Pure Entangled State Research Articles

Dynamics for atoms successively passing a cavity in the presence of the initial atomic entanglement

We investigated the dynamics of entanglement between atoms successively passing a cavity and interact with a thermal cavity field. We considered the situation when atoms are initially prepared in a pure entangled state. Using the exact solution of density matrix evolution we calculated the negativity for different values of cavity mean photon numbers. We shown the possibility to save the initial atomic entanglement even for a thermal cavity field with relatively high temperature.

Sharp Contradiction for Local-Hidden-State Model in Quantum Steering.

In quantum theory, no-go theorems are important as they rule out the existence of a particular physical model under consideration. For instance, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem serves as a no-go theorem for the nonexistence of local hidden variable models by presenting a full contradiction for the multipartite GHZ states. However, the elegant GHZ argument for Bell’s nonlocality does not go through for bipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state. Recent study on quantum nonlocality has shown that the more precise description of EPR’s original scenario is “steering”, i.e., the nonexistence of local hidden state models. Here, we present a simple GHZ-like contradiction for any bipartite pure entangled state, thus proving a no-go theorem for the nonexistence of local hidden state models in the EPR paradox. This also indicates that the very simple steering paradox presented here is indeed the closest form to the original spirit of the EPR paradox.

Versatility of continuous-variable asymmetric tripartite entanglement allows Alice and Clare to keep secrets from Bob

The fully symmetric Gaussian tripartite entangled pure states will not exhibit two-mode Einstein Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)-steering. This means that any two participants cannot share quantum secrets using the security of one-sided device independent quantum key distribution (1SDI-QKD) without involving the third. They are restricted at most to standard quantum key distribution (S-QKD), which is less secure. Here we show that least some asymmetric tripartite systems can exhibit bipartite EPR-steering, so that two of the participants can use 1SDI-QKD without involving the other. This is possible because the promiscuity relations of continuous-variable tripartite entanglement are different from those of discrete-variable systems. We analyse these properties for two different systems, showing that the asymmetric system has an extra degree of flexibility not found in the symmetric one.

Classical communication cost of quantum steering

Quantum steering is observed when performing appropriate local measurements on an entangled state. Here we discuss the possibility of simulating classically this effect, using classical communication instead of entanglement. We show that infinite communication is necessary for exactly simulating steering for any pure entangled state, as well as for a class of mixed entangled states. Moreover, we discuss the communication cost of steering for general entangled states, as well as approximate simulation. Our findings reveal striking differences between Bell nonlocality and steering, and provide a natural way of measuring the strength of the latter.

Evidence of indistinguishability and entanglement determined by the energy-time uncertainty principle in a system of two strongly coupled bosonic modes

The link of two concepts, indistinguishability and entanglement, with the energy-time uncertainty principle is demonstrated in a system composed of two strongly coupled bosonic modes. Working in the limit of a short interaction time, we find that the inclusion of the antiresonant terms to the coupling Hamiltonian leads the system to relax to a state which is not the ground state of the system. This effect occurs passively by just presence of the antiresonant terms and is explained in terms of the time-energy uncertainty principle for the simple reason that at a very short interaction time, the uncertainty in the energy is of order of the energy of a single excitation, thereby leading to a distribution of the population among the zero, singly and doubly excited states. The population distribution, correlations, and entanglement are shown to substantially dependent on whether the modes decay independently or collectively to an exterior reservoir. In particular, when the modes decay independently with equal rates, entanglement with the complete distinguishability of the modes is observed. The modes can be made mutually coherent if they decay with unequal rates. However, the visibility in the single-photon interference cannot exceed $50%$. When the modes experience collective damping, they are indistinguishable even if decay with equal rates and the visibility can, in principle, be as large as unity. We find that this feature derives from the decay of the system to a pure entangled state rather than the expected mixed state. When the modes decay with equal rates, the steady-state values of the density matrix elements are found dependent on their initial values.

Mixtures of maximally entangled pure states

We study the conditions when mixtures of maximally entangled pure states remain entangled. We found that the resulting mixed state remains entangled when the number of entangled pure states to be mixed is less than or equal to the dimension of the pure states. For the latter case of mixing a number of pure states equal to their dimension, we found that the mixed state is entangled provided that the entangled pure states to be mixed are not equally weighted. We also found that one can restrict the set of pure states that one can mix from in order to ensure that the resulting mixed state is genuinely entangled. Also, we demonstrate how these results could be applied as a way to detect entanglement in mixtures of the entangled pure states with noise.

Direct measurement of the Concurrence of spin-entangled states in a cavity–quantum dot system

A scheme for implementing the direct measurement of Concurrence is given in a cavity–quantum dot system. The scenario not only can directly measure the Concurrence of two-spin pure entangled state, but also suitable for the case of mixed state. More importantly, all of the operations are of geometric nature, which depend on the cavity-state-free evolution and can be robust against random operation errors. Our scheme provided an alternative method for directly measuring the degree of entanglement in solid-state system.

High Fidelity Symmetric Telecloning and Entanglement Distribution of Spin Quantum States by Weak Measurement and Reversal

We propose a physical realization of robust symmetric telecloning scheme for spin quantum states by employing the weak measurement and reversal (WMR) operation. Using proper WMR, the ultrahigh telecloning fidelity and long distance of quantum state transfer with certain success probability can be achieved. More interestingly, the lowest average telecloning fidelity can attain 80 %, which is almost independent of the spin chain length. We also study the properties of entanglement distribution via the spin chain for arbitrary two-qubit entangled pure states as inputs and find that the WMR operation indeed helps for protecting distributed entanglement.

On the violation of Bell’s inequality for all non-product quantum states

We present an explicit reexamination of Gisin’s 1991 original proof concerning the violation of Bell’s inequality for any pure entangled state of two-particle systems. Given the relevance of Gisin’s work, our analysis is motivated by pedagogical reasons and allows the straightening of a few mathematical points in the original proof that in no way change the physical conclusions reached by Gisin.

Mixedness and entanglement in the presence of localized closed timelike curves

We examine mixedness and entanglement of the chronology-respecting (CR) system with assuming that quantum mechanical closed timelike curves (CTCs) exist in nature and by introducing the qubit system and applying the general controlled operations between CR and CTC systems. We use the magnitude of Bloch vector as a measure of mixedness. While Deutschian-CTC (D-CTC) either preserves or decreases the magnitude, postselected-CTC (P-CTC) can increases it. Nonintuitively, even the completely mixed CR-qubit can be converted into a pure state after CTC-qubit travels around the P-CTC. It is also shown that while D-CTC cannot increase the entanglement of CR system, P-CTC can increase it. Surprisingly, any partially entangled state can be maximally entangled pure state if P-CTC exists. Thus, distillation of P-CTC-assisted entanglement can be easily achieved without preparing the multiple copies of the partially entangled state.

Minimal control power of the controlled teleportation

We generalize the control power of a perfect controlled teleportation of an entangled three-qubit pure state, suggested by Li and Ghose [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 90}, 052305 (2014)], to the control power of a general controlled teleportation of a multiqubit pure state. Thus, we define the minimal control power, and calculate the values of the minimal control power for a class of general three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and the three-qubit W class whose states have zero three-tangles. Moreover, we show that the standard three-qubit GHZ state and the standard three-qubit W state have the maximal values of the minimal control power for the two classes, respectively. This means that the minimal control power can be interpreted as not only an operational quantity of a three-qubit quantum communication but also a degree of three-qubit entanglement. In addition, we calculate the values of the minimal control power for general n-qubit GHZ states and the n-qubit W-type states.

Entanglement Quantification Made Easy: Polynomial Measures Invariant under Convex Decomposition.

Quantifying entanglement in composite systems is a fundamental challenge, yet exact results are available in only a few special cases. This is because hard optimization problems are routinely involved, such as finding the convex decomposition of a mixed state with the minimal average pure-state entanglement, the so-called convex roof. We show that under certain conditions such a problem becomes trivial. Precisely, we prove by a geometric argument that polynomial entanglement measures of degree 2 are independent of the choice of pure-state decomposition of a mixed state, when the latter has only one pure unentangled state in its range. This allows for the analytical evaluation of convex roof extended entanglement measures in classes of rank-2 states obeying such a condition. We give explicit examples for the square root of the three-tangle in three-qubit states, and we show that several representative classes of four-qubit pure states have marginals that enjoy this property.

Perfect quantum teleportation by four-particle cluster state

Two perfect quantum teleportation schemes for an unknown single-particle pure state and an arbitrary two-particle pure entangled state are proposed by using four-particle cluster state in this paper. As it is shown, the unknown single-particle pure state or the arbitrary two-particle pure entangled state can be teleported perfectly. The successful possibilities are both 100% and quantum channel fidelities are both 1 about these two schemes.

Computing the geometric measure of entanglement of multipartite pure states by means of non-negative tensors

The geometric measure of entanglement for pure states has attracted much attention. On the other hand, the spectral theory of non-negative tensors (hypermatrices) has been developed rapidly. In this paper, we show how the spectral theory of non-negative tensors can be applied to the study of the geometric measure of entanglement for pure states. For symmetric pure multipartite qubit or qutrit states an elimination method is given. For symmetric pure multipartite qudit states, a numerical algorithm with randomization is presented. We also show that a nonsymmetric pure state can be augmented to a symmetric one whose amplitudes can be encoded in a non-negative symmetric tensor, so the geometric measure of entanglement can be calculated. Several examples, such as $m\mathrm{GHZ}$ states, $W$ states, inverted $W$ states, qudits, and nonsymmetric states, are used to demonstrate the power of the proposed methods. Given a pure state, one can always find a change of basis (a unitary transformation) so that all the probability amplitudes of the pure state are non-negative under the new basis. Therefore, the methods proposed here can be applied to a very wide class of multipartite pure states.

Entanglement of $1p0f$-shell Nucleon Pairs

The entanglement of pure states of 1s0d-shell nucleon pairs has been studied. The Slater decomposition theorem has been used to verify if any pure state of a nucleon pair is an entangled state. The von Neumann entropy of the partial density matrix has been employed to quantify the entanglement of the 1s0dshell nucleon pairs. Results of calculations have evidenced that the isospin T = 1 states of the 1s0d-shell nucleon pairs are strongly entangled.

Carving Complex Many-Atom Entangled States by Single-Photon Detection.

We propose a versatile and efficient method to generate a broad class of complex entangled states of many atoms via the detection of a single photon. For an atomic ensemble contained in a strongly coupled optical cavity illuminated by weak single- or multifrequency light, the atom-light interaction entangles the frequency spectrum of a transmitted photon with the collective spin of the atomic ensemble. Simple time-resolved detection of the transmitted photon then projects the atomic ensemble into a desired pure entangled state. This method can be implemented with existing technology, yields high success probability per trial, and can generate complex entangled states such as mesoscopic superposition states of coherent spin states with high fidelity.

Lower bound of quantum uncertainty from extractable classical information

The sum of entropic uncertainties for the measurement of two non-commuting observables is not always reduced by the amount of entanglement (quantum memory) between two parties, and in certain cases may be impacted by quantum correlations beyond entanglement (discord). An optimal lower bound of entropic uncertainty in the presence of any correlations may be determined by fine-graining. Here we express the uncertainty relation in a new form where the maximum possible reduction of uncertainty is shown to be given by the extractable classical information. We show that the lower bound of uncertainty matches with that using fine-graining for several examples of two-qubit pure and mixed entangled states, and also separable states with non-vanishing discord. Using our uncertainty relation we further show that even in the absence of any quantum correlations between the two parties, the sum of uncertainties may be reduced with the help of classical correlations.

Asymptotic compatibility between local-operations-and-classical-communication conversion and recovery

Recently, entanglement concentration was explicitly shown to be irreversible. However, it is still not clear what kind of states can be reversibly converted in the asymptotic setting by LOCC when neither the initial nor the target state is maximally entangled. We derive the necessary and sufficient condition for the reversibility of LOCC conversions between two bipartite pure entangled states in the asymptotic setting. In addition, we show that conversion can be achieved perfectly with only local unitary operation under such condition except for special cases. Interestingly, our result implies that an error-free reversible conversion is asymptotically possible even between states whose copies can never be locally unitarily equivalent with any finite numbers of copies, although such a conversion is impossible in the finite setting. In fact, we show such an example. Moreover, we establish how to overcome the irreversibility of LOCC conversion in two ways. As for the first method, we evaluate how many copies of the initial state is to be lost to overcome the irreversibility of LOCC conversion. The second method is to add a supplementary state appropriately, which also works for LU conversion unlike the first method. Especially, for the qubit system, any non-maximally pure entangled state can be a universal resource for the asymptotic reversibility when copies of the state is sufficiently many. More interestingly, our analysis implies that far-from-maximally entangled states can be better than nearly maximally entangled states as this type of resource. This fact brings new insight to the resource theory of state conversion.

Quantum entanglement from random measurements

We show that the expectation value of squared correlations measured along random local directions is an identifier of quantum entanglement in pure states which can be directly experimentally assessed if two copies of the state were available. Entanglement can therefore be detected by parties who do not share a common reference frame and whose local reference frames, such as polarisers or Stern-Gerlach magnets, remain unknown. Furthermore, we also show that in every experimental run access to only one qubit from the macroscopic reference is sufficient to identify entanglement, violate a Bell inequality, and in fact observe all phenomena observable with macroscopic references. Finally, we provide a state-independent entanglement witness solely in terms of random correlations and emphasise how data gathered for a single random measurement setting per party reliably detects entanglement. This is only possible due to utilised randomness and should find practical applications in experimental confirmation of multi-photon entanglement or space experiments.

Efficient test to demonstrate genuine three particle nonlocality

According to the studies of genuine tripartite nonlocality in discrete variable quantum systems conducted so far, Svetlichny inequality is considered as the best Bell-type inequality to detect genuine (three way) nonlocality of pure tripartite genuine entangled states. In the present work, we have considered another Bell-type inequality (which has been reported as the 99th facet of NS2 local polytope in Bancal et al (2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 014102), to reveal genuine tripartite nonlocality of generalized GHZ (Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger) class and a subclass of extended GHZ class states Acín et al (2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1560) thereby proving the conjecture given by Bancal et al (2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 014102) for the GGHZ class and the subclass of extended GHZ states. We compare the violation of this inequality with Svetlichny inequality which reveals the efficiency of the former inequality over the latter to demonstrate genuine nonlocality using the above classes of quantum states. Even in some cases discord monogamy score can be used as a better measure of quantum correlation over Svetlichny inequality for those classes of pure states. Besides, the 99th facet inequality is found efficient not only for revealing genuine nonlocal behavior of correlations emerging in systems using pure entangled states but also in some cases of mixed entangled states over Svetlichny inequality and some well known measures of entanglement.