Purification Of Anthocyanins Research Articles

Adsorption characteristics of modified bentonites for purification of anthocyanin from saffron tepal

AbstractIn this study, anthocyanin was extracted from saffron tepals utilizing the ultrasound‐assisted extraction method. The adsorbents of raw bentonite (RB), acid activation of bentonite (AA) thermal activation of bentonite (TA), and acid and thermal activation of bentonite (ATA) were employed to separate anthocyanin from solution. The influence of the operating parameters was evaluated. The isotherm study demonstrated that anthocyanin adsorption on adsorbents could be fitted better by the Langmuir equation than the Freundlich equation. A good agreement between the predicted consequences of the pseudo‐second‐order model and empirical data was provided. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that anthocyanin was adsorbed in an exothermic and physical process. Findings presented that the best adsorption performance of anthocyanin related to ATA with 2.25 mg/g adsorption capacity which was more than 1.55, 1.75, 1.88 mg/g for RB, AA, and TA, respectively. It was due mainly to the increased surface area by both thermal and acid activation of raw bentonite.

Novel Bioplastic Based on PVA Functionalized with Anthocyanins: Synthesis, Biochemical Properties and Food Applications.

Over the last ten years, researchers' efforts have aimed to replace the classic linear economy model with the circular economy model, favoring green chemical and industrial processes. From this point of view, biologically active molecules, coming from plants, flowers and biomass, are gaining considerable value. In this study, firstly we focus on the development of a green protocol to obtain the purification of anthocyanins from the flower of Callistemon citrinus, based on simulation and on response surface optimization methodology. After that, we utilize them to manufacture and add new properties to bioplastics belonging to class 3, based on modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with increasing amounts from 0.10 to 1.00%. The new polymers are analyzed to monitor morphological changes, optical properties, mechanical properties and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the new materials show the characteristic bands of the PVA alone and a modification of the band at around 1138 cm-1 and 1083 cm-1, showing an influence of the anthocyanins' addition on the sequence with crystalline and amorphous structures of the starting materials, as also shown by the results of the mechanical tests. These last showed an increase in thickening (from 29.92 μm to approx. 37 μm) and hydrophobicity with the concomitant increase in the added anthocyanins (change in wettability with water from 14° to 31°), decreasing the poor water/moisture resistance of PVA that decreases its strength and limits its application in food packaging, which makes the new materials ideal candidates for biodegradable packaging to extend the shelf-life of food. The functionalization also determines an increase in the opacity, from 2.46 to 3.42 T%/mm, the acquisition of antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and, in the ferric reducing power assay, the antimicrobial (bactericidal) activity against different Staphylococcus aureus strains at the maximum tested concentration (1.00% of anthocyanins). On the whole, functionalization with anthocyanins results in the acquisition of new properties, making it suitable for food packaging purposes, as highlighted by a food fresh-keeping test.

Adsorption and desorption process for high recovery and purification of anthocyanins from (Clitoria ternatea L) using macroporous resins

The intense coloration of the petals of the butterfly bean flowers (Clitoria Ternatea L.) is attributed to high content of anthocyanins, which are considered as an antioxidant phytochemicals that have many health benefits. In this context, it is so important to implement a new method for the separation and purification of phenolic compounds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the adsorption and desorption behavior of anthocyanins extracted from the petals of the butterfly bean flowers, using six different macroporous adsorption resins (XAD 2, XAD 4, XAD 7HP, DAX 8. XAD 1180 N and XAD 16), and to identify the best type of resin for anthocyains recovery from butterfly bean flowers extract. The XAD7HP and DAX8 resins showed high adsorption capacity, (248.55 ± 8.8 mg/g) and (228.84 ± 16.9 mg/g) at pH 5, and the highest recovery values for anthocyanins; (75.66 ± 1.1%) and (52.64 ± 1.2%), respectively. The Langmuir model described better the adsorption isotherm process on DAX 8, in turn, the experimental data of equilibrium were better fitted by Freundlich model for isotherm adsorption of anthocyanin on XAD7HP resin. The pseudo-second order model was the best to fit the experimental data of the adsorption kinetics at the different temperatures used. Both resins XAD 7HP and DAX 8 presented high recovery of anthocyanin, comparing with conventional extracted methods the purified anthocyanin using XAD 7HP and DAX 8 can be used as biological compounds with more purity for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Research Progress on the Extraction and Purification of Anthocyanins and Their Interactions with Proteins.

Anthocyanins, as the most critical water-soluble pigments in nature, are widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fruit peels. Many studies have indicated that anthocyanins exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, vision protection, and anti-aging. Hence, anthocyanins are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. The green and efficient extraction and purification of anthocyanins are an important prerequisite for their further development and utilization. However, the poor stability and low bioavailability of anthocyanins limit their application. Protein, one of the three essential nutrients for the human body, has good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Proteins are commonly used in food processing, but their functional properties need to be improved. Notably, anthocyanins can interact with proteins through covalent and non-covalent means during food processing, which can effectively improve the stability of anthocyanins and enhance their bioavailability. Moreover, the interactions between proteins and anthocyanins can also improve the functional characteristics and enhance the nutritional quality of proteins. Hence, this article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods for anthocyanins. Moreover, this review also systematically summarizes the effect of the interactions between anthocyanins and proteins on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and their impact on protein properties. Furthermore, we also introduce the application of the interaction between anthocyanins and proteins. The findings can provide a theoretical reference for the application of anthocyanins and proteins in food deep processing.

Valorization of saffron production waste: Isolation of anthocyanins from saffron petal extract by zirconium-based adsorbents

Anthocyanins (ACs) are a group of flavonoids with antioxidant effects and have been considered for their health benefits. Therefore, the development of economic and non-toxic isolation methods for getting high-purity ACs besides new sources of ACs is required. In this study, new nanocomposites polymer based on zirconium including Zr@PANI, Zr@βCyD, and Zr@βCyD-PANI were synthesized, and utilized as a substrate to purify ACs extracted from the petals of Crocus sativus L. To optimize the operational process, the effective parameters such as adsorption time, adsorbent dose, and initial pH that significantly affect the purification of anthocyanin were investigated by a three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design. The optimized conditions for anthocyanin purification were obtained as follows: adsorption time of 30.83, 31.56, and 61.53 min, substrate dose of 0.072, 0.197, and 0.064 g, and initial pH of extract of 5.06, 4.04, and 7.98 for Zr@PANI, Zr@βCyD, and Zr@βCyD-PANI, respectively. In the following, the HPLC and LC-MS methods were used to analyze the purified ACs of saffron petals. The chromatographic results indicated DEL-3,5-O-diglucoside, PET-3,5-O-diglucoside, CYA-3-O-glucoside, CYA-3,5-O-diglucoside,CYA-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside are the major ACs in saffron petals.

Simple procedure for the simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins using a jabuticaba byproduct biosorbent

The burgeoning interest in anthocyanins, fueled by their recognized nutraceutical benefits, faces challenges due to the intricate and time-consuming nature of the extraction and purification processes. This study addresses this hurdle by introducing a pioneering method for the simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins from jabuticaba byproducts (Plinia cauliflora). Utilizing a BoxBehnken experimental design, the investigation fine-tuned maceration extraction conditions, pinpointing the optimal combination of time (30 min), temperature (60 ºC), and solvent composition (50% MeOH v/v), resulting in a yield of 14.43 ± 0.09 mg g−1 of anthocyanins. After optimizing extraction conditions, a simultaneous purification step was integrated into the in situ process. The biosorbent from jabuticaba byproducts demonstrated anthocyanin purification from the extract exceeding 90%, outperforming the commercial adsorbent (PoraPak™ Rxn) tested. The study unveils an eco-friendly method for anthocyanin extraction with an impressive Ecoscale rating of 86 (maximum of 100). This novel one-step extraction and purification method emphasizes significant anthocyanin recovery while aligning with circular economy principles. It offers notable time and cost savings, enhancing overall production efficiency.

A New Green Solvent: Synthesis and Characterization of Natural-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent (NADES) for Application on Aqueous-Two-Phase System (ATPS) for Extraction of Anthocyanin

Anthocyanins are said to possess antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity effects. There is lot of emphasis placed on the improvement of the methods for extracting anthocyanins; one of which being extraction via aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). Aqueous two-phase system is a liquid-liquid extraction method that has many benefits like easy to scale up with high recovery yield. However, ATPS also has drawbacks as it utilizes organic solvents and low biodegradability ionic liquid. In this context, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) which are inexpensive, eco-friendly can be employed in aqueous two-phase system. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the feasibility of NADES-ATPS in the extraction and purification of anthocyanins. This research will investigate the solubility of anthocyanins and characterize the NADESs in terms of density, viscosity, and polarity to screen out NADESs that are suitable to be used for the extraction of anthocyanins. To do this, 6 different types of NADES with different molar ration, such as 1:1,1:2 and 1:3 of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) to hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ratio, were prepared and screened. The NADES was prepared using choline chloride as HBA, and malonic acid, lactic acid, glycerol, ascorbic acid, urea, and citric acid as HBD. The solubility of 10% anthocyanin was found in a range of 0.60×10−2 g/g to 1.81×10−2g/g. The solubility of the anthocyanins in NADES was correlated to the viscosity and polarity of the NADES where it was seen that the solubility has a positive relationship with polarity. The solubility also showed a similar trend to the viscosity however up to critical point, upon which the solvent was too viscous and was unable to be utilized in room temperature. The research concludes that malonic acid-based NADES to be the most suitable to be utilized for the extraction of anthocyanin using ATPS.

Characterization of choline chloride‐based deep eutectic solvent for anthocyanin extraction via aqueous two‐phase system: Physicochemical properties and liquid–liquid equilibrium phase diagram

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to characterize and explore the feasibility of deep eutectic solvent‐based aqueous two‐phase system (DES‐ATPS) for its potential application in the extraction and purification of anthocyanins. Various combinations and molar ratios of DES using choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and butanediol (BDO), ethylene glycol (EG), and lactic acid (LA) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) were synthesized, screened, and investigated on its physicochemical properties. The binodal phase diagrams were developed as basis for the ATPS development. It was noted that LA‐based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were highly polar and likely to enhance the solubility of anthocyanin in DES. Regardless, the simple molecular structure and low viscosity of EG‐ and BDO‐based DES enhanced the solubility of anthocyanin and recorded a monomeric anthocyanin content ranging from 10.52 ± 0.78 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside/g at 40°C and 10.78 ± 0.84 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside/g at 30°C, respectively. Lastly, the liquid–liquid equilibrium binodal curves were developed and ChCl:1,3‐BDO (1:4) and ChCl:1,4‐BDO (1:4) exhibited excellent phase‐forming ability, thus concluding its excellent potential for anthocyanin extraction through ATPS.

Resin Assisted Purification of Anthocyanins and Their Encapsulation

Resin Assisted Purification of Anthocyanins and Their Encapsulation

Partial Purification of Anthocyanins (Brassica oleracea var. Rubra) from Purple Cabbage Using Natural and Modified Clays as Adsorbent

This research is aimed at evaluating strategies for the adsorption and recovery of anthocyanins present in purple cabbage using natural and modified clays as adsorbent. In the batch adsorption experiments, the anthocyanin extracts were put in contact with the adsorbents, and different parameters were evaluated to determine the best conditions for their adsorption and recovery. It was noted that the highest levels of adsorption (28.0 mg g-1) occurred using a porous clay heterostructure (PCH) material as adsorbent, with a mass of 25 mg and 120 min of contact. Under the same conditions, the sepiolite only presented an adsorption capacity of 14.0 mg g-1. The desorption results showed that the 60% methanolic solution recovered 60% of the anthocyanins adsorbed on PCH, while the 80% ethanolic solution recovered 35% of those adsorbed on sepiolite. The eluted anthocyanin solutions showed a 98% lower sugar concentration than the crude extract, indicating the low affinity of the adsorbents for sugars. Six types of acylated cyanidins were identified via UPLC-QToF-MSE in the extract, and it was confirmed from the FTIR analyses that the highest affinity of the clays occurred with the anthocyanins that presented more organic acid in their structure. The results show that PCH and sepiolite have high selectivity for anthocyanins and low affinity for the sugars present in the plant extract, facilitating the process of partial purification and application of these pigments.

A Case Study for the Extraction, Purification, and Co-Pigmentation of Anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa Juice Pomace.

Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) pomace is a by-product from the juice industry very rich in anthocyanins and other bioactive components. Recovery and purification of anthocyanins from the pomace is a viable valorization strategy that can be implemented to produce high-value natural food colorants with antioxidant properties. In this study, chokeberry pomace was subjected to enzyme-assisted extraction using commercial pectinases. The extracts were further purified by adsorption-desorption using an acrylic resin and stabilized by co-pigmentation with ferulic acid. The anthocyanin concentration and antioxidant activity of the extracts were unaffected by the enzymatic treatment at the conditions tested. The total phenolic content of the extracts suffered minor variations depending on the enzyme formulation used, whereas the dissolved solid content increased in all cases. The adsorption-desorption strategy allowed a 96% recovery of the anthocyanins initially present in the extract, whereas the co-pigmentation treatment magnified the intensity of the color in terms of absorbance, and improved the stability during storage up to one month.

Pressurized liquid extraction coupled in-line with SPE and on-line with HPLC (PLE-SPExHPLC) for the recovery and purification of anthocyanins from SC-CO2 semi-defatted Açaí (Euterpe oleracea)

This study aimed to extract anthocyanins from dried and semi-defatted açaí pulp using green technologies based on the coupling of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-line purification through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and on-line analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Critical parameters that affect the extraction efficiency and purification were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). PLE was performed with acidified water at different pH (2.0, 4.5, and 7.0) and temperatures (40, 80, and 120 °C) at 15 MPa, 2 mL/min, and solvent-to-feed mass ratio equal to 40. SPE was optimized in a column packed with the adsorbent PoraPak™ Rxn. Different ethanol concentrations (50, 75, and 100 %) and temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) were evaluated for the anthocyanin’s elution. The optimal conditions of the two experimental designs were determined by the RSM, firstly for PLE: 71 °C and pH 2; then using this PLE condition, the optimization of the SPE was obtained: 30 °C and 50 % ethanol. The developed PLE method provided similar anthocyanin yield to other techniques, and the coupling with SPE in-line produced an extract 5-fold more concentrated than PLE alone. Therefore, the system (PLE-SPE × HPLC-PDA) proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring the extraction process in real-time.

Extraction and purification of anthocyanins: A review

Abstract: Anthocyanins are natural flavonoid organic compounds widely existing in natural fruits and vegetables. Increasing researches have confirmed that anthocyanins have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, anthocyanins have been widely used in food, health products, cosmetics, medicine, chemical industry, and other fields. The extraction and purification of anthocyanins from natural plants is the premise of anthocyanins application. The research progresses and future prospects of anthocyanins must be systematically reviewed to promote their better understanding. This paper reviewed the latest research progress in extraction and purification of anthocyanins, analyzed and compared the effects of different extraction and purification methods on the extraction rate and purity of anthocyanins. This review can provide scientific basis for the research and industrial utilization of anthocyanins.

Separation and purification of anthocyanins from Roselle by macroporous resins

Anthocyanin is a kind of natural pigment with wide-range industrial application. In the present study, anthocyanins from Roselles were purified through macroporous resins adsorption and desorption process. Roselle anthocyanins were first extracted by water containing 0.2% HCl. Then, the adsorption/desorption performance of six resins was compared. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of DM28 was the largest, while the adsorption rate of DM21 was the fastest among the six resins. The static adsorption isotherm of the resins was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the Freundlich model fitted better. The mass transfer zone model was used to analyze the dynamic adsorption of resins on a fixed bed. The mass transfer zone of each resin was calculated and the length of DM21 was the shortest. Anthocyanins in Roselle extract were successfully adsorbed by DM21 fixed bed, and then desorbed by 70% ethanol. After lyophilization, the anthocyanin content in the product was 6-fold increased with value of 214 mg/g. UPLC-QTOF analysis showed that delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside are the dominant anthocyanins in the product.

Scale-up and mass transfer of the adsorption/desorption process of anthocyanins in amorphous silica

The purification and recovery of anthocyanins are important to maintain the stability of the purified solution, ensuring that the health-beneficial properties of this substance are not altered. This work aimed to obtain and compare solutions of commercial and natural grape and red cabbage anthocyanins, suitable process conditions, as well as purification and recovery through detailed analysis called two-stage, estimation of phenomenological parameters of mass transfer and scale-up using Bugram Protect® as amorphous silica. The adsorbent was characterized as amorphous and with a high silicon dioxide composition. The pH 3.0 potentiated the stability of flavylium cation in solution. The Freudlich isotherm represented the equilibrium data. The phenomenological parameters KE and Ds and the limiting step of mass transfer were estimated. Scale-up indicated dosages of adsorbents to meet the process specifications. This work presented additional results in phenomenological aspects and industrial scale in the recovery and purification of anthocyanins.

Recovery of value-added anthocyanins from mulberry by a cation exchange chromatography

Anthocyanins are often targets in polyphenol analysis. However, it's hard to effectively separate anthocyanin from copigments such as phenolic acid and flavanols due to their similar structure. Thus, a cation exchange chromatography with 001 × 7 has been developed, which is available for anthocyanins isolation both on a small and large scale. The optimal process condition of anthocyanins isolation was determined. Compared to the macroporous adsorbent resins and Strong Cation Exchange resin (SCX), 001X7 shows greater economic advantages in large-scale purification of anthocyanins. More than 95% purity of the anthocyanin fraction can be achieved through this approach. This method shows a path to provide large quantities of copigments-free anthocyanins from mulberry polyphenols for the further study of its biological effects and may be extended to other analytical methods of polyphenol isolation from other plant materials.

Purification of Anthocyanins Derived from Black Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by a Simulated Moving Bed

Purification of anthocyanins derived from black kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by column chromatography and simulated moving bed (SMB) methods was investigated, and the anthocyanins of black kidney bean were identified. The SMB had advantages over column chromatography in processing efficiency, operation cost, and automation degree in contrast testing. The best SMB conditions resulted in purity and yield of black kidney bean anthocyanins of 24.61 ± 0.21% and 87.85 ± 0.32%, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and 2,2ʹ-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS+∙) scavenging activity was 0.95 and 2.14 of refined anthocyanins, respectively, indicating strong antioxidant capacity. Three anthocyanins were detected and identified by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS from black kidney bean skins: delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, and malvidin-3-O-glucoside. The experimental results suggested that SMB may help promote industrialization and purification of anthocyanins from colored kidney beans as well as from other plant materials.

Purification of anthocyanins from grape pomace by centrifugal partition chromatography

The purpose of this work is to integrate the extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace with a sequential purification process using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and scaled-up in centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using as a common solvent the protic ionic liquids based on ethanolammonium and sulfuric acid. The choice of the best operational condition was performed through the selectivity (ratio between the concentration of anthocyanin and total phenolic compounds), which allowed the purification of anthocyanins of 16.36 fold (S/L = 55 mg.mL−1; 35 °C; [PIL] = 12.5%), and 2.21 fold (S/L = 55 mg.mL−1; 25 °C; [PIL] = 12.5%). ATPS based on protic ionic liquid and acetonitrile purified the anthocyanins between 19.30 and 23.88 fold at 25 °C and pressure atmospheric. At 25 °C (limitation of equipment), CPC increased the purification factor to 41.88, although with the decrease of anthocyanin recovery. However, the best operational condition depends on the anthocyanins application.

Simultaneous separation and preliminary purification of anthocyanins from Rosa pimpinellifolia L. fruits by microwave assisted aqueous two-phase extraction

Rosa pimpinellifolia L. fruits (RPF) have great industrial potential due to the high presence of anthocyanins. In this work, microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MA-ATPE) was applied to simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins from RPF with ethanol/ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). MA-ATPE process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal anthocyanin yields were achieved in conditions of 0% HCl (w:w), 26.85% ethanol (w:w), 19.15% ammonium sulfate (w:w), liquid to solid ratio 40, 17.29 min, 60 °C and 400 W. Predicted anthocyanin yield of MA-ATPE at optimum conditions were determined as 1373.04 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent/g dry RPF. The purity of anthocyanin rich extract obtained by MA-ATPE was 1.65-fold greater than microwave assisted extraction using 80% ethanol (MAE). The compositional characterization of anthocyanins were carried out with HPLC-QTOF-MS. MA-ATPE had no obvious changes on anthocyanin composition when compared to MAE. Results indicated that the MA-ATPE could be a promising method for the extraction and preliminary purification of anthocyanins from different plant materials.

Optimization Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Anthocyanins from Raspberry Using Response Surface Methodology Coupled with Genetic Algorithm.

Raspberries have been reported to contain abundant anthocyanins and other active compounds. To extract anthocyanins from raspberries more efficiently, a novel procedure of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADESE) was proposed in this paper. The extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology coupled with a genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest yield of anthocyanins 1.378 ± 0.009 mg/g from raspberry powder via UADESE were obtained at a water content of 29%, ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 51 °C and extraction time of 32 min. The AB-8 macroporous resin combined with the high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) method were further used to isolate and purify the anthocyanins extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions, and the structure of purified anthocyanins components were identified by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectra. The two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside with a purity of 92.25% and cyanidin-3-rutinoside with a purity of 93.07%) identified were consistent with those present in raspberries. These findings provided an effective and feasible method for extraction, isolation and purification of anthocyanins from natural plant resources.