Pure Rutin Research Articles

Rutin and Physalis peruviana Extract: Population Pharmacokinetics in New Zealand Rabbits

Background/Objectives: An extract of calyces from Physalis peruviana with hypoglycemic activity is being considered as a potential herbal medicine. Preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) studies of the extract in rats, focusing on plasma concentrations of its main compound, rutin, and its metabolites, revealed PK interactions in the extract matrix that improved the absorption of rutin metabolites compared to the pure compound, among other PK effects. This research aimed to study the PK of rutin alone and in the extract and assess potential PK interactions in the extract matrix on the flavonoid and its metabolites in rabbits, a nonrodent species; Methods: Animals received pure rutin or extract orally and intravenously. The PK analysis used noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetics (popPK) methods, and simple allometry was applied to predict human PK parameters; Results: The rutin concentration–time profile fit a two-compartment model with first-order elimination, while its metabolites fit a double first-order absorption model. The extract matrix led to increased absorption, distribution, and elimination of rutin as well as increased bioavailability of its metabolites in rabbits; Conclusions: The popPK model defined the equations for PK parameters describing these findings, and the increased volume of distribution and clearance of rutin was maintained in human predictions. These results will support the development of a new herbal medicine.

Rutin modified selenium nanoparticles reduces cell oxidative damage induced by H2O2 by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Oxidative damage of neurons is one of the key pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which eventually leads to neuronal apoptosis and loss. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator of antioxidant response and is considered to be an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the selenated derivative of antioxidant rutin (Se-Rutin) was synthesized with sodium selenate (Na2SeO3) as raw material by a simple electrostatic-compound in situ selenium reduction method. The effects of Se-Rutin on H2O2 induced oxidative damage in Pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were evaluated by cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species level and the expression of antioxidant response element (Nrf2). The results showed that H2O2 treatment significantly increased the level of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species, while the level of Nrf2 and HO-1 decreased. However, Se-Rutin significantly reduced H2O2 induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, and increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, both of which were better than that of pure rutin. Therefore, the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway may be the basis of Se-Rutin's anti-oxidative damage to AD.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Bioflavonoid Rutin: Characterisation, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities and In Vivo Cytotoxic Effects on Artemia Nauplii.

This study aims to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles with rutin (ZnO-R NPs) using a green synthesis approach and characterise the nanostructures for diverse biomedical applications. In this study, the optical and chemical properties of synthesised ZnO-R NPs were verified through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed a symmetric bending vibration peak of 460 cm−1 for ZnO-R NPs, whereas UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a distinct absorption band at 395 nm. Moreover, the oval-shaped morphology of ZnO-R NPs was verified through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesised nanoformulation revealed a wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 13.22 nm; however, the zeta potential value was recorded as −8.50 ± 0.46 mV for ZnO-R NPs. According to an antioxidant study, ZnO-R NPs demonstrated lower free-radical scavenging activity than pure rutin. The cytotoxicity study was conducted using a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In vitro analysis verified that ZnO-R NPs exhibited significantly higher anticancer and microbial growth inhibition activities than standard ZnO NPs (ZnO Std NPs) and pure rutin. In addition, ZnO-R NPs revealed a significantly lower IC50 value than the commercial ZnO Std NPs and pure rutin in MCF-7 cells (16.39 ± 6.03 μg/mL, 27 ± 0.91 μg/mL and 350 ± 30.1 μg/mL, respectively) after 48 h. However, synthesised ZnO-R NPs demonstrated no significant toxicity towards Artemia nauplii. These results highlight the synthesis of rutin-mediated ZnO NPs and their possible chemotherapeutic potential.

Impact of rutin and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) extract applications on the volatile and phenolic composition of wine

The aim of this research is to study the possibility of increasing the quality of red wins made with the Monastrell grape variety. A methodology was established to improve the concentration levels of polyphenol and aroma in these wines. Among flavonoids, the copigmenting effect of rutin stands out, and was tested in both winery and field applications. Buckwheat extract (Fagopyrum esculentum), in which rutin is the main flavonoid, may be of interest for viticulture given its biological activity.This paper focuses on researching the effect of applying the prefermentative vegetable extract of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) on the concentration of polyphenols and aroma compounds in vineyards. Simultaneously, a study was carried out to compare the effect of pure copigment (rutin) when applied in vineyards and cellars. Traditional vinification was done, plus prefermentative cold maceration.The application of buckwheat extract, and rutin extract to a lesser extent, to Monastrell grapes increased the concentration of malvidin and other anthocyanins, and total anthocyanins. After 12-month storage, no differences were observed in the percentage of copigmented, polymerised and free anthocyanin, the total polyphenol concentration, and the tannin quality parameters like DMACH (aldehyde p-dimethylaminoacimaldehyde) and the Gelatin Index. The concentrations of diethyl succinate, 2 phenylethyl acetate, vanillin and ethyl octanoate increased, while other compounds decreased when the copigment was added. The maceration technique followed during the vinification process had very little effect on polyphenolic compounds. The prefermentative maceration slightly increasing the concentration of total polyphenols, but had no effect on the parameters related to colour, anthocyanin concentration, nature of anthocyanins, their binding state or tannin quality parameters. The results showed that cold prefermentation maceration increased the concentration of some volatile compounds, including alcohols and esters, which should be considered important contributors to Monastrell wine aroma.The combination of the applying buckwheat extract and pure rutin together, and prefermentative cold maceration, positively affects the polyphenolic concentration and increases the concentration of quality volatile compounds.

Formulation and Characterization of Rutin Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

New drug delivery technologies are transforming drug discovery and development, as well as establishing research and development-focused pharmaceutical firms that are accelerating global progress. The bioactive rutin molecule is used in a wide range of food and medicinal goods. Its limited bioavailability and poor water solubility are major issues. Rutin is a polyphenolic natural compound with antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, chemopreventive, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, no research has been published to yet to improve its bioavailability and efficacy. As a result, an attempt was made in this study to load rutin into a nanoparticlulate system in order to improve its bioavailability and efficacy. Six formulations (F1-F6) of nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and were evaluated for particle size and shape using Zeta Sizer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. The optimized formulation was further subjected to in vitro evaluation. Practical percent yield, drug entrapment efficiency and In vitro drug release were evaluated. Out of various formulations F1 have shown best results in particle size 80.71 (1-100 nm), particle shape (spherical nanoparticles with a smoothed surface), average size distribution (105.0), zeta potential (-20.6) percentage yield (70.83), drug entrapment efficiency (83.6%) and drug loading (95%). Pure rutin showed incomplete dissolution of 47.69% in 330 min while Rutin loaded nanoparticles gave 94.75% release in 330 min. It is obvious from the foregoing that rutin chitosan nanoparticles were used as a novel drug delivery technology to improve therapeutic efficacy and sustained release features while overcoming issues such as poor solubility and limited bioavailability.

Matrix Effects of the Hydroethanolic Extract of Calyces of Physalis peruviana L. on Rutin Pharmacokinetics in Wistar Rats Using Population Modeling.

Rutin is the rutinose conjugate of quercetin. It presents several biological activities and is the major flavonoid in the hydroalcoholic extract of the calyces of Physalis peruviana L. It also shows hypoglycemic activity after oral administration. The aim of this work was to study the matrix effects of the extract from P. peruviana calyces on the pharmacokinetics of rutin and its metabolites in Wistar rats, using non-compartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses. A pharmacokinetic study was performed after intravenous and oral administration of different doses of pure rutin and the extract. In the non-compartmental analysis, it was found that rutin from the extract exhibited higher distribution and clearance, as well as an 11-fold increase in the bioavailability of its active metabolites. A population pharmacokinetic model was also carried out with two compartments, double absorption and linear elimination, in which the extract and the doses were the covariates involved. This model correctly described the differences observed between rutin as a pure compound and rutin from the extract, including the dose dependency.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effect of Rutin Prenanoemulsion in Lung and Colon Cancer Cell Lines

In this work, prenanoemulsion of rutin was prepared using PEG and Tween as emulsifiers via homogenization and evaporation techniques. The particle size of rutin was investigated with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM); particle size distribution and its chemical structure were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. It was found that rutin in the prenanoemulsion has excellent solubility in water with the size approximately 15 nm. The chemical structure of nanorutin in prenanoemulsion was identical to that of the pure rutin. It suggested that there is no chemical modification of rutin in the prenanoemulsion. From high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the amount of rutin in the prenanoemulsion was determined to be 9.27%. The cytotoxic effect of rutin in the preemulsion was investigated via in vitro tests to determine rutin’s efficacy in A549 lung cancer cell and colon cancer cell treatment. The results demonstrated that rutin in the prenanoemulsion could inhibit A549 lung cancer cells and colon cancer cells efficiently.

Nano-lipid Complex of Rutin: Development, Characterisation and In Vivo Investigation of Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant Activity and Bioavailability Study in Rats.

The current study was aimed to develop an amphiphilic drug-lipid nano-complex of rutin:egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) to enhance its poor absorption and bioavailability, and investigated the impact of the complex on hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Rutin nano-complexes were prepared by solvent evaporation, salting out and lyophilisation methods and compared for the complex formation. For the selected lyophilisation method, principal solvent DMSO, co-solvent (t-butyl alcohol) and rutin:EPC ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were selected after optimisation. The properties of the nano-complexes such as complexation, thermal behaviour, surface morphology, molecular crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, solubility, in vitro stability study, in vitro drug release, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant study, in vivo hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability/pharmacokinetic studies were investigated. Rutin nano-complexes were developed successfully via the lyophilisation method and found to be in nanometric range. Rutin nano-complexes significantly improved the solubility and in vitro drug release, and kinetic studies confirmed the diffusion-controlled release of the drug from the formulation. The nano-complex showed better antioxidant activity in vitro and exhibited well in vitro stability in different pH media. The in vivo study showed better hepatoprotective activity of the formulation compared to pure rutin at the same dose levels with improved oral bioavailability. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated animals (group II) failed to restore the normal levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes and liver antioxidant enzyme compared to the nano-complex-treated animals. The results obtained from solubility, hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability studies proved the better efficacy of the nano-complex compared to the pure drug.

Predicting Buckwheat Flavonoids Bioavailability in Different Food Matrices Under In Vitro Simulated Human Digestion

The digestibility and bioaccessibility of major flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin) in various buckwheat food matrices were evaluated as a function of the rutin levels using an in vitro simulated digestion model. Food matrices were unprocessed samples (buckwheat flour [BF], flavonoid extract [FE], rutin‐enhanced flavonoid extract [REFE], and pure rutin) and processed samples (cakes with BF, FE, and REFE and a rutin‐spiked cake). FE showed the highest digestibility out of all the unprocessed samples (FE > REFE > BF > rutin), whereas BF exhibited the highest bioaccessibility (BF > FE > REFE = rutin). Moreover, the processed samples improved their flavonoid bioaccessibility upon baking. Thus, unprocessed FE is a good source for highly bioavailable flavonoids; moreover, baking exerts a positive effect on flavonoid digestibility and bioaccessibility. Because flavonoids can be further fermented by microorganisms in the large intestine into various metabolites, determining the digestibility and bioaccessibility of various flavonoids is useful for predicting flavonoid bioavailability in buckwheat and buckwheat‐based food products.

Formulation and Stability Characterization of Rutin-Loaded Oil-in-Water Emulsions

In this work, formulation and characterization of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions loaded with rutin were successfully overhead. We investigated the effect of homogenization pressure on the mean droplet size, droplet size distribution, physical stability, and rutin retention of these emulsions. O/W emulsions with a mean droplet size (d 3,2) of about 150 nm and a span of nearly the unit were formulated by microfluidization at the homogenization pressure 20–150 MPa. The O/W emulsion droplets loaded with rutin were physically stable in terms of variations of d 3,2 and span during 30 days of storage in the dark condition at 4 and 25 °C. The creaming velocity was characterized using centrifugal method showing a relative good shelf life. HPLC analysis demonstrated that 71–85% of initial rutin was retained in the fresh O/W emulsions and declined to 22–35% (w/w) for 30-day storage at 25 °C. Antioxidant activity assays confirmed that rutin-loaded emulsion participated in the antioxidant activity after encapsulation similarly to pure rutin. These results indicate that O/W emulsion systems can function as potential delivery systems to enhance bioavailability to encapsulate liposoluble antioxidant rutin for potential applications in the food industry.

Effects of rutin and buckwheat seeds on energy metabolism and methane production in dairy cows

Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites with several health promoting effects. As dairy cows often suffer from metabolic imbalance and health problems, interest is growing in health improvements by plant substances such as flavonoids. Our group has recently shown that the flavonoids quercetin and rutin (a glucorhamnoside of quercetin) are bioavailable in cows when given via a duodenal fistula or orally, respectively, affect glucose metabolism, and have beneficial effects on liver health. Furthermore, flavonoids may reduce rumen methane production in vitro through their antibacterial properties. To test the hypothesis that rutin has effects on energy metabolism, methane production, and production performance in dairy cows, we fed rutin trihydrate at a dose of 100mg/kg of body weight to a group of 7 lactating dairy cows for 2wk in a crossover design. In a second experiment, 2 cows were fed the same ration but were supplemented with buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum tartaricum), providing rutin at a dose comparable to the first experiment. Two other cows receiving barley supplements were used as controls in a change-over mode. Blood samples were taken weekly and respiration measurements were performed at the end of each treatment. Supplementation of pure rutin, but not of rutin contained in buckwheat seeds, increased the plasma quercetin content. Methane production and milk yield and composition were not affected by rutin treatment in either form. Plasma glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and albumin were increased by pure rutin treatment, indicating a possible metabolic effect of rutin on energy metabolism of dairy cows. In addition, we did not show that in vivo ruminal methane production was reduced by rutin. In conclusion, we could not confirm earlier reports on in vitro methane reduction by rutin supplementation in dairy cows in established lactation.

Rutin-Chitosan Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Characterization and Application in Dental Disorders

In the present investigation, we report the preparation and evaluation of antimicrobial potential of rutin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CRNPs). Developed CRNPs were characterized for particle size and zeta potential. Antibacterial potential of CRNPs was evaluated against dental caries pathogen, in vitro. Results revealed that chitosan enhances the anticariogenic potential of rutin. A stability study of pure rutin and CRNPs was performed in simulated saliva fluid. Results revealed that the antibacterial potential of rutin was significantly enhanced by developing it as CRNPs. The MIC and MBC against Bacillus pumilus and Enterococcus faecalis for CRNPs differed significantly compared with bare rutin or chitosan.

Design and Evaluation of Phyto-Phospholipid Complexes (Phytosomes) of Rutin for Transdermal Application

The polyphenolic flavonoid Rutin possesses multiple therapeutic effects out of which the anti-inflammatory potential has been well established in the recent literatures. The oral bioavailability of Rutin is very low necessitating its novel drug delivery approach. Phyto-phospholipid complex (phytosomes) is helpful in enhancing oral bioavailability and transdermal permeation of polyphenols. In the present work, Rutin phytosomes (RN-P) were developed and characterized to establish its feasibility for transdermal application in inflammatory conditions. Phytosomes were prepared in five molar ratios of Rutin (0.5 - 1.0) to Phosphatidylcholine (1.0 - 0.5). All RN-Ps showed aqueous solubility higher than pure Rutin. Partition coefficient results indicated the lipophilic nature of free Rutin as well as all RN-Ps with most satisfactory value found at 3.11 ± 0.08 with F3 formulation. Discrete vesicular structures of RN-Ps observed in TEM study. Results of the FT-IR, DSC and XRD studies confirmed the phyto-phospholipid complex formation. XRD reports revealed the reduction in crystallinity of Rutin when in phytosomes form with F3 found to be the least crystalline. SEM studies confirmed the disappearance of rod shaped crystals of Rutin in phytosome formulations. The ex vivo skin permeation study across excised rat abdominal skin confirmed the higher permeability of RN-Ps (33 ± 1.33 %) over pure Rutin (13 ± 0.87 %). The observations made in the present work suggest that phyto-phospholipid complex of Rutin can increase its skin uptake to treat inflammatory conditions in arthritis, rheumatism, athletic aches and may able to deliver the drug for a long duration avoiding the problems associated with oral administration.

Synthesis, Spectral and Antioxidant Properties of Tin(II)-Rutin Complex

Rutin is one of the most common flavonoids present in nature that has a wide range of biological properties. A Tin(II)-rutin complex was synthesized from the raw material rutin and SnCl2 in an alkaline solution. The complex was characterized by UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. We evaluated the free radical scavenging activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and the results showed that pure rutin was more effective than the Tin(II)-rutin complex in terms of antioxidant activity. Supplementing diet by foods rich in rutin and other flavonoids, such as vegetables and fruits, may contribute to removing free radicals and heavy metal ions in our body.

Development, characterization & in vitro skin permeation of rutin ethosomes as a novel vesicular carrier

Objective : The aim of the present study was to formulate and characterize rutin ethosomes and to evaluate the rutin ethosomes to enhance its skin permeation rate as compared to parent drug, rutin. Materials and Methods : Rutin ethosomes were formulated by cold method and optimized using 2 3 factorial design by design expert software (version 8.0). The optimized rutin ethosomes were characterized for particle size distribution, vesicular shape using scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and short term stability studies. A specially designed franz diffusion cell was used for the percutaneous absorption studies of optimized rutin ethosomes using pig ear skin and the results were analysed using DD solver 8 software. Results and Discussion : The entrapment efficiency of optimized ethosomes prepared using phospholipid concentration of 2.5 g with 30 ml ethanol for 12.5 minutes, was found to be maximum i.e. 73.9 %. Lipid vesicular system of rutin exhibited a negative zeta potential of -46.0 mV indicating a high degree of stability for rutin ethosomes. In vitro drug permeation studies of pure rutin and rutin ethosomes suggested that rutin ethosomes were better able to permeate across pig ear skin at the end of 120 minutes than pure rutin. Therefore, rutin ethosomes were better able to facilitate permeation of rutin deeply into the pig ear skin when compared with pure rutin. Conclusion : Rutin ethosomal formulation has tremendous potential to serve as a topical drug delivery system due to its enhanced rate of permeation.

Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant study of Tin(II)–rutin complex: Exploration of tin packaging hazards

The present study was assigned to realize and explore the hazards of tin packaging generally used for food stuff by different industries. This consideration motivated to carry out complexation between rutin and Tin(II) chloride dihydrate characterized by UV–Vis, FT-IR, and 1H NMR techniques. The spectral data reveal that Tin(II) coordinates with rutin through 3′,4′-dihydroxyl (catechol) site. While due to the steric hindrance of sugar moiety at 3-O position prevents complex formation at this site. Thus, complexation at catechol site confirms the possible interaction of rutin (present in food) with Tin(II) proving its hazardous effects as assessed by antioxidant study of the complex. The antioxidant activity was carried out using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods. The results of these methods confirmed that Tin(II) significantly decreased the antioxidant potential of rutin after complexation. However, it was deduced that antioxidant capacity of Tin(II)–rutin complex was less than pure rutin.

Influence of different morphological parts of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and its major secondary metabolite rutin on rumen fermentation in vitro

It was hypothesized that buckwheat, especially its flowers, influences foregut fermentation in ruminant animals because it is rich in phenolic compounds. The entire fresh aerial buckwheat herb, or its parts (leaves, stems, flowers and grain), were incubated for 24 h together with pure ryegrass (1:1, dry matter basis) in an in vitro ruminal fermentation system (Hohenheim Gas Test). Additionally ryegrass, supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg rutin trihydrate/g dry matter, was incubated. Contents of extractable phenols (g/kg dry matter) were the highest in buckwheat flowers (88), followed by leaves (63), and the lowest in ryegrass (8). The levels of production of total gas and volatile fatty acids demonstrated that the nutritional value of buckwheat was slightly lower than that of ryegrass. Compared to ryegrass alone, ruminal transformation of dietary protein-N <br />into ammonia was lower with 50 mg rutin, buckwheat flowers and buckwheat leaves. Thus, these treatments appeared to have partly protected dietary protein from ruminal degradation. Rutin, at the highest level, buckwheat flowers and the total aerial fraction of the buckwheat plant suppressed methane per unit of total gas by > 10%, either at elevated (rutin) or reduced total gas volume. This indicates that the ways of the influence on the ruminal fermentation pattern differed between pure rutin and buckwheat. In vivo studies have to confirm these potentially beneficial effects of buckwheat if used as forage for ruminants and clarify the role of further phenolic compounds present in buckwheat. Abbreviations: DM = dry matter, HGT = Hohenheim Gas Test, NDF = neutral detergent fibre, TEP = total extractable phenols, VFA = volatile fatty acids

Phenylacetic acids were detected in the plasma and urine of rats administered with low-dose mulberry leaf extract

The use of a high quercetin dose to demonstrate its absorption and bioavailability does not reflect the real dietary situation because quercetin glycosides are usually present in small amounts in the human diet. This study aimed to demonstrate the absorption and bioavailability of quercetin in mulberry leaves that represents a more physiologic dietary situation. Mulberry leaf ethanol extract was prepared similar to tea infusion, which is the way the tea leaves are generally prepared for consumption. Accordingly, rats were fed by oral intubation the mulberry leaf ethanol extract (15 g%/rat per day) or pure rutin (135 microg/rat per day) for 2 weeks. The control group received a similar volume of the vehicle, 10% ethanol. There was a significant increase in total antioxidant activity (TAA) in the urine and feces of the antioxidants-fed rats. Phenylacetic acid, a microbial metabolite of quercetin, was detected in the urine of the test animals, and quercetin was present in the fecal samples. By using an in situ intestinal preparation, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, another microbial metabolite of quercetin, was detected in the plasma when the duodenal segment was instilled with 2 mg of rutin. This microbial metabolite retained 50% of the TAA of quercetin. The results of this study indicate that in a more realistic dietary situation, an increase in TAA in the body after consumption of quercetin-containing foods is contributed mainly by the microbial metabolites.

Mulberry leaves protect rat tissues from immobilization stress‐induced inflammation

The ability of the antioxidants in the mulberry leaves to protect Sprague-Dawley rats from injuries caused by immobilization stress was studied as an indicator of the tissue bioavailability of antioxidants. Nitrite level, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in the plasma and tissues were measured. There were hypertrophy of the adrenal glands and kidneys, significant increased levels of nitrite in the plasma and adrenal glands, elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the plasma, kidneys and spleen, and a reduction of TAA in the plasma, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys and spleen of the immobilized rats. Antioxidants in the mulberry leaf extract suppressed the increase of nitrite and TBARS. Adrenal glands appeared to be the target organ of the antioxidants in the leaf extract. The low dose mulberry antioxidants were more effective than pure rutin (4 mg/day) to protect the cells against inflammation and peroxidation induced by stress.

Use of natural food/plant extracts: cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus), beetroot (Beta Vulgaris “Vulgaris”) or willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium) to reduce lipid oxidation of cooked pork patties

The antioxidant activity of plant extracts (100 and 500mg/kg) from cloudberry, willow herb and beetroot on thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances (TBARS) development and hexanal content of cooked pork patties was investigated. Pure quercetin, rutin and caffeic acid were tested in parallel for comparison. The most potent antioxidants on stabilizing oxidation were cloudberry extract and quercetin. The lowest antioxidant activity was found with the addition of pure rutin to the meat. Caffeic acid showed an intermediate activity. At a concentration of 100mg/kg, beetroot and willow herb extracts showed an antioxidant activity on TBARS and hexanal contents similar to that observed for caffeic acid during 3 days of refrigerated display, while cloudberry extract was as potent as quercetin. At a concentration of 500mg/kg, beetroot and willow herb extract stabilized hexanal production of cooked pork patties after 6 days of refrigerated storage in a way comparable to that observed for pure quercetin and cloudberry extract. TBARS numbers were well correlated with hexanal content in cooked pork patties on day 3 of refrigerated storage. However, hexanal production and TBARS numbers were not highly correlated in samples with the highest level of beetroot (500mg/kg). Hexanal production was inhibited by the high level of beetroot, but TBARS production was not, perhaps because the red color of beetroot extract interfered with the determination of the pink TBA chromogen.