Pure Logic Research Articles

Evaluating the Bias in Hospital Data: Automatic Preprocessing of Patient Pathways Algorithm Development and Validation Study.

The optimization of patient care pathways is crucial for hospital managers in the context of a scarcity of medical resources. Assuming unlimited capacities, the pathway of a patient would only be governed by pure medical logic to meet at best the patient's needs. However, logistical limitations (eg, resources such as inpatient beds) are often associated with delayed treatments and may ultimately affect patient pathways. This is especially true for unscheduled patients-when a patient in the emergency department needs to be admitted to another medical unit without disturbing the flow of planned hospitalizations. In this study, we proposed a new framework to automatically detect activities in patient pathways that may be unrelated to patients' needs but rather induced by logistical limitations. The scientific contribution lies in a method that transforms a database of historical pathways with bias into 2 databases: a labeled pathway database where each activity is labeled as relevant (related to a patient's needs) or irrelevant (induced by logistical limitations) and a corrected pathway database where each activity corresponds to the activity that would occur assuming unlimited resources. The labeling algorithm was assessed through medical expertise. In total, 2 case studies quantified the impact of our method of preprocessing health care data using process mining and discrete event simulation. Focusing on unscheduled patient pathways, we collected data covering 12 months of activity at the Groupe Hospitalier Bretagne Sud in France. Our algorithm had 87% accuracy and demonstrated its usefulness for preprocessing traces and obtaining a clean database. The 2 case studies showed the importance of our preprocessing step before any analysis. The process graphs of the processed data had, on average, 40% (SD 10%) fewer variants than the raw data. The simulation revealed that 30% of the medical units had >1 bed difference in capacity between the processed and raw data. Patient pathway data reflect the actual activity of hospitals that is governed by medical requirements and logistical limitations. Before using these data, these limitations should be identified and corrected. We anticipate that our approach can be generalized to obtain unbiased analyses of patient pathways for other hospitals.

Interfacial Magnetic Anisotropy Controlled Spin Pumping in Co60Fe20B20/Pt Stack

Controlled spin transport in magnetic stacks is required to realize pure spin current-driven logic and memory devices. The control over the generation and detection of the pure spin current is achieved by tuning the spin to charge conversion efficiency of the heavy metal interfacing with ferromagnets. Here, we demonstrate the direct tunability of spin angular momentum transfer and thereby spin pumping, in CoFeB/Pt stack, with interfacial magnetic anisotropy. The ultra-low thickness of the CoFeB thin film by tilting the magnetization from in-plane to out-of plane direction due to interfacial anisotropy from higher thickness of CoFeB thin film. The ferromagnetic resonance measurements are performed to investigate the magnetic anisotropy and spin pumping in CoFeB/Pt stacks. We clearly observe tunable spin pumping effect in the CoFeB/Pt stacks with varying CoFeB thicknesses. The spin current density, with varying ferromagnetic layer thickness, is found to increase from 1.10[Formula: see text]MA/m2 to 2.40[Formula: see text]MA/m2, with increasing in-plane anisotropy field. Such interfacial anisotropy-controlled generation of pure spin current can potentially lead to next-generation anisotropic spin current-controlled spintronic devices.

Lower bounds on β ( α ) and other properties of α-register machines

This paper extends our paper (In Revolutions and Revelations in Computability. CiE 2022 (2022)) for the conference “Computability in Europe” 2022. After Infinite Time Turing Machines (ITTM) were introduced in Hamkins and Lewis (Journal of Symbolic Logic 65 (2000)), a number of machine models of computability have been generalized to the transfinite. While for some of these models the computational strength has been successfully determined, there are still several white spots on the map of transfinite computability. In this paper, we contribute to the understanding of the computational strength of transfinite machine models by (i) proving lower bounds on the computational strength of α-Infinite Time Register Machines (α-ITRMs) for certain values of α, refuting a conjecture about their strength made in (Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 173 (2022)), (ii) showing that the computational strength of cardinal-recognizing ITRMs is equal to that of ITRMs and (iii) showing that non-solvability of the bounded halting problem, existence of a universal machine and an increase of computational power by allowing machines to recognize cardinals are equivalent for α-ITRMs for all relevant values of α. Finally, we give some results indicating how the picture changes when the use of parameters is dropped or restricted.

Phenomenology is explanatory: Science and metascience

AbstractThis essay disambiguates the relationship between phenomenology and explanation, whereby we uncover a fundamentally new way to understand the function of phenomenology within the sciences. These objectives are accomplished in two stages. First, we propose an original way to interpret Husserl's claim that his phenomenology is non‐explanatory. We demonstrate, contra accepted interpretations, that Husserl did not think phenomenology is non‐explanatory, because it is descriptive or because it does not deal with causes. Instead, we demonstrate that Husserl concluded that phenomenology is non‐explanatory, because it engages in a dialectical process of conceptual clarification. To substantiate this interpretation, we examine how Husserl understood the function of explanation in three different tiers of standard science and how he grasped the role of phenomenology in pure logic. Having properly clarified Husserl's conclusion—that phenomenology is non‐explanatory—we then execute our second task, namely to challenge just that idea. We argue that Husserl has—despite his claims to the contrary—de facto and inadvertently described his phenomenology as an explanatory nomological science. Our paper therefore not only clears up a longstanding misinterpretation of Husserl, but opens a new area of debate concerning the status of phenomenology within the scientific nexus.

Research on Implementation of a PWM Generation Algorithm for Train Stationary Stopping Frequency

In industrial electronic equipment or communication equipment, a reference clock should be generated for stable operation of the equipment, which requires precise and stable reference frequency generation. As a method for generating this reference frequency, an analog method called PLL (phase locked-loop) has been devised and widely used. However, in order to make a more precise and stable reference frequency simple and economical, a DDS (direct digital synthesizer) has been developed. In this paper, we propose a stable and accurate method to generate a low frequency of the PWM method via pure logic circuit configuration without a microprocessor for digital reference frequency generation. Depending on the electronic communication equipment, the required reference frequency varies from a low frequency to a very high frequency. The reference frequency synthesis required in these frequency bands has been studied in various ways, but in industries such as railways, the low-frequency band based on the DDS method is used. In particular, it is very important to operate without a single operating error or failure in order to obtain information for stopping the train. Therefore, it is necessary to design a pure logic method that excludes a stored program type processor that minimizes the possibility of temporary interruption due to disturbance such as surge or high voltage. Therefore, through this study, the algorithm is implemented so that the duty ratio is output at 50:50, the circuit is configured so that two target frequencies are generated at the same time, and the performance is verified by generating the low-frequency band used for stopping the railway train. It was confirmed that the accuracy and stability were improved compared to the analog method used for stopping the railway train, and it was verified that the frequency resolution was superior to the similar results obtained in the digital frequency synthesis field so far.

Late In-Stent Restenosis of a Saphenous Vein Graft Treated with High-Pressure Balloon Dilatation and Drug Eluting Balloon Dilatation: Case Report

In the modern interventional treatment of degenerated saphenous vein grafts, the use of both bare metal and drug eluting stents have been described so far. Drug eluting balloons have been increasingly used in cases of in-stent restenosis and to some extent de novo stenosis of native coronary vessels. Based on pure logic approach, the use of drug eluting balloons in in-stent restenosis of the saphenous vein graft may be of great interest. Still, few high-quality data on this subject exist and no general recommendations can be made. This paper illustrates a typical case of a symptomatic late in-stent restenosis of a saphenous vein graft occurred 15 months after a percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of two drug eluting stents. Intravascular ultrasound revealed a mixture of stent underexpansion and severe neointima. This was treated safely with a prolonged high pressure balloon dilatation followed by dilatation with a drug eluting balloon. The primary result was very good. During the intervention the patient remained asymptomatic and was discharged the next day on dual anti-platelet therapy. During the 10-month follow-up the patient remained asymptomatic. This case demonstrates the usefulness and clinical safety of drug eluting balloons in treating in-stent restenosis in the saphenous vein grafts.

«The score of emotions» as a component of the interpretative strategy in an ensemble performance

«The score of emotions» as a component of the interpretative strategy in an ensemble performance

Husserl and the normativity of logic

AbstractIn this article, I analyze the evolution of Husserl's view on the normativity of logic and the corresponding changes in his phenomenological analysis of judgment. Initially, in the Prolegomena, Husserl claimed that the laws of pure logic are ideal and acquire normative status only as a result of application. Later, however, he revised this position and claimed that the same laws are at once ideal and normative. Sections 1 and 2 present textual evidence for attributing such a change of position to Husserl, which is not generally acknowledged in the literature. Section 3 critically examines Husserl's early position, with specific attention to the model of instantiation. Sections 4–6 identify three key stages in the development of Husserl's theory of judgment that lead to the normative conception of pure logic: (1) the critique of the dissociation of ideal content and assertive force; (2) the rejection of the instantiation model of proposition and the development of a new account in terms of identification; (3) the genetic‐phenomenological interpretation of proposition and the elaboration of the three‐layer structure of pure logic.

Existential Definability over the Subword Ordering

We study first-order logic (FO) over the structure consisting of finite words over some alphabet $A$, together with the (non-contiguous) subword ordering. In terms of decidability of quantifier alternation fragments, this logic is well-understood: If every word is available as a constant, then even the $\Sigma_1$ (i.e., existential) fragment is undecidable, already for binary alphabets $A$. However, up to now, little is known about the expressiveness of the quantifier alternation fragments: For example, the undecidability proof for the existential fragment relies on Diophantine equations and only shows that recursively enumerable languages over a singleton alphabet (and some auxiliary predicates) are definable. We show that if $|A|\ge 3$, then a relation is definable in the existential fragment over $A$ with constants if and only if it is recursively enumerable. This implies characterizations for all fragments $\Sigma_i$: If $|A|\ge 3$, then a relation is definable in $\Sigma_i$ if and only if it belongs to the $i$-th level of the arithmetical hierarchy. In addition, our result yields an analogous complete description of the $\Sigma_i$-fragments for $i\ge 2$ of the pure logic, where the words of $A^*$ are not available as constants.

Kantian Circularity: Maimon on Causal Scepticism and the Status of the Hypothetical Judgement

AbstractA key theme throughout Maimon’s works is a circularity he diagnoses at the heart of Kant’s response to Hume. The objective validity of Kant’s category of causality ultimately rests, Maimon argues, upon the logical status of the hypothetical judgement – on its inclusion among the forms of pure general logic. In turn, however, the inclusion of the hypothetical within pure general logic itself rests upon the objective validity of causal judgements. This article examines Maimon’s diagnosis and traces it back to a debate that has its origins in Wolff’s German Logic, concerning the relationship between categorical and hypothetical judgements.

The pure logic of discrimination

The pure logic of discrimination

The provability logic of all provability predicates

Abstract We prove that the provability logic of all provability predicates is exactly Fitting, Marek, and Truszczyński’s pure logic of necessitation $\textsf{N}$. Moreover, we introduce three extensions $\textsf{N4}$, $\textsf{NR}$ and $\textsf{NR4}$ of $\textsf{N}$ and investigate the arithmetical semantics of these logics. In fact, we prove that $\textsf{N4}$, $\textsf{NR}$ and $\textsf{NR4}$ are the provability logics of all provability predicates satisfying the third condition $\textbf{D3}$ of the derivability conditions, all Rosser provability predicates and all Rosser provability predicates satisfying $\textbf{D3}$, respectively.

Bertrand Russell’s Philosophical Logic and its Logical Forms

From 1901 to 1919, Russell persistently maintained that there were two kinds of logic and distinguished between one and the other as mathematical logic and philosophical logic. In this paper, we discuss the concept of philosophical logic, as used by Russell. This was only a tentative program that Russell did not clarify in detail; therefore, our task will be to make it explicit. We shall show that there are three (-and-a-half) kinds of Russellian philosophical logic: (i) “pure logic”; (ii) philosophical logic investigating the logical forms of propositions; (iii) philosophical logic exploring the logical forms of facts: in epistemology and in the external world. In particular, Russell’s program or philosophical logic of the facts of the external world remained less than sketchily outlined. Keywords: Russell, mathematical logic, philosophical logic, Wittgenstein

The Reinstatement and Ontology of Meaning

While science and logic are incredible intellectual endeavors, and while reductionist methodologies have led to advances in knowledge, these methods do not tell the whole story of life, world, and reality. There are real phenomena that, due to their experiential and holistic nature, cannot be properly quantified over by limiting oneself to science, logic, or reductive means of explanation and description. Attempting to understand the world and the human condition requires a plethora of epistemic pursuits to more fully quantify over the plurality of phenomena. Existential meaning is, I argue, an experiential and holistic phenomenon, and as such it cannot be quantified over by reductive endeavors, pure logic, or scientific inquiry. Meaning emerges through the relation of a complex structure (human) in relation to the world, and it exists as an irreducible embodied and embedded experience.

The Minimum Wage Necessarily Increases Unemployment for the Unskilled

For many analysts, the question of whether minimum wage legislation leads to unemployment for unskilled workers is primarily an empirical one. Nearly all economists base their judgment on this matter on the weight of evidence. However, this paper posits a different perspective: that the law necessarily results in unemployment for unskilled workers, and this conclusion arises from pure logic, not empirical evidence. This stance is not widely embraced within mainstream economic circles, as most adhere to the Logical Positivism school of thought. Within this paradigm, claims are either inherently true (and therefore tautological, bearing no implications for real-world issues like unemployment) or they are empirical assertions, which can reflect reality but aren't intrinsically true. In stark contrast, this paper's analysis is rooted in the synthetic a priori—assertions that are inherently true and yet still shed light on economic reality.

Mental entropy as a classification of diversity

In developing our thinking here, we have seen that to arrive at a valuable vector for mental entropy – where mental outputs are efficient yet not rigidly fixed – a number of factors need to apply. We have looked at mental entropy and advocated an entropy vector that steers a course between the disorder of unmanaged facts and the constraints of pure theory, logic and methodology. We mentioned Richard Feynman and the value of filing logically. This is a crucial point. Although the volume of factual information has expanded continuously as civilization has expanded, its total volume is not so important because of our increasing application of theoretical understanding. But it is an impossible task – the faster we climb the mountain, the more new horizons we see. More broadly, it gives a steer to those who are responsible for developing and managing teams, for in assembling a team there is a need to incorporate diverse skills and attitudes to achieve the desired cumulative mental entropy. Variety is important, but the selection must not be random, for this would add an unwanted and unnecessary extra source of entropy. Mental processes are capable of generating more than enough without such assistance.

The Many and the One: A Philosophical Study of Plural Logic

<i>The Many and the One: A Philosophical Study of Plural Logic</i>

Sharon Berry.A Logical Foundation for Potentialist Set Theory

This book offers a foundation for mathematics grounded in a collection of axioms for logical possibility in a first-order language. The offered foundation is argued to have various epistemological benefits, in particular as regards our justification for believing certain axioms of set theory, and more generally as regards the ‘access’ problem for mathematical objects. The foundation for mathematics is provided in stages. First, Berry argues for a ‘potentialist’ interpretation of standard ZF set theory in terms of some axioms for logical possibility that are argued to ‘seem clearly true’. Then, she argues for a Carnap-inspired account of the semantics of ordinary mathematical language in support of the idea that all mathematical discourse as usually pursued can be interpreted faithfully in terms of the foundation provided by her potentialist set theory. The end result, it is argued, is something approximating a logicist foundation for mathematics: standard mathematical truths are interpreted in terms of a pure logic of logical possibility.

Чистая и нечистая философия в метафилософии Канта

Kant’s metaphilosophy has three main parts: (1) an essentialist project (“What is philosophy?”); (2) a methodological project (“How do we do philosophy?”); and (3) a taxonomic project (“What are the different parts of philosophy, and how are they related?”). This paper focuses on the third project. In particular, it explores one of the most intriguing yet puzzling aspects of Kant’s philosophy, viz. the relationship between what Kant calls ‘pure’ philosophy vs. ‘applied’, ‘empirical’ or what we can broadly refer to as ‘impure’ philosophy. (As we shall see, in order to be able to address this third project, we shall also need to examine the other two projects in detail.) My plan is as follows. First, I discuss four main areas of pure vs. impure philosophy: (i) ‘pure logic’ vs. ‘applied logic’; (ii) ‘rational psychology’ vs. ‘empirical psychology’; (iii) ‘pure metaphysics of nature’ vs. ‘physics’ and (iv) ‘pure morality’ or a ‘metaphysics of morals’ vs. ‘moral anthropology’, ‘practical anthropology’ or ‘applied moral philosophy’. Based on this, I identify four key differences between pure and impure philosophy. Second, I critically examine four different readings of Kant’s views about the status of ‘impure’ philosophy: (a) that it is not genuine philosophy; (b) that it is bad or inferior philosophy; (c) that it is instrumentally valuable; and (d) that it constitutes an indispensable part of Kant’s philosophy, both in a theoretical and practical sense. I argue that Kant is best interpreted as endorsing readings (c) and (d). Third, I offer some concluding remarks.

Pure Refined Variable Inclusion Logics

In this article, we explore the semantic characterization of the (right) pure refined variable inclusion companion of all logics, which is a further refinement of the nowadays well-studied pure right variable inclusion logics. In particular, we will focus on giving a characterization of these fragments via a single logical matrix, when possible, and via a class of finite matrices, otherwise. In order to achieve this, we will rely on extending the semantics of the logics whose companions we will be discussing with infectious values in direct and in more subtle ways. This further establishes the connection between infectious logics and variable inclusion logics.