistance to 660 Pa (the resistance of the cyclone apparatus so that the apparatus can be used as the first and, consequently, as two stages of purification) while maintaining the efficiency of the apparatus. The results of changing the configuration of the flow part of the IVAC are analyzed, the model submitted for patenting after numerous is considered. The research methodology is the analysis of a numerical experiment in ANSYS CFX using the k-ε mathematical model (ash mass content of 70 g / kg; One-Way Coupling). In conclusion, recommendations are proposed for further prospects of IVAC research.

Purification of Li2CO3 Obtained through Pyrometallurgical Treatment of NMC Black Mass from Electric Vehicle Batteries.

The recycling of lithium batteries is essential for a sustainable energy transition. However, impurities in the products obtained from the black mass can lower their market value. In this work, lithium carbonate, which has the highest market share among lithium-based products, is purified using distilled water at controlled temperature, time and stirring speed. The purification process involves dissolving lithium carbonate in distilled water at low temperatures (between 0 and 10 °C), followed by crystallization through water evaporation. Optimal conditions yielded lithium carbonate with a purity of 99.66 % after two stages of purification. The dependence of the variables on the final purity was deeply analyzed and the thermodynamics of the reaction was studied, confirming the exothermic nature of the dissolution reaction.

One-step synthesis of short columnar α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate from titanium white waste acid

The waste sulfuric acid solution emerged as a main emission substance from titanium dioxide production is called titanium white waste acid (TWWA). The disposal of TWWA has been a concern due to its potential impact on the environment. A green way including one-step preparation and purification stages of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) from TWWA and lime mud via a neutralization reaction in the hydrothermal pressure apparatus was developed. The preferred experimental conditions were obtained, i.e., lime mud/TWWA/sodium citrate ratio: 16/16/1, 140 ℃, 0.5 MPa, reaction time: 10 min. The recovery rate of α-HH in the whole process was 89.5%. The method presented high efficiency and selectivity in conversion to a short-columnar-shaped α-HH under addition of 3.40 × 10−2 mol/L sodium citrate as a crystal modifier. The structure and composition of the obtained α-HH products were confirmed by XRD, TGA, and SEM. Compared with titanium gypsum, the obtained short columnar α-HH with hexaprismatic morphology showed excellent mechanical properties. According to GB/T 9776 − 2008 “Calcined gypsum”, the compressive strength of 7 days of the cemented short-columnar α-HH was about 6.35 MPa, which it meets the strength requirements for building gypsum.

Bernoulli Distillation System (BDS) for Bioethanol Sorghum Stalk Purification

Sorghum is a plant that produces syrup, forage and animal feed silage. The utilization of sorghum stalk as fuel oil (bioethanol) is an energy increasingly needed by the depletion of deposits of fossil fuel oil. Thus, tools and methods are needed to produce sorghum stem bioethanol, which has a certain purity level. This study aims to increase the purity of bioethanol from sorghum stems using the Bernoulli Distillation System (BDS) by experimentally testing the purification of sorghum stem bioethanol. In the bioethanol purification stage, heat transfer in the reactor and condenser was analyzed, and the performance of the ejector was analyzed with a vacuum pressure (-55 cmHg), temperature 71°C, test time of 1800, 3600, 5400 and 7200 seconds with a test material of 28% capacity 20 liters. The results of the analysis of the highest conduction heat transfer on the water jacket wall are 14757.72 Joules, the reactor tank is 962.1 Joules, the bottom of the reactor tank is 765.05 Joules and convection in the reactor fluid is 2.09 Joules. The highest heat transfer energy in the condenser is 72683.1 Joules. While the efficiency of the water jet ejector is 65.4%, the highest increase in bioethanol content is 51% in 3600 seconds, as much as 745 ml. The characteristics of the bioethanol obtained included a calorific value test of 1389.48 cal/gram, a viscosity of 1.02044, a flash point of 32.5°C, and a density of 0.934 g/cm3. Thus, the Bernoulli Distillation System’s purification process can increase bioethanol levels effectively and efficiently.

ТЕОРИЯ НЕЧЕТКИХ МНОЖЕСТВ В ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОМ АНАЛИЗЕ ДАННЫХ

The article is devoted to the application of data mining (KDD) and fuzzy sets to work with large amounts of data. The digital revolution has led to a significant increase in the volume and speed of data, which makes traditional analysis methods ineffective. Data mining covers the stages of purification, integration, transformation and extraction of knowledge from data. Fuzzy logic, which extends Boolean logic, allows for uncertainty and approximate reasoning, which makes it especially useful for processing complex and noisy data. The article discusses in detail the applications of fuzzy sets in tasks such as clustering, associative rule detection, data generalization, time series analysis, and web applications. Fuzzy logic helps solve problems related to incomplete or inaccurate data by providing more flexible and understandable solutions. The author also notes that the use of fuzzy sets improves the adaptation of systems to specific data requirements and features, which contributes to more accurate analysis and decision-making in areas such as healthcare, finance and telecommunications. These advantages make fuzzy sets an important tool for improving the efficiency of data mining and improving user interaction.

Separation of multicomponent gas mixtures

In the production of granular organo-mineral fertilizers using the fluidization technique by dehydrating heterogeneous liquids, as an energy-efficient technology, there is a need to purify the spent coolant containing solid particles, dust and a significant amount of water vapor. Solid particles up to 20 microns in size are effectively captured in cyclone devices. To further capture water vapor and fine solid particles, a scrubber is used with an additional circulation circuit involving an additional bone of water, which, upon reaching a concentration of more than 20%, is discharged back to the granulation stage. This leads to an increase in energy consumption for production in general. Condensation of vapors in a dispersion containing 5-7% (w/w) moisture in the form of water vapor at the second stage of purification will increase the level of environmental safety in production. To select an innovative method of separation of multicomponent gas dispersions accompanied by a change in the aggregate state and a rational design of the apparatus, a review of scientific articles and developments such as systematization of existing methods was carried out. Such an approach makes it possible to choose the optimal solution for the separation of gas-dust and gas-liquid flows in the conditions of the existence of a large number of types of equipment design and the level of their innovation. In addition to the rational design of the devices, great attention was also paid to the issues of energy efficiency, resource saving and ensuring the state of environmental safety at production facilities in the conducted research. Based on the results of the analysis, it is proposed to use a scheme of consecutively installed cyclones CN-11 and SK‑CN-33. It is proposed to use the ЦН-11 cyclone for the preliminary capture of highly dispersed dust, and the SK-CN‑33 for condensation and capture of water vapor and solids not caught in the previous cyclone particles.

Analysis of chemical properties for biodiesel derived from crude palm oil

AbstractHigh biodiesel purity (98.86% to 99.54%) has been achieved using cooking oil, which undergoes various purification stages before being sold. This inherent purity contributes to the high biodiesel purity produced during solvent‐aided crystallization (SAC). This study aims to investigate the performance of SAC using unpurified oil as the feedstock for crude biodiesel preparation. Crude palm oil (CPO) was used as the feedstock, and the effects of crystallization temperature (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14°C), crystallization time (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 min), and shaking speed (32, 43, 61, 71, and 84 rpm) were measured. The highest biodiesel purity achieved was 99.05% at 6°C crystallization temperature, 30 min crystallization time, and medium shaking speed. Additionally, all samples met international standards EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 for chemical properties, including iodine and acid value analysis. These results suggest that SAC is an effective method for producing high‐quality biodiesel from less refined feedstock, potentially lowering production costs and expanding the range of viable raw materials for biodiesel production.

Development of a pilot plant for improvement water purification technologies at Desnianska water treatment plant in Kyiv

Providing the population with high-quality drinking water is one of the priority tasks of modern society. In Ukraine, which is experiencing challenges related to the need to modernize critical infrastructure, this task is of particular relevance. The Desnianska Water Supply Station (DVS), which supplies drinking water to a large part of Kyiv, needs a comprehensive renovation due to the deterioration of water quality at the water supply source and outdated treatment technologies. In this context, pilot studies are an important tool for optimizing and selecting effective technological solutions before their implementation on an industrial scale. The article discusses the development of a pilot plant to improve the technology of water purification at the Desnianska water supply station in Kyiv. The main goal of the study is to increase the efficiency of the water purification process through the introduction of the latest technologies and methods. The paper describes 4 technological schemes of water purification and the principle of operation of the pilot plant, as well as the justification for the use of such technological schemes. Requirements for research include: working out technological schemes during all seasons of the year; laboratory control of water quality at all stages of purification and disinfection; preparation of interim and final reports; presentation of research results. After the research, a significant improvement in the quality of treated water and a reduction in operating costs are expected. The proposed recommendations can be used to modernize existing water supply stations and introduce new technologies in the field of water supply.

Preparation of Aprepitant nanoparticles using subcritical water anti-solvent technology

The low oral bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients in aqueous media causes to partial absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing surface area by particle size reduction has been accomplished to overcome these challenges. In this study, Aprepitant (APT) nanoparticles were prepared using a green solvent anti-solvent precipitation method based on subcritical water (SW) technology. Effects of three different parameters such as SW temperature (368.15–388.15 K), anti-solvent temperature (273.15–293.15 K), and polyethylene glycol concentration (0.02–0.04 wt%) were studied on the size and morphology of the produced nanoparticles. As the next step, optimization of the process was performed using the response surface Box-Behnken design (BBD), and optimum operational conditions were obtained as follows: SW temperature (388.15 K), anti-solvent temperature (283.15 K), and polyethylene glycol concentration (0.04 wt%). The results revealed a significant decline in the size of the precipitated particle by subcritical water-based technologies (5.0 nm, on average), as compared to the unprocessed drug particles (30 μm, on average). Green SW-based technologies are proposed for the preparation of APT nanoparticles with no requirement for organic solvents and post-processing purification stages.

Enhancing monoclonal antibody stability during protein a chromatography using 2-methyl imidazolium dihydrogen phosphate

This study investigates the impact of 2-methyl imidazolium dihydrogen phosphate (2-MIDHP) on monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregation during the Protein A purification stage, at a low pH (pH 3.0), and the viral inactivation phase. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to assess the mAb aggregation. Additionally, the influence of 2-MIDHP on mAb recovery, host cell protein (HCP) clearance, and Protein A leaching was investigated. Thermal stability of mAb, eluted in buffers containing 5 % to 25 % 2-MIDHP was analysed, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Structural insights were obtained via circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our findings indicated that 2-MIDHP exerted a concentration-dependent protective effect against mAb aggregation, at the pH of 3.0. As the concentration of 2-MIDHP was increased from 0 % to 25 %, the aggregation was significantly reduced from 3.8 ± 0.01 % to 0.56 ± 0.002 %, as analysed by SE-HPLC. Addition of 2-MIDHP did not significantly impact the mAb recovery, HCP clearance, or Protein A leaching. DSC data supported these results, with higher 2-MIDHP concentrations leading to increased melting temperatures of mAb. CD and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed no significant changes in the secondary structure or aromatic residue environment in 2-MIDHP-treated samples, despite the observed reduction in aggregation. The results suggested that 2-MIDHP mitigated mAb aggregation during Protein A purification, possibly by stabilizing the protein structure under acidic stress conditions. These findings offer valuable insights for improving the robustness of mAb purification processes, enhancing product quality and yield.

Analysis of Liquid Smoke Grade Characteristics from Coconut Shells and Palm Kernel Shell Waste Through a Slow Pyrolysis Process

This research was motivated by the abundance of biomass plantations in Indonesia. Accumulated biomass waste will cause environmental problems. Biomass processing can resolve this issue, by producing functionally and economically valuable products. The purpose of this research was to increase the value of biomass by processing it as liquid smoke through pyrolysis and then proceeding to the purification stage. The purification method applied in this research was a combination of distillation and adsorption processes using natural zeolite. The variables of this research were: two types of biomass, namely coconut shells and palm kernel shells, and liquid smoke grade variations. The analysis parameters were: pH, viscosity, density, acid content, and phenol analysis as well as GC-MS. The characteristics analysis results showed that all liquid smoke samples met the Japanese liquid smoke standard. Based on pH, acid, and phenol analysis, the liquid smoke from the coconut shells sample had better quality compared to the liquid smoke from palm kernel shells, namely with pH 2.36, acid content 0.26 mg/mL, and phenol 2,368.75 ppm. The GC-MS test results indicated that grade-1 liquid smoke from both samples contained antibacterial compounds, such as phosphonic acid, formic acid, and carbamic acid, which have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth.

Preparation and properties of especially pure Ge-Sb-As-S glasses for IR optics

The novel multi-stage method for preparation of especially pure GexAsySbzS100-x-y-z (x = 10–13; y = 20–23; z = 4–6) glasses is presented. The method includes the stages of deep purification of initial elements using different chemical getters, transport reactions and vacuum distillation. The glass samples with compositions close to stoichiometric ones and a low content of gas-forming impurities are synthesized; their structure, optical, thermal and magneto-optical properties are investigated. The studied characteristics of the samples meet the requirements for their use in the IR optics and are relevant for multifunctional applications.

Study of the adjuvant properties of beta-glucans from <i>Saccharomyces Cerevisiae</i> yeast

To increase the effectiveness and immunogenicity of modern vaccines, especially subunit ones, it is required to use adjuvants. Polysaccharides, due to their safety and biocompatibility, are desirable candidates for the creation of vaccine adjuvants. The aim of our study was to develop a method for obtaining beta-Glucans from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, and evaluate their adjuvant properties. The high purity and non-toxicity of the resulting preparation was achieved by using enzyme complexes of cellulase and protease in combination with ultrasound (22 kHz) at the purification stage. The developed scheme allows for the yield of beta-Glucans up to 2 g from 100 g of the biomass of wet cells. The adjuvant properties of beta-Glucans were studied in 50 male BALB/c mice, weighing 16–18 g. Immunization was performed twice, with a 14-day interval, intramuscularly, 200 μl per animal. The recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the surface S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.617.2 (Delta)) was used as an antigen, at a dose of 50 μg per animal. A positive control group was administered with the antigen combined with aluminum hydroxide. As a negative control, mice injected with the saline solution were used. The titers of specific antibodies in the blood sera were determined by ELISA assays. RBD (Wuhan-Hu-1 and Delta), and S protein (Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta and Omicron) were used as antigens. The titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies were measured in neutralization tests using SARS-CoV-2 virus strains Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). The results of the study have shown that beta-Glucans have the ability to enhance the production of specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with RBD. The titers of specific and virus neutralizing antibodies are comparable to their levels in the group immunized with RBD and Al(OH)₃. It has been found in the experiments in white outbred ICR mice that the preparation belongs to practically non-toxic substances. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of beta-Glucans could become a preferable alternative to the conventional adjuvants based on aluminum salts, being biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic substances of low labor-intensive production.

Impacts of Impurity Removal Chemical Pretreatment Procedures on the Composition and Adsorption Properties of Bentonites

This work is based on a detailed study of samples from three industrial bentonite deposits in Russia (10th Khutor, Zyryanskoe) and Kazakhstan (Taganskoe). The samples of the listed bentonites were undergoing stage-by-stage purification from carbonates, organic matter, and non-clay iron-bearing phase procedures. The conducted research revealed changes in the composition of bentonites already at the first stage of purification, which, however, were not noted for all bentonites, as well as a change in the forms of Fe in smectite structure. The latter is probably associated with changes in cis- and trans-vacant positions. Sorption characteristics with respect to 137Cs are determined using the localization and charges in the smectite layer and the slight changes during purification, along with the specific surface area indicators.

Evaluation of a rapid multi-attribute combinatorial high-throughput UV-Vis/DLS/SLS analytical platform for rAAV quantification and characterization

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene therapies are expanding in their application. Despite progress in manufacturing, current analytical methods for product quantification and characterization remain largely unchanged. Although critical for product and process development, in-process testing, and batch release, current analytical methods are labor-intensive, costly, and hampered by extended turnaround times and low throughput. The field requires more efficient, cost-effective analytical techniques capable of handling large sample quantities to accelerate product and process development. Here, we evaluated Stunner from Unchained Labs for quantifying and characterizing rAAVs and compared it with established analytical methods. Stunner is a combinatorial analytic technology platform that interpolates ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption with static and dynamic light scattering (SLS/DLS) analysis to determine capsid and genomic titer, empty and full capsid ratio, and assess vector size and polydispersity. The platform offers empirical measurements with minimal sample requirements. Upon testing hundreds of rAAV vectors, comprising various serotypes and transgenes, the data show a strong correlation with established analytical methods and exhibit high reproducibility and repeatability. Some analyses can be applied to in-process samples from different purification stages and processes, fulfilling the demand for rapid, high-throughput analysis during development. In sum, the pipeline presented streamlines small- and large-batch analytics.

Pencucian Crude Palm Oil (CPO) untuk Mitigasi Penurunan 3-MCPDE dan GE pada Pemurnian Minyak Sawit

Crude palm oil (CPO) purification aims to remove or degrade unwanted components such as free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, impurities, color pigments, metals, and odors. The CPO purification generally consists of degumming, bleaching, and deodorization process. During the stages, some undesirable compounds are formed, including 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE). The main precursors responsible for formation of the two compounds are chlorides and acyl glycerol fractions, especially diacylglycerol (DAG) and this occurs high temperatures in the deodorization process. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce their precursors in order to supress the contaminants. To cope with the problem, a washing process of CPO was proposed as an extra process before a purification stage. The washing process was carried out in two ways, namely wet washing by using water, and dry washing by using bleaching earth (BE) by 2 types of commercial BE (natural and acid activated). Washing processes using wet and dry washing (natural and activated BE) showed comparable effectiveness in reducing 3-MCPDE and GE levels in refined palm oil. As a result, the process successfully reduced 3-MCPDE content to comply with a standard Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/1332, but GE content did not conform to standard.

Modification of Coal Fly Ash Waste into Manganese-Oxide-Coated-Zeolite (MOCZ) to Adsorb Heavy Metal Ions Ni2+

High consumption of coal as a source of electrical energy in Indonesia has resulted in piles of waste from coal burning, namely fly ash, which can damage the environment and harm health. Fly ash contains main oxides, namely silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), whose components are similar to zeolite, so they can be synthesized into zeolite-like material (ZLM) which can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metal Ni2+. Therefore, this research discussed the characterization of manganese-oxide-coated-zeolite (MOCZ) from fly ash waste as a heavy metal adsorbent. The research procedure consisted of preparation, purification, and activation stage of fly ash to obtain fly ash that is free from impurities, the stage of making sodium silicate and sodium aluminate, and zeolite synthesis. The resulting zeolite was then coated with manganese oxide to expand the surface area of the zeolite and increase the ability of zeolite to adsorb heavy metal Ni2+. The research results showed that fly ash waste that was coated with manganese oxide can adsorb heavy metal Ni2+. The adsorption of the Ni2+ metal ion solution by zeolite with MOCZ modification is in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm.

Power-to-ammonia synthesis process with membrane reactors: Techno- economic study

This work aims at investigating the potential of catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs) for ammonia production from renewable hydrogen. To achieve this objective, computer-aided process simulation is deployed using Aspen plus v14 simulation tool. A 1D model is developed to describe the integration of a ruthenium catalyst into a CMR equipped with inorganic membranes that are selective to NH3 over N2 and H2. First, the CMR performance is studied across a broad spectrum of membrane properties and operating conditions. Subsequently, the CMR model is integrated into several Power-to-Ammonia (PtA) process layouts, which are optimized and techno-economically compared against a traditional PEM-based PtA production process, employing condensation for the purification stage. Key findings at the reactor level confirmed that beyond a selectivity threshold towards hydrogen of 10–20, both the degree of conversion and recovery tend to be generally independent of the membrane's selectivity. However, for producing pure ammonia permeate, highly selective membranes (>1000 towards H2) depending on the pressure drop are found essential making this alternative elusive based on existing membranes. At the PtA level, results in terms of efficiency indicates that the use of membrane reactor increases the system efficiency by around ∼8% with respect to reference case while ∼15% enhancement is achieved with this process when using SOEC technology. When examining the final Levelized Cost of Ammonia (LCOA), incorporating a membrane reactor in conjunction with condensation separation results in a cost that nearly matches the reference case. Future research should focus on replacing the condensation process with a method of purification at lower pressures. This could potentially further improve efficiency and reduce the cost of the membrane reactor compared to the traditional one.