Pure Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Research Articles

Wrinkling and folding of nanotube-polymer bilayers.

The influence of a polymer capping layer on the deformation of purified single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks is analyzed through the wrinkling of compressed SWCNT-polymer bilayers on polydimethylsiloxane. The films exhibit both wrinkling and folding under compression and we extract the elastoplastic response using conventional two-plate buckling schemes. The formation of a diffuse interpenetrating nanotube-polymer interface has a dramatic effect on the nanotube layer modulus for both metallic and semiconducting species. In contrast to the usual percolation exhibited by the pure SWCNT films, the capped films show a crossover from "composite" behavior (the modulus of the SWCNT film is enhanced by the polymer) to "plasticized" behavior (the modulus of the SWCNT film is reduced by the polymer) as the SWCNT film thickness increases. For almost all thicknesses, however, the polymer enhances the yield strain of the nanotube network. Conductivity measurements on identical films suggest that the polymer has a modest effect on charge transport, which we interpret as a strain-induced polymer penetration of interfacial nanotube contacts. We use scaling, Flory-Huggins theory, and independently determined nanotube-nanotube and nanotube-polymer Hamaker constants to model the response.

Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts.

Carbon nanotubes have many material properties that make them attractive for applications. In the context of nanoelectronics, interest has focused on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) because slight changes in tube diameter and wrapping angle, defined by the chirality indices (n, m), will shift their electrical conductivity from one characteristic of a metallic state to one characteristic of a semiconducting state, and will also change the bandgap. However, this structure-function relationship can be fully exploited only with structurally pure SWNTs. Solution-based separation methods yield tubes within a narrow structure range, but the ultimate goal of producing just one type of SWNT by controlling its structure during growth has proved to be a considerable challenge over the last two decades. Such efforts aim to optimize the composition or shape of the catalyst particles that are used in the chemical vapour deposition synthesis process to decompose the carbon feedstock and influence SWNT nucleation and growth. This approach resulted in the highest reported proportion, 55 per cent, of single-chirality SWNTs in an as-grown sample. Here we show that SWNTs of a single chirality, (12, 6), can be produced directly with an abundance higher than 92 per cent when using tungsten-based bimetallic alloy nanocrystals as catalysts. These, unlike other catalysts used so far, have such high melting points that they maintain their crystalline structure during the chemical vapour deposition process. This feature seems crucial because experiment and simulation both suggest that the highly selective growth of (12, 6) SWNTs is the result of a good structural match between the carbon atom arrangement around the nanotube circumference and the arrangement of the catalytically active atoms in one of the planes of the nanocrystal catalyst. We anticipate that using high-melting-point alloy nanocrystals with optimized structures as catalysts paves the way for total chirality control in SWNT growth and will thus promote the development of SWNT applications.

Dispersion of purified single wall carbon nanotube in polyethylene glycol and polypyrrole for an improved efficiency of a glucose biosensor (780.8)

Abstract Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a class of materials that have been utilized in the field of sensors, drug delivery, bioimaging etc. SWCNTs have been used in the field of sensors because of their aspect ratio and the network they form for a faster electron transfer. The presence of impurities such as transition metals, amorphous carbon and structural defects hinders the process of electron transfer. The purification of SWCNTs thus becomes necessary for such applications. Here we present the purification process of SWCNTs that does not damage the tubes or shorten the tubes. These purified SWCNTs are later dispersed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pyrrole (Py) at a concentration of 1mg/ml and later coated onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the detection of glucose. The GCE/SWCNTs was coated with glucose oxidase (3mg/ml) and dried at room temperature for 90 min and glucose is amperometrically detected in 0.05M PBS at 0.7V versus Ag/AgCl. The GCE/SWCNT/PEG gave a detection limit of 0.434 µM and a current sensitivity of (0.08164± 0.001129 µA mM‐1, r2=0.9975). The GCE/SWCNT/Py gave a detection limit of 0.9617µM with a sensitivity of (0.04189± 0.00087 µA mM‐1, r2=0.9944). These results prove that purification of SWCNTs with a mild oxidative step does not hamper the electron transfer rate and the dispersion of SWCNTs obtained helps in the entrapment of glucose oxidase without needing an additional protective layer.

Photo-Physical Properties of Simple and Double Strand Multi-Porphyrinic Polypeptides

One of our research field concerns porphyrin-functionalized a-polypeptides to control the spatial organization of the chromophores and enable exciton migration through the pool of porphyrins to mimic the light harvesting antennae of the photosynthetic system.1 In the photosynthetic system, the solar energy is collected by pigment molecules attached to the light harvesting complexes, in which the chlorophylls are held in a parallel orientation by fairly short a-helical polypeptides. When a photon hits one of the chlorophylls, the absorbed energy spreads extremely rapidly to the others until the reaction center is reached.1 Succeeding in organizing the porphyrins in a similar way as nature does should provide information about the relation existing between the orientation of the chlorophylls and the efficiency of nature in transferring an excited state over a very long distance and with minimal loss of energy.The right-handed 310 helical conformation adopted by our poly-L-lysine functionalized with eight porphyrins induces an overlap of the chromophores, which thus present sufficient electronic coupling to promote a good exciton migration within the molecular wire. We thus synthesized a good model of the light harvesting antennas of the photosynthetic system (studies realized in collaboration with Prof. T. Keiderling, University of Chicago, US and Prof. T. Majima, SANKEN, Osaka, Japan).2 Our peptides with pendant porphyrins were studied extensively throughout the world in collaboration with foreign colleagues, and found applications as organic photovoltaic cells,3 or redox molecular switches4 (studies realized in collaboration with Prof. S. Fukuzumi, Univeristy of Osaka, Japan and Dr. P. Ceroni, University of Bologna, Italy).These polypeptides with pendant porphyrins also found applications for the successful purification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (studies realized in collaboration with Prof. S. Fukuzumi, Univeristy of Osaka, Japan).5 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the CNRS and the French Ministry of Research. References W. Kühlbrandt, Nature 1995, 374, 497-498.M. Fujitsuka, D. W. Cho, N. Solladié, V. Troiani, H. Qiu, T. Majima, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2007, 188, 346-350. T. Hasobe, K. Saito, P. V. Kamat, V. Troiani, H. Qiu, N. Solladié, K. S. Kim, J. K. Park, D. Kim, F. D'Souza, S. Fukuzumi, J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 39, 4160-4170.Paola Ceroni, Giacomo Bergamini, Nicolas Aubert, Vincent Troiani, Nathalie Solladié, Chem. Phys. Chem. 2005, 6, 2120-2128.Kenji Saito, Vincent Troiani, Hongjin Qiu, Nathalie Solladié, Takao Sakata, Hirotaro Mori, Mitsuo Ohama, Shunichi Fukuzumi, J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1194-1199.

New metric for evaluating the purity of single-walled carbon nanotubes using ultraviolet–visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy

Accurate purity evaluation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) forms the basis for an improvement of material quality during synthesis and purification. We propose a novel purity evaluation method of as-produced and purified SWCNTs by using ultraviolet–visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy. Our approach integrates the absorption peaks from the interband electronic transitions of semiconducting and metallic tubes after the linear subtraction of π-plasmon contribution in optical absorption spectra from SWCNT-containing samples. For the constructed sample sets prepared by mixing designed amounts of highly pure SWCNTs and carbonaceous impurities, this method has demonstrated quite a good closeness of the measured purities to the designed ones. Our novel purity-evaluation method has also verified its usability for a set of arc-produced samples having different SWCNT purities, prepared by isothermal oxidation at 275∼475°C.

Biological applications of carbon dots

Carbon dots (C-dots), since their first discovery in 2004 by Scrivens et al . during purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes, have gradually become a rising star in the fluorescent nanoparticles family, due to their strong fluorescence, resistance to photobleaching, low toxicity, along with their abundant and inexpensive nature. In the past decade, the procedures for preparing C-dots have become increasingly versatile and facile, and their applications are being extended to a growing number of fields. In this review, we focused on introducing the biological applications of C-dots, hoping to expedite their translation to the clinic.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) enhance KCl-, acetylcholine-, and serotonin-induced contractions and evoke oxidative stress on rabbit ileum.

We examined the effects of intravenous administration of purified arc-discharge single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on rabbit ileum to establish the possibility of using these SWCNTs as cell markers or drug carriers for the treatment of intestinal diseases. The SWCNT purification process eliminated carbonaceous impurities and decreased the amount of metals. SWCNTs increased the contractile responses induced by KCl, acetylcholine (ACh), and serotonin (5-HT) in rabbit ileum. Verapamil, apamin, glibenclamide, quinine and charybdotoxin reduced the contractile responses induced by ACh and 5-HT in ileum from rabbits treated with SWCNTs, indicating that voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and small, intermediate, and large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated, ATP-sensitive, and voltage-dependent K+ channels are involved in these effects. Atropine and hexamethonium reduced the ACh response, indicating that muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are involved in this effect. Ondansetron and GR 113808 reduced the 5-HT response, indicating that serotonin 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are involved in this effect. SWCNTs increased the malondialdehyde plus 4-hydroxyalkenals and carbonyl levels in rabbit plasma and ileum, indicating that SWCNTs produce oxidative stress. SWCNTs did not produce relevant histological changes or modify the levels of the inflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2 in the ileum. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the intravenous administration of SWCNTs can evoke oxidative stress and affect contractility in rabbit ileum. These effects could reduce the possibility of using the arc-discharge SWCNTs as cell markers or drug carriers to treat intestinal diseases.

Effective Nondestructive Purification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based on High-Speed Centrifugation with a Photochemically Removable Dispersant

A purification method for raw single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) without damage to their intrinsic structures has been desired in many applications. We investigated the purification of SWCNTs based on high-speed centrifugation of water-dispersed SWCNTs using the photoreactive dispersant we previously investigated. SWCNTs wrapped with the dispersant were separated from impurities, such as an amorphous carbon and metal particles by centrifugation, similarly to conventional physical purification using surfactants. In contrast to general surfactants that form micelles to disperse SWCNTs in aqueous solutions, the photoreactive dispersant did not form micelles. Therefore, an excess amount of the dispersant, which did not adsorb onto the SWCNT surfaces, was removable by dialysis of the supernatant. Since the amount of the dispersant was minimized by dialysis, we tuned the UV-irradiation time to eliminate the dispersibility of SWCNTs in water to as low a value as ∼2 h. The SWCNT precipitates were collected, ...

Selective and Reversible Noncovalent Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by a pH-Responsive Vinylogous Tetrathiafulvalene–Fluorene Copolymer

A vinylogous tetrathiafulvalene (TTFV) monomer was prepared and copolymerized with fluorene to give a conformationally switchable conjugated copolymer. This copolymer was shown to undergo a conformational change upon protonation with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). When mixed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), this TTFV-fluorene copolymer exhibited strong interactions with the SWNT surface, leading to stable, concentrated nanotube dispersions in toluene. Photoluminescence excitation mapping indicated that the copolymer selectively disperses low-diameter SWNTs, as would be expected from its ability to form a tightly coiled conformation on the nanotube surface. Addition of TFA to the copolymer-SWNT dispersion resulted in a rapid conformational change and desorption of the polymer from the SWNT surface, resulting in precipitation of pure SWNTs that were completely free of polymer. Importantly, the nanotubes isolated after dispersion and release by the TTFV-fluorene copolymer were more pure than the original SWNTs that were initially dispersed.

Composites of Functional Poly(phenylacetylene)s and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation, Dispersion, and Near Infrared Photoresponsive Properties

To explore poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) deriva- tives as the dispersing agent of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), we synthesized a new series of side chain PPAs (denoted as PPA-m, m = 2, 1, 0). The side chains of PPA-m bear a soluble 3,4,5-tris(octyloxy)phenyl moiety at the end, and a biphenyl (m = 2), a phenyl (m = 1), or no phenyl ring (m =0 ) in the middle linked to the PPA main-chain through an ether linkage. All the three PPA-ms can efficiently disperse SWNTs in organic solvents forming stable SWNTs/PPA-m composites. The composites were characterized by microscopy method, absorbance and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis shows that there is a tendency for PPA-m to preferentially disperse SWNTs with large diameters in tetrahydrofuran and toluene when compared with the normally used surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The effective interactions between PPA-m and SWNTs should be ascribed to the helical wrapping of the PPA-m backbone on SWNTs and the π−π interactions between the phenyl groups and SWNTs. The long alkyl tails on the side-chains also prevent individual SWNTs from reaggregation. Additionally, the near-infrared (nIR) photoresponsive electrical conductivity of the SWNTs/PPA-2 composite is measured, indicating a 12% increase of the photocurrent upon the nIR irradiation, which is greater compared with that of the reported pure SWNTs film.

Selective Dispersion of Large‐Diameter Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Pyridine‐Containing Copolymers

The purity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is a key parameter for their integration in electronic, optoelectronic and photonic devices. Samples of pristine SWNTs are inhomogeneous in terms of electric behavior and diameter and contain a variety of amorphous carbon and catalyst residues. To obtain high performance devices, purification of SWNTs is required. Conjugated polymers have emerged as efficient solubilizing and sorting agents for small diameter SWNTs (HiPco tubes, 0.7 nm<Ø<1.1 nm). Nevertheless, reports on polymers able to efficiently sort large diameter SWNTs with Ø>1.1 nm are lacking. Several pyridine-containing copolymers were synthesized for this purpose and showed efficient and selective extraction of semiconducting large diameter SWNTs (PLV tubes, Ø>1.1 nm). High concentration and high purity suspensions are obtained without the use of ultracentrifugation, which gives an up-scaling potential of the method. The emission wavelength is in near infrared region around 1550 nm and fits with broadly used telecommunication wavelength window. The processes taking place at the interface were simulated by a newly designed hybrid coarse-grain model combining density functional theory and geometrical calculation to yield insights into the wrapping processes with an unprecedented level of details for such large diameter SWNTs.

Antimicrobial PVK:SWNT nanocomposite coated membrane for water purification: Performance and toxicity testing

This study demonstrated that coated nitrocellulose membranes with a nanocomposite containing 97% (wt%) of polyvinyl-N-carbazole (PVK) and 3% (wt%) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (97:3 wt% ratio PVK:SWNT) achieve similar or improved removal of bacteria when compared with 100% SWNTs coated membranes. Membranes coated with the nanocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (∼80–90%); and presented a virus removal efficiency of ∼2.5 logs. Bacterial cell membrane damage was considered a possible mechanism of cellular inactivation since higher efflux of intracellular material (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) was quantified in the filtrate of PVK-SWNT and SWNT membranes than in the filtrate of control membranes. To evaluate possible application of these membrane filters for drinking water treatment, toxicity of PVK-SWNT was tested against fibroblast cells. The results demonstrated that PVK-SWNT was non toxic to fibroblast cells as opposed to pure SWNT (100%). These results suggest that it is possible to synthesize antimicrobial nitrocellulose membranes coated with SWNT based nanocomposites for drinking water treatment. Furthermore, membrane filters coated with the nanocomposite PVK-SWNT (97:3 wt% ratio PVK:SWNT) will produce more suitable coated membranes for drinking water than pure SWNTs coated membranes (100%), since the reduced load of SWNT in the nanocomposite will reduce the use of costly and toxic SWNT nanomaterial on the membranes.

Numerical modeling of a CNT–Cu coaxial nanowire in a vacuum to determine the thermal conductivity

A molecular dynamics simulation is created to predict the thermal conductivity of a (7,7) single wall carbon nanotube filled with a copper nanowire for lengths ranging from 9.957nm to 63.091nm. In the simulations, a temperature difference is created using Nose–Hoover thermostats at the two ends with 320K and 280K. The thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotube–copper nanowire nanostructure is calculated to be 24% higher than that of a corresponding pure single wall carbon nanotube and estimated to be 40% lower than that of a pure copper nanowire.

Electrochemical Processing of Discrete Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Anions

The dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remains a fundamental challenge, reliant on aggressive chemistry or ultrasonication and lengthy ultracentrifugation. In contrast, simple nonaqueous electrochemical reduction leads to spontaneous dissolution of individualized SWCNTs from raw, unprocessed powders. The intrinsic electrochemical stability and conductivity of these nanomaterials allow their electrochemical dissolution from a pure SWCNT cathode to form solutions of individually separate and distinct (i.e., discrete) nanotube anions with varying charge density. The integrity of the SWCNT sp² framework during the charge/discharge process is demonstrated by optical spectroscopy data. Other than a reversible change in redox/solvation state, there is no obvious chemical functionalization of the structure, suggesting an analogy to conventional atomic electrochemical dissolution. The heterogeneity of as-synthesized SWCNT samples leads to the sequential dissolution of distinct fractions over time, with fine control over the electrochemical potential. Initial preferential dissolution of defective nanotubes and carbonaceous debris provides a simple, nondestructive means to purify raw materials without recourse to the usual, damaging, competitive oxidation reactions. Neutral SWCNTs can be recovered either by electroplating at an anode or by reaction with a suitable electrophile.

Interparticle Dispersion, Membrane Curvature, and Penetration Induced by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Wrapped with Lipids and PEGylated Lipids

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wrapped with different types of lipids and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafted lipids were simulated with lipid bilayers. Simulations were carried out with the previously parametrized coarse-grained (CG) SWNT and PEG force fields that had captured the experimentally observed conformations of self-assembled SWNT-lipid complexes and phase behavior of PEG-grafted lipids. Simulations of multiple copies of the SWNT in water show that all pure SWNTs aggregate, lipid-wrapped SWNTs partially aggregate, but those wrapped with lipids grafted to PEG (M(w) = 550) completely disperse, indicating the effect of short PEG chains on interparticle aggregation, in agreement with experiment. Starting with initial SWNT orientation parallel to the bilayer surface, SWNTs wrapped with lysophospholipids and PEG (M(w) = 550)-grafted lipids insert into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer, while SWNTs wrapped with phospholipids and longer PEG (M(w) = 2000)-grafted lipids do not. These indicate that SWNTs insert because of the hydrophobic interaction with the bilayer tails, but the tight wrapping of charged lipid headgroups and long hydrophilic PEG chains can weaken the hydrophobic interaction and inhibit SWNT insertion. The inserted SWNTs contact the entire tails of neighboring lipids in one leaflet of the bilayer, which disorders the lipid bilayer and induces positive curvature. Our findings indicate that interparticle aggregation, SWNT penetration, and membrane curvature can be modulated by the SWNT-lipid structure and the PEG length.

Synthesis of coal-derived single-walled carbon nanotube from coal by varying the ratio of Zr/Ni as bimetallic catalyst

In this paper coal, source has been used in place of graphite for synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with new Zr/Ni bimetallic catalyst. Using coal as starting material to produce the high-value-added SWCNTs is an economically competent route. SWCNTs have been synthesized by the electric arc discharge method using the so-called heterogeneous annealed coal anode filled with Zr and Ni catalyst. SWCNTs have been synthesized using annealed coal rod. The SWCNTs bundles synthesized generally have diameters of 4–10 nm. Most of those produced with Zr/Ni as the catalyst has a diameter ranging from 2.0 to 1.0 nm. The as-synthesized SWCNTs have been characterized employing XRD, HRTEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR. It has been found that the change of the ratio of Zr and Ni concentration (wt%) in the catalyst affects the yield of SWCNTs. However, the purity of SWCNTs is very sensitive to the concentration of Zr. An optimal range of Zr/Ni compositions for synthesis of SWCNTs with relatively high purity and yield is obtained at specific concentration of 3:1.

Chiral-Selective CoSO4/SiO2 Catalyst for (9,8) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth

Electronic and optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) correlate with their chiral structures. Many applications need chirally pure SWCNTs that current synthesis methods cannot produce. Here, we show a sulfate-promoted CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst, which selectively grows large-diameter (9,8) nanotubes at 1.17 nm with 51.7% abundance among semiconducting tubes and 33.5% over all tube species. After reduction in H(2) at 540 °C, the catalyst containing 1 wt % Co has a carbon yield of 3.8 wt %, in which more than 90% is SWCNT. As compared to other Co catalysts used for SWCNT growth, the CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst is unique with a narrow Co reduction window under H(2) centered at 470 °C, which can be attributed to the reduction of highly dispersed CoSO(4). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results suggested the formation of Co particles with an average size of 1.23 nm, which matches the diameter of (9,8) tubes. Density functional theory study indicated that the diameter of structurally stable pure Co particles is scattered, matching the most abundant chiral tubes, such as (6,5) and (9,8). Moreover, the formation of such large Co particles on the CoSO(4)/SiO(2) catalyst depends on sulfur in the catalyst. XAS results showed that sulfur content in the catalyst changes after catalyst reduction at different conditions, which correlates with the change in (n,m) selectivity observed. We proposed that the potential roles of sulfur could be limiting the aggregation of Co atoms and/or forming Co-S compounds, which enables the chiral selectivity toward (9,8) tubes. This work demonstrates that catalysts promoted with sulfur compounds have potentials to be further developed for chiral-selective growth of SWCNTs.

Hydrogen storage in hierarchical nanoporous silicon-carbon nanotube architectures

SUMMARY A porous silicon (pSi) wafer with a hierarchical, nanoporous architecture and pure single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been combined by electrophoretic infiltration to form a unique hybrid pSi-SWNT hydrogen storage system. The pSi architecture was fabricated by anodic etching of silicon wafers in alcoholic solutions of hydrogen fluoride. Direct hydrogen dosing to adsorb hydrogen on the pSi-SWNT hybrid, pure pSi, electrochemically charged pSi and SWNTs, and pure SWNTs, followed by temperature programmed desorption measurements, were used to quantify the hydrogen adsorption process. The results indicate an increased hydrogen storage capacity at a lower temperature in the pSi-SWNT system relative to that from pure pSi, and pure and charged SWNTs. In addition, hydrogen adsorption in pSi-SWNT is about a factor of 2 to 6 higher than that in pure and charged pSi, and pure and charged SWNTs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor made of CuO–SWCNT nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of CuO and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were synthesized using an arc-discharging graphite rod that contained copper wires. Simultaneous arc discharges produced a CuO–SWCNT composite network. The crystalline structure and morphology of the CuO–SWCNT composite films were investigated using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM and TEM. The electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammogram and amperometric measurements in a 0.1M NaOH solution. The CuO content in the CuO–SWCNT nanocomposites was optimized for nonenzymatic glucose detection. The glucose sensing properties of the optimized CuO–SWCNT electrode showed good stability, selectivity, and linear glucose detection that ranged from 0.05 to 1800μM with a higher sensitivity of 1610μAcm−2mM−1, a quick response time of 1–2s, and the lowest limit of detection at 50nM. The sensing performance was better than the pure CuO and SWCNT sensors, and the synergetic effect of the composite sensor was attributed to the high conductivity network of highly porous nanowires. The sensor also showed a good response in a human serum sample, which proves its high potential towards a commercial nonenzymatic glucose sensor.

ChemInform Abstract: Unweaving the Rainbow: A Review of the Relationship Between Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Molecular Structures and Their Chemical Reactivity

AbstractReview: ca. 100 refs.