Pure Tin Oxide Research Articles

Study the Effects of Pure Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Doped with Cu, Prepared by the Biosynthesis Method, on Bacterial Activity

في هذه الدراسة ، تم تشويب جسيمات SnO2 النانوية بنسبة 2٪ بالوزن من النحاس بطريقة التخليق الحيوي. تم استخدام المواد الحيوية SnCl2.2H2O و CuCl2.2H2O و ESM كأغشية قشر البيض كمواد خام. تم تلدين العينات عند 550 درجة مئوية لمدة 3 ساعات. تم الحصول على الفعالية البكتيرية ضد سلالات المكورات العنقودية الذهبية سالبة الجرام و S. aureus إيجابية الجرام وتثبيط أعلى لتركيزات المكورات العنقودية الذهبية من E- coli. تم استخدام طريقة MIC لأدنى تركيز مثبط. أظهرت نتائج XRD أن العينات تبلورت ضمن النوع رباعي الزوايا الروتيل وأن متوسط حجم البلورة ل SnO2 النقي و SnO2: Cu كان (24.2 ، 16.6 )نانومتر على التوالي ، كذلك تم اجراء اختبارات SEM و AFM.كشفت دراسات UV-vis التحليل الطيفي للانعكاس عند فجوة الطاقة لـ SnO2 ، و SnO2: Cu 2٪ هو (4.30،4.35) الكترون فولت على التوالي ، وأظهرت نتائج AFM معدل الخشونة للعينات المحضرة حيث كان(6.34،9.13) نانومتر على التوالي. كما تم أجراء فحص ال EDX للعينات المعدة. الهدف من العمل هو إنشاء جزيئات نانوية SnO2 نقية من خلال التخليق الحيوي النشط ودراسة تأثير تعاطي المنشطات ب Cu ودراسة تاثيرها على خواصها التركيبية والبصرية وايضا في كيفية استخدامها كمضاد بكتيري.

Photoelectric H2S Sensing Based on Electrospun Hollow CuO-SnO2 Nanotubes at Room Temperature.

Pure tin oxide (SnO2) as a typical conductometric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas-sensing material always suffers from limited sensitivity, elevated operation temperature, and poor selectivity. To overcome these hindrances, in this work, hollow CuO-SnO2 nanotubes were successfully electrospun for room-temperature (25 °C) trace H2S detection under blue light activation. Among all SnO2-based candidates, a pure SnO2 sensor showed no signal, even toward 10 ppm, while the 1% CuO-SnO2 sensor achieved a limit of detection (LoD) value of 2.5 ppm, a large response of 4.7, and a short response/recovery time of 21/61 s toward 10 ppm H2S, as well as nice repeatability, long-term stability, and selectivity. This excellent performance could be ascribed to the one-dimensional (1D) hollow nanostructure, abundant p-n heterojunctions, and the photoelectric effect of the CuO-SnO2 nanotubes. The proposed design strategies cater to the demanding requirements of high sensitivity and low power consumption in future application scenarios such as Internet of Things and smart optoelectronic systems.

Study of the Effect of Manganese on The Structural and Optical Properties of Sno2 Membranes

The effect of manganese addition on precipitated tin dioxide on quartz was studied using the pulsed laser method if the X-ray diffraction results showed that the pure tin oxide membrane has a polycrystalline structure and a quaternary phase, with growth in the crystalline directions (110), (101), (200), and (211) and the predominant ones were (101). Using a high-benefit electron scanning microscope (FE-SEM), the results showed that the addition of manganese smearing in small proportions significantly affected the surface nature and grain size, as the surface uniformity and grain size increased with increasing the percentage of distortion. Through optical examinations through the permeability spectrum of thin films of pure and tinged tin oxide, a gradual increase in permeability with an increase in the concentration of impurities, reaching high values ranging between 80-90%. As for the energy gap, the energy gap for manganese-inlaid membranes has been increased from 3.33 eV for the pure membrane to 3.57 eV. The sensing properties of these membranes were studied as a function of time at temperatures between 50-200 °C .

Investigating the Temperature-Dependent Kinetics in Humidity-Resilient Tin–Titanium-Based Metal Oxide Gas Sensors

Humidity is a well-known interference factor in metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors, significantly impacting their performance in various applications such as environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. This study investigates the effects of adsorbed water on MOX conductivity using two different materials: pure tin oxide (SnO2) and a tin–titanium–niobium oxide mixture (SnTiNb)xO2 (STN). The results reveal that (SnTiNb)xO2 sensors exhibit reduced sensitivity to humidity compared to pure tin oxide, rendering them more suitable for applications where humidity presence is critical. We aimed to shed light on a still controversial debate over the mechanisms involved in the water surface interactions for the aforementioned materials also by exploring theoretical studies in the literature. Experimental analysis involves varying temperatures (100 to 800 °C) to understand the kinetics of surface reactions. Additionally, a brief high-temperature heating method is demonstrated to effectively remove adsorbed humidity from sensor surfaces. The study employs Arrhenius-like plots for graphical interpretation, providing insights into various water adsorption/desorption phenomena. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of humidity in MOX gas sensor mechanisms and offers practical insights for sensor design and optimization.

Gas sensing capabilities of sol–gel dip-coated pure SnO2 thin films for CO and C3H8 detection

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation to increase the gas sensing capability of pure tin oxide (SnO2) film coatings while ensuring non-contamination. The SnO2 thin-film coatings deposited on glass substrates were processed by homogeneous precipitation and sol–gel dip coating methods. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structural, optical, and morphological properties of the coatings. The prepared SnO2 coatings were tested using separately two different gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and propane (C3H8), to assess their gas sensing capabilities. The results show a significant influence of the multilayer coating of SnO2 on the sensing performance. Remarkably, the SnO2 sample with three layers exhibited a high sensitivity. By enhancing the gas sensing capabilities of tin oxide films through the dip coating technique, this study contributes to the advancement of gas sensing technologies.

Synthesis, microstructural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic behavior of pure and co-doped (Cr, Fe) tin oxide (Sn1−2xCrxFexO2−δ) nanoparticles by using both co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method

Synthesis, microstructural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic behavior of pure and co-doped (Cr, Fe) tin oxide (Sn1−2xCrxFexO2−δ) nanoparticles by using both co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method

Significant Role of Fe3+ Sites on the Activation Energy Barrier at Electrode Interface in SnO2-Fe2O3 Composite Based Hydroelectric Cell

Hydroelectric cell (HEC) is a green energy device known for its potential to replace solar cell and fuel cell in coming decades. Among number of materials explored, tin oxide-based cells have shown a huge potential to deliver high current densities with high activation losses. In this study, to overcome the activation loss, tin oxide-hematite composite based HEC power characteristics has been analysed. The composite cell delivered a short circuit current density of Isc~7.0 mA/cm2 and peak power of Pden ~ 26.9 mW. More structural defects were found to nucleate in the composite compared to pure tin oxide confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the high surface area and porous microstructure of the composite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of chemi-dissociated and physisorbed water molecules on the composite surface. The composite based hydroelectric cell displayed low activation losses compared to the bare SnO2 HEC observed by the V-I characteristics. A significant role of Fe3+ cations has been found crucial for the reduction in activation energy barrier in the composite based HEC.

Flexible SnO2–MoS2 based memristive device exhibiting stable and enhanced memory phenomenon

Flexible non-volatile memory devices have been gaining interest in expanding the digital data storage world. Due to the burgeoning advancement in the healthcare industry, the Internet of Things, and wearable electronics, the demand for ultra-thin, low-power, and flexible memory is increasing. Further, the advancement of synthesis procedures for two-dimensional nanomaterials having better optical, electrical, and mechanical strength with flexibility has fuelled the flexible memory device area, as commonly used flash memory is approaching its physical limit. In this context, the present work reports the flexible resistive switching memory device based on pure molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tin oxide (SnO2) based nanocomposite powder synthesized using the simple hydrothermal process. The nanocomposite formation was characterized using x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic techniques. The memory device was fabricated by spin-coating the pure MoS2, pure SnO2, and MoS2–SnO2 nanocomposite film over the ITO-PET flexible substrate. The device was completed by thermally evaporating the thin Al layer through a shadow mask. It was found that MoS2–SnO2 based memory devices exhibited improved switching performance having a higher I ON/I OFF ratio, and lower switching voltage in comparison to pure MoS2 and pure SnO2-based devices (I ON/I OFF ratio ∼100, V = 0.5 V). Furthermore, to check the stability and cyclic performance of the fabricated device, the retention and endurance test was also performed, and the MoS2–SnO2 device retained the HRS and LRS states up to 2 × 103s and showed stable performance up to 100 switching cycles without much degradation, respectively. It should be mentioned that the presently proposed ReRAM device based on SnO2 and MoS2 with flexible and low-power features had excellent potential for use in the wearable device industry.

Pure and Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Sensing and Dye Degradation Applications.

Luminescent antimony doped tin oxide nanoparticles have drawn tremendous attention from researchers due to its low cost, chemical inertness and stability. Herein, a quick, facile and economic hydrothermal/solvothermal method was utilized for the preparation of antimony doped (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%) tin oxide nanoparticles. The antimony doping in a reasonable range can change the properties of SnO2. As such, a lattice distortion increases with increase in doping, which is evidenced through crystallographic studies. It was found that the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of malachite green (MG) dye of about 80.86% was achieved with 10% Sb-doped SnO2 in aqueous media due to small particle size. Moreover, 10% Sb-doped SnO2 also showed the highest fluorescence quenching efficiency of about 27% for Cd2+ of concentration 0.11µg/ml in the drinking water. The limit of detection (LOD) comes out as 0.0152µg/ml. This sample selectively detected the cadmium ion even in the presence of other heavy metal ions. Notably, 10% Sb-doped SnO2 could appeared as a promising sensor for fast analysis of Cd2+ ions in real samples.

Impact of fluorine and chlorine doping on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of SnO2: first-principles study

In this work, we carried out in-depth study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of intrinsic, fluorine (F)- and chlorine (Cl)-doped SnO2, using a pseudo-potential plane-wave scheme in the framework of the density functional theory. We found that the substitution of oxygen by F or Cl elements slightly modified the crystalline parameters without altering the stability of SnO2 compounds. The doping of tin oxide by these two halogens is confirmed by the displacement of the Fermi level position to the conduction band. Consequently, the doped materials are strongly degenerated as illustrated by the Moss-Burstein shift: 2.310 and 2.332 eV for F:SnO2 and Cl:SnO2, respectively. On the other hand, the density of states and Mulliken population analysis show that the covalent character of Sn–O bond is maintained after doping, while Sn–X (X = F or Cl) bond reveals an ionic nature. In terms of optical properties after doping, intrinsic SnO2 exhibits low absorption, while the doped ones are transparent in the visible range, making them more efficient in photovoltaic applications. Moreover, in the ultraviolet (UV) scale, pure and doped tin oxide compounds show better absorption, which may be beneficial for use in devices of protection against UV light and UV absorbers or sensors. Finally, the plasma frequencies of 28.22, 29.16, and 27.67 eV for pure, F-, and Cl-doped SnO2, respectively, were obtained.

A Comparison Study the Effect of Doping by Ga2O3 and CeO2 On the Structural and Optical Properties of SnO2 Thin Films

This research deals with the effect of gallium oxide and cerium oxide as dopants on the structural and optical characteristics of tin oxide. Gallium and cerium oxide doped tin oxide was prepared with different doping concentrations (0, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) wt. pure and doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction and UV-Visible spectrophotometer were employed to investigate both oxides doping effects. Results showed that all prepared samples have poly-crystalline structure with a preferred plane of crystal growth along (110), where the crystal size grew from 40.3 nm to 64.5 nm and to 43.5 nm for Ga2O3 and CeO2 doped tin oxide thin films, respectively. Transmittance decreased drastically by increasing the doping ratio of gallium oxide. In contrast, it increased by increasing the doping ratio of cerium oxide. The optical energy gap was found to change in nonsystematic sequence with the increase of Ga2O3 doping concentration, while it decreased monotonically by increasing the CeO2 doping concentration.

Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Pure Oxides PbO, SnO2 and their Comparison

Nanocrystals of semiconducting metal oxides have attracted great interest due to their interesting properties. Therefore, our study came to some physical properties of pure tin oxide and pure lead oxide. Infrared spectral measurements of pure tin and lead oxides showed the presence of vibrational frequencies containing five frequencies for tin oxide and nine vibrational frequencies for lead oxide. The permeability spectra of the SnO2 and PbO compounds were measured, and we calculated each of n, A α , σopt and it was found through the comparison of these amounts for the two compounds that the optical conductivity = 1.214687 (Ωcm)-1, n=9.949 A=2, α=46 cm-1, All previous values are in agreement with the same vibrational frequency of υ = 3450 cm-1 for the lead oxide compound, which is the highest possible.

"Preparation of SnO2 thin films by doping with F-1 ions using chemical spray pyrolysis"

In this paper, the structural and optical properties of pure Tin Oxide and doped by Fluorine (F). Thin films were studied prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis on glass substrates at temperature 400oC. The nature of crystallization of the compounds was examined by using X-Ray diffraction technique which showed that the prepared thin films are polycrystalline structure, and the doping processes didn,t show any obvious differences on the crystalline structure of (SnO2). The DC conductivity measurements of the samples were performed by means of a two probe method. The activation energies were computed from the plots of σdc versus 1000/T. To obtain the optical parameters, the absorption and transmittance spectra were recorded in the wave length range 300-1100 nm, the energy gap of the direct and indirect allowed transition were calculated. The optical parameters such as absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (Ko), dielectric constant (ε'), and dielectric loss (tanδ), were also investigated.

Propane gas-sensing properties of pure and Pd-doped tin oxide nanostructures

Propane gas-sensing properties of pure and Pd-doped tin oxide nanostructures

Understanding the structure-property correlation of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized through the sol-gel technique

The present study aims at exploring the structural, morphological, optical, defects and phase related aspects of the sol-gel synthesized highly pure tin oxide (SnO2) nanocrystallites as a function of sample annealing temperature by carrying out experiments using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies confirmed the nanocrystallinity of the samples as the average sizes of the crystallites were found in between 10 and 20 nm. Williamson – Hall (W − H) analysis was employed for estimating the lattice strain and exact crystallite size of nanoparticles (NPs). The monotonous decrease of lattice strain with sample annealing temperature is consistent with increase of crystallite size by increase in temperature. The NPs exhibited some specific anomalous behaviour, among which a prominent one is the increased lattice parameters and unit cell volumes with the decrease of crystallite sizes. The optical band gap was observed to increase when the nanocrystallites became smaller in size. The latter aspect is attributable to the onset of quantum confinement effect, as observed in a few other metal oxide NPs. The atomic vibrations were characterized through distinct absorbance bands appeared in Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The photo-induced luminescence properties were studied by Fluorescence (FL) spectroscopy in terms of defects and/or oxygen vacancies related transitions. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was employed to study the vacancy type defects, which were abundant in the samples and played crucial roles in modulating their properties. The results suggest the feasibility of tailoring the properties of SnO2 NPs synthesized through sol-gel route-for technological applications. It also provides the physical insight into the structural build-up process when crystallites were formed with a finite number of atoms, and their distributions were governed by the site stabilization energy. Since the samples of smaller crystallite sizes have remarkably larger defect concentrations.

Structural, optical and antibacterial activity of pure and co-doped (Fe & Ni) tin oxide nanoparticles

In this investigation, ferric (Fe) and nickel (Ni) co-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles structural, optical, morphological, and antibacterial characteristics were synthesised, characterised, and examined. By employing SnCl2·2H2O and the transition metal precursors FeCl3 and NiCl2·6H2O with various Fe/Ni molar ratios, thermal annealing was carried out at a high temperature (700 °C). X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray techniques (EDX) were used to examine the materials' structural, chemical, optical, morphological, and anti-microbial capabilities. The average particle size of pure and co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles was determined to be around 52 nm and 15 nm, and SnO2 crystallites were observed to present tetragonal rutile structure with space group P42/mmm (No.136). Metal ions were replaced in the Sn lattice, as shown by Fe and Ni co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Pure and co-doped samples have capsule and sphere-like features in their SEM morphology. Using UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, the optical property was examined, and it was observed that the band gaps for pure and co-doped SnO2 were 3.73 eV and 3.53 eV, respectively. The functional groups and incorporation of Fe and Ni in the prepared powder were also validated by FT-IR and EDX studies. By utilising the agar well diffusion technique and Nutrient agar, the antibacterial properties of pure, Ni-Fe co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles annealed at 700 °C were assessed. They were evaluated against various Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus pheumoniae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Shigella dysenteria). The zone of incubation was found against the Gram +Ve and Gram −Ve bacterial strains.

Structural and FTIR Studies of Pure and Zinc Doped SNO2NanoParticles

Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method. The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.

Exploration of Spectroscopic Study of Screen-Printed Tungsten Oxide: Tin Oxide Nano-Composite Powder Fired at High Temperature

Abstract: Thick films of pure Tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % tungsten oxide (WO3) incorporated into pure Tin oxide (SnO2) were prepared with standard screen printing technique. All samples were prepared on glass substrate and subjected to drying and firing at 5000C at 5 hours in muffle furnace. Thick films of tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % Tungsten Oxide (WO3) incorporated into pure tin oxide (SnO2) were examined for Scanning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (E.D.A.X), X-ray diffraction (X.R.D), Fourier Transform infra-Red (F.T.I.R) and Ultra-Violet-visible spectroscopy (U.V) to investigate surface morphology, elemental analysis, crystalline Phases of films, vibrational and spectroscopic study respectively. The spectrophotometric parameters such as absorbance and absorption coefficient were also a part of investigation. The UV-visible spectrophotometric study was encountered in terms of absorbance and absorption coefficient along with varying percentage composition.

Impact of metal doping and co-doping on the electrical and optical behavior of tin oxide nanoparticles

Metal oxide semiconductors with distinctive optical and electrical properties are required by the modern electronics industry. In this research, it was found that doping with transition and rare-earth metals is suitable for tuning the optical band gap and dielectric parameters of tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) to meet the requirement for highly conductive semiconductors through one-step hydrothermal synthesis. Doping with samarium (Sm) results in tin (IV) oxide NPs having a narrower band gap (2.54 eV) than pure tin (IV) oxide NPs (3.36 eV) and increased conductivity at higher frequencies and temperatures, which are crucial for potential applications such as light-emitting diodes, biological labels and optoelectronic devices. The particle size of the doped and co-doped samples was found to be smaller than that of pure tin (IV) oxide, which effectively enhanced the quantum confinement effect in these metal oxides. Co-doping samarium–copper (Cu) ions into the tin (IV) oxide lattice was done for the first time to increase the dielectric strength, with the absorption shift toward the visible blue region suggesting the use of this particular sample for photocatalytic application.

Preparation and study of the Structural, Morphological and Optical properties of pure Tin Oxide Nanoparticle doped with Cu

In this study, pure SnO2 Nanoparticles doped with Cu were synthesized by a chemical precipitation method. Using SnCl2.2H2O, CuCl2.2H2O as raw materials, the materials were annealed at 550°C for 3 hours in order to improve crystallization. The XRD results showed that the samples crystallized in the tetragonal rutile type SnO2 stage. As the average SnO2 crystal size is pure 9nm and varies with the change of Cu doping (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%),( 8.35, 8.36, 8.67, 9 ,7, 8.86)nm respectively an increase in crystal size to 2.5% decreases at this rate and that the crystal of SnO2 does not change with the introduction of Cu, and SEM results of the pure and doped confirmed that the particle size is within the range (25-56)nm within the nanosize. UV-Vis studies of reflection spectroscopy revealed that energy of band gap increased with increasing doping ratios (4.33,4.18 ,4.21, 4.21 4.23,4.35) ev For pure and doped with Cu (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%) respectively. Results of AFM show roughness rate, SPM and grain size of pure samples doped with Cu where the roughness rate of SnO2 is (3.04, 25,27,16,41.8,23.6,25.2) nm and average diameter is (98.9, 72.56 ,92.91, 88.38, 76.79, 70.94, 71.21) nm for pure and doped with Copper (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%) respectively.