Pure Impulse Research Articles

인터넷 패션 쇼핑몰의 판매촉진 활용에 따른 충동구매와 정보원탐색

The purpose of this study is to investigate impulse buying and the searching for sources of information among males and females in their 20s by their utilization of sales promotion in an internet fashion shopping mall. The findings were as follows: First, there was a statistically significant difference in the use of sales promotion by age and gender. Second, two factors, such as a price-oriented utilization of sales promotion and a non price-oriented utilization of sales promotion were extracted from the analysis of sub factors of the utilization of sales promotion in an internet fashion shopping mall. Third, five factors, including affective impulse buying, provocative impulsive buying, situational impulse buying, reminder impulse buying, and pure impulsive buying, were extracted from the analysis of sub factors of impulse buying in an internet fashion shopping mall. Fourth, the utilization of sales promotions in an internet fashion shopping mall had statistically significant effects on the sub factors of impulse buying, provocative impulse buying, situational impulse buying, reminder impulse buying, and pure impulse buying. Fifth, the analysis of the correlation between the utilization of sales promotion and the searching for sources of information revealed that price-oriented utilization of sales promotion had a correlation with DM or text message, advice from friends or family, advice from a sales person, information from friends or colleagues, celebrity supporters on TV dramas or movies, and product commercials and information.

A Patch-Based Approach for Removing Impulse or Mixed Gaussian-Impulse Noise

In this paper, we address the problem of the restoration of images which have been affected by impulse noise or by a mixture of Gaussian and impulse noise. We rely on a patch-based approach, which requires careful choices for both the distance between patches and for the statistical estimator of the original patch. Experiments are run in the case of pure impulse noise and in the case of a mixture. The method proves to be particularly powerful, especially for the restoration of textured regions, and compares favorably to recent restoration methods.

UNIVERSAL IMAGE NOISE REMOVAL FILTER BASED ON TYPE-2 FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM AND QPSO

Removing Mixed Gaussian and Impulse Noise (MGIN) is considered to be one of the most essential topics in the domain of image restoration, and it is much more challenging than to remove pure Gaussian or impulse noise separately. Therefore, relatively fewer works have been published in this area. This paper proposes a new integrated approach for MGIN removal that is based on a Non-Singleton Interval Type-2 (NS-IT2) Fuzzy Logic System (FLS), and explains how to design such a NS-IT2 FLS using a Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm. Then the paper goes on to introduce two supplementary components, a Block-Matching 3-Dimensional Discrete Cosine Transformation (BM3D DCT) filter and a contrast scaling filter, which augment the overall performance of the NS-IT2 FLS. Finally, the paper shows that this proposed approach indeed provides both quantitatively and visually much better results compared to other often-used non-fuzzy techniques as well as its Type-1 (T1) and singleton IT2 (S-IT2) counterparts.

패션 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서의 위험지각과 정보원 활용이 충동구매행동에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impulse buying behavior of men and women in their twenties, who have experiences of purchasing on internet shopping malls, when they buy fashion products. The data in this study was statistically analyzed using factor analysis, reliability coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 14.0. The findings are as follows. First, factor analysis revealed five factors of impulse buying behavior during the purchase of fashion products on internet shopping malls: affective impulse buying, provocative impulse buying, situational impulse buying, reminder impulse buying, and pure impulse buying. Second, factors of perceived risk when purchasing fashion products on internet shopping malls included product quality, payment, service, and economy. Third, sources of information included personal sources of media for fashion professionals, commercials and sponsorship, and promotion. Fourth, the effect of the perceived risk on impulse buying behavior was investigated and the result showed that the perceived risk had a statistically significant influence on impulse buying behavior. Finally, the effect of the information source on impulse buying behavior was investigated and the results showed that the use of information sources had a statistically significant influence on impulse buying behavior.

인터넷 패션 소비자의 충동구매성향이 긍정적, 부정적 구매행동에 미치는 영향

This study analyzed the effects of internet fashion consumer's impulse buying tendency on positive and negative purchasing behaviors. A survey was conducted from October 1 to December 15 in 2010, and 407 responses from internet fashion consumers who made impulse purchases on the internet at least once for the last 6 months were used in the data analysis. As a result, the impulse buying tendency of internet fashion consumers was classified into pure impulse buying, reminder impulse buying, suggestion impulse buying, and stimulus impulse buying. The positive purchasing behaviors such as repurchase intention and purchase satisfaction were influenced by the impulse buying tendency. The all factors of impulse buying tendency had an effect on repurchase intention, while purchase satisfaction was influenced by the reminder impulse buying, suggestion impulse buying, and stimulus impulse buying. The negative purchasing behaviors were classified into delay in decision making and switching intention of purchase. The delay in decision making was influenced by the stimulus impulse buying, suggestion impulse buying, and reminder impulse buying. Also, the reminder impulse buying, suggestion impulse buying and pure impulse buying had an effect on switching intention of purchase. In addition, there were significant differences in the impulse buying tendency and delay in decision making between male and female internet fashion consumers.

Wavelet based denoising of power quality events for characterization

The effectiveness of wavelet transform (WT) methods for analyzing different power quality (PQ) events with or without noise has been demonstrated in this paper. Multi-resolution signal decomposition based on discrete WT is used to localize and to classify different power quality disturbances. The energy distribution at different levels using MRA is unique for a disturbance and can be used as a feature for automatic classification of the power quality events. The PQ event duration and energy distribution of pure sine voltage wave, voltage sag, swell, transients, harmonics, impulse, notching, fluctuation and flicker are obtained using wavelet transform. The presence of noise degrades the detection capability of wavelet based method and therefore effect of noise on different signal is analyzed. The noise corrupted signal is de-noised using different wavelets and the effectiveness of the wavelets in denoising is demonstrated.

The Influence of Fashion Consumers' Perceived Risk and Regret-Solution Effort upon the Post-Purchase Intention -Focus on the Different Impulse Buying Types-

This study examines the relationship between perceived risk and regret, the influence of regret, and the regret-solution effort upon post-purchase behavior. These causal pathways are controlled by moderated different impulse buying types. The results of the study are three-fold. First, consumers with high social and convenience risks resulted in the high levels of regret. Second, the higher the regret then the higher the negative purchase intention and the lower the positive purchase intention. Consumers who emphasize the regret-solution have high positive purchase intentions and the low negative purchase intentions. Lastly, as for the influence of the regret upon the negative purchase intention, the 'recollection impulse buying type' has the greatest influence among all other types. No impulse buying types have a positive influence on purchase intention. As for the influence of the regret-solution efforts on the positive purchase intention, the 'pure impulse buying type' had the greatest influence. Only the 'suggestion impulse buying type' influenced the negative purchase behavior intention. The post-purchase intention depends on the level and the degree of the regret-solution efforts of the consumer. This study contributes to the examination of the different impulse buying types that influence the moderators in the causal pathway of the risk perception to the post-purchase buying behavior.

Buying Fashion Impulsively: Environmental and Personal Influences

The purpose of this study was to develop an explanatory model of impulse buying that addressed antecedents of impulse buying. For this research, impulse buying was defined as an unplanned, hedonic purchase that follows a sudden urge. Impulse buying reflects a rapid decision in response to a stimulus reflecting little cognitive consideration and disregard for consequences. Donovan and Roissiter (1982) suggested that a pleasant store environment (S) causes shoppers’ positive emotional states (O) and this in turn, yields shoppers’ approach behaviors (R), that is, a desire to remain in a store and explore its offerings. Applying this idea to impulse buying suggests that there are environmental stimuli in a store that could impact shoppers’ impulse buying tendencies and that individual shopper characteristics could moderate the influence of these environmental influences. Therefore, environmental influences on impulse buying and personal characteristics of impulse buyers were examined in a modified stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework. Environmental stimuli (i.e., ambient factor, aesthetic factor, layout factor, excitement factor, promotion factor, sales associate factor) were predicted to influence shoppers’ mood and subsequently, contribute to impulse purchases. In addition, specific shoppers’ characteristics (i.e., lack of control, extroversion, innovativeness, hedonic consumption tendency, impulse buying tendency) were predicted to moderate the relationship between environmental stimuli and shopper’s impulse purchases. Data was collected from a convenience sample of 299 undergraduates at two Midwestern universities in the United States. Participants were asked to complete the questionnaire immediately after they had gone shopping for apparel, shoes, or accessories. Participants answered questions on their purchase, perceptions of the store environment, mood, and personal characteristics. Most of the participants were females (93.3%), aged between 18 and 23 (92.6%). They were never married (95.8%) and Euro American (83.5%). Participants’ impulse buying reflected pure impulse buying (28.3%), suggestion impulse buying (20.3%), reminder impulse buying (34.1%), and non-impulse buying (17.4%). Approximately 40 percent of the participants classified their purchase as either very impulsive or impulsive. The prices of the items that participants purchased ranged from $1 to $319 (m=$ 45). Participants purchased an item of apparel (65%), shoes (21%) or accessories (14%). Hypothesis 1 predicted that specific store environmental stimuli are associated with the perceived impulsiveness of a purchase. Only the relationship between store layout and impulsiveness of purchase was significant (t=3.30, p<.01) with a path coefficient of .20. Hypothesis 2 posited that shopper’s mood will be attributed to specific store environmental stimuli. The ambience, excitement, and sales associate variables had significant relationships with participants’ mood. The path coefficient was .27 (t=4.77, p<.01) for the relationship between store ambience and mood, .29 (t=4.83, p<.01) for the relationship between store excitement and mood, and .18 (t=3.11, p<.01) for the relationship between sales associate and mood. Hypothesis 3 proposed that the perceived impulsiveness of a purchase is associated with shopper’s mood. There was a significant relationship (t=4.01, p<.01, path coefficient of .24). The more positive the reported mood of participants, the more they perceived their purchases as impulsive. Hypothesis 4 predicted that specific participant’ characteristics (i.e., lack of control, extroversion, innovativeness, hedonic consumption tendency, and impulse buying tendency) would moderate relationships between store environmental cues and the perceived impulsiveness of their purchases. A specific characteristic of participants, lack of control moderated the relationship between store layout and the perceived impulsiveness of their purchases. Our findings supported the proposed research framework, the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model; positive emotional responses (O) resulted in approach behaviors (R), an impulse purchase. As reflected in the model, specific store environmental stimuli (S) such as ambiance, excitement, and sales associates were a significant positive influence on shoppers’ mood during shopping. The findings supported the existence of a direct relationship between a store environmental stimulus (S), store layout and a consumer approach behavior (R), impulse buying. Store aesthetics and promotion were not associated with either participant’s mood or impulse buying. A personal characteristic, lack of control moderated the relationship between store layout and impulse buying. Clearly our findings point to the importance of store layout when shopping for fashion related items. In addition, providing entertainment that enhances the hedonic and the experiential value of the store experience can influence young adult consumers. Since consumers’ mood at the point-of-purchase may be influenced by interactions with sales associates, sales associate training to enhance the consumer experience should not be neglected.

THE IMPULSE OF PHILANTHROPY

In practices of philanthropy and charity, the impulse to give to immediate others in distress is often tempered by its regulation. Although much of what is written on charity and philanthropy focuses on the effects of the gift, I suggest more attention be paid to the impulse of philanthropy. To coerce the impulse to give into rational accountability is to obliterate its freedom; to render giving into pure impulse is to reinforce social inequality. The only solution is to allow both to exist, and to create structures to encourage them. This essay examines the power of the spontaneous and fleeting impulse to give and its regulation through an analysis of contemporary practices of philanthropy and their relation to sacred conceptions of dān (donation) in New Delhi. When scriptural ideas of disinterested giving intersect with contemporary notions of social responsibility, new philanthropic practices are formed. On the basis of ethnographic research with philanthropists who built temples, started NGOs, and managed social welfare programs, as well as families who gave dān daily out of their homes, this essay documents how both NGO and government efforts to regulate one of the most meritorious forms of dān, gupt dān (or, anonymous dān) expresses critical issues in philanthropy between the urge to give in response to immediate suffering and the social obligation to find a worthy recipient for the gift.

The effects of sales promotion strategy, product appeal and consumer traits on reminder impulse buying behaviour

AbstractThis article investigates factors of marketing communications and consumer characteristics that induce reminder impulse buying behaviour. Study 1 applies the antecedent, process and consequence approach to investigate the essential differences between reminder impulse buying and pure impulse buying. The results of Study 1 reveal that reminder impulse buying significantly differs from pure impulse buying on motivation, buying goal and decision evaluation. Study 2 further examines how sales promotion strategy might affect reminder impulse buying, with product appeal and consumer traits as moderating factors. Both sales promotion strategy and its interaction effects with product appeal are found to have significant influences on reminder impulse buying. Specifically, an instant‐reward promotion promotes stronger reminder impulse buying than a delayed‐reward promotion. Furthermore, both a utilitarian product appeal with a price discount promotion and a hedonic product appeal with a premium promotion can encourage greater reminder impulse buying.

On the Autocorrelation of Complex Envelope of White Noise

About four decades ago, in an article in this transactions, Thomas Kailath pointed out that the autocorrelation of the complex envelope of white noise is not strictly an impulse function, even though when treated as an impulse in practical problems, it does lead to correct results. However, it is commonly assumed that by simply letting the bandwidth of a flat-bandlimited noise process to go to infinity, one obtains the result that the autocorrelation of the complex envelope of white noise equals an impulse function. In this correspondence, we show that 1) the limit operation has to be done carefully and 2) when done properly, it leads to the result in the Kailath's paper, which is different from a pure impulse function

Image Denoising by Statistical Area Thresholding

Area openings and closings are morphological filters which efficiently suppress impulse noise from an image, by removing small connected components of level sets. The problem of an objective choice of threshold for the area remains open. Here, a mathematical model for random images will be considered. Under this model, a Poisson approximation for the probability of appearance of any local pattern can be computed. In particular, the probability of observing a component with size larger than k in pure impulse noise has an explicit form. This permits the definition of a statistical test on the significance of connected components, thus providing an explicit formula for the area threshold of the denoising filter, as a function of the impulse noise probability parameter. Finally, using threshold decomposition, a denoising algorithm for grey level images is proposed.

Transient wave propagation of isotropic plates using a higher-order plate theory

Transient wave propagation of isotropic thin plates using a higher-order plate theory is presented in this paper. The aim of this investigation is to assess the applicability of the higher-order plate theory in describing wave behavior of isotropic plates at higher frequencies. Both extensional and flexural waves are considered. A complete discussion of dispersion of isotropic plates is first investigated. All the wave modes and wave behavior for each mode in the low and high-frequency ranges are provided in detail. Using the dispersion relation and integral transforms, exact integral solutions for an isotropic plate subjected to pure impulse load and a number of wave excitations based on the higher-order theory are obtained and asymptotic solutions which highlight the physics of waves are also presented. The axisymmetric three-dimensional analytical solutions of linear wave equations are also presented for comparison. Results show that the higher-order theory can predict the wave behavior closely with exact linear wave solutions at higher frequencies.

Nietzsche and Kant on the Pure Impulse to Truth

When it comes to truth, most interpreters assume that Nietzsche is primarily interested in one of two questions. First, what is the nature of truth? Second, what is the value of truth? In this article, I want to focus on a third question. In his early essay, "On Truth and Falsity in Their Ultramoral Sense," Nietzsche raises a question about the origin of our pure impulse to truth. 1 I will suggest that, for Nietzsche, the third question is the central question and must be answered before we can attempt to answer the other two.

Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of different loading directions following impact, and to evaluate existing global head injury criteria. Detailed and parameterized models of the adult human head were created by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Loads corresponding to the same impact power were imposed in different directions. Furthermore, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and the recently proposed Head Impact Power (HIP) criterion were evaluated with respect to the relative motion between the skull and the brain, as well as the strain in the bridging veins. It was found that the influence of impact direction had a substantial effect on the intracranial response. The largest relative skull-brain motion and strain in the bridging veins occurred with the anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA) rotational impulses. HIC was unable to predict consequences of a pure rotational impulse while HIP needed individual scaling coefficients for the different terms to account for difference in load direction. When using the proposed scaling procedure, a better prediction of subdural hematoma (SDH) was obtained. It is thus suggested that an evaluation of the synergistic terms is necessary to further improve the injury prediction. These variations should be considered when developing new head injury criteria.

Final-state interaction in spin asymmetry and GDH sum rule for incoherent pion production on the deuteron

The contribution of incoherent single pion photoproduction to the spin response of the deuteron, i.e., the asymmetry of the total photoabsorption cross section with respect to parallel and antiparallel spins of photon and deuteron, is calculated over the region of the $\Delta$-resonance with inclusion of final state $NN$- and $\pi N$-rescattering. Sizeable effects, mainly from $NN$-rescattering, are found leading to an appreciable reduction of the spin asymmetry. Furthermore, the contribution to the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral is explicitly evaluated by integration up to a photon energy of 550 MeV. Final state interaction reduces the value of the integral to about half of the value obtained for the pure impulse approximation.

Control of Kalman-like filters using impulse and continuous feedback design

This paper develops the observation control method for refining the Kalman-Bucy estimates, which is based on impulsive modeling of the transition matrix in an observation equation, thus engaging discrete-continuous observations. The impulse observation control generates on-line computable jumps of the estimate variance from its current position towards zero and, as a result, enables us to instantaneously obtain the estimate, whose variance is closer to zero. The filtering equations over impulse-controlled observations are obtained in the Kalman-Bucy filtering problem. The method for feedback design of control of the estimate variance is developed. First, the pure impulse control is used, and, next, the combination of the impulse and continuous control components is employed. The considered examples allow us to compare the properties of these control and filtering methodologies.

Step and impulse calculations from pulse-type electromagnetic data

It has been shown by others working in the field of time-domain electromagnetic induction, that the late-time step response of the ground can be very useful for the detection of large, slowly decaying secondary fields. (Lamontagne, 1975; West et. al., 1984). A simple method is outlined here to calculate the step response from pulse-type time-domain EM data. Pulse-type systems are often described as impulse systems, but a measured impulse response cannot be used to derive the step response. These systems would better be described as hybrid systems ? lying somewhere between a pure impulse and pure step ? because their current termination is of short duration, but not instantaneous. By taking at least one measurement during the current turn-off time, and by ensuring that the turn-off is a very linear, controlled ramp, a simple step response calculation can be made. It can also be important to determine the impulse response of the ground since many interpretation schemes are based on this measurement (for example, Nabighian, 1979). It is shown that with a few additional calculations while the step response is being calculated, the impulse response can also be easily determined.

Impulse and continuous observation control design in optimal filtering problems

This paper develops the observation control method for refining the Kalman-Bucy estimates, which is based on impulsive modeling of the transition matrix in an observation equation, thus engaging discrete-continuous observations. The impulse observation control generates on-line computable jumps of the estimate variance from its current position towards zero and, as a result, enables us to instantaneously obtain the estimate, whose variance is closer to zero. The filtering equations over impulse-controlled observations are obtained in the Kalman-Bucy filtering problem. The method for feedback design of control of the estimate variance is developed. First, the pure impulse control is used, and, next, the combination of the impulse and continuous control components is employed. The considered examples allow us to compare the properties of these control and filtering methodologies.

On impulse and continuous observation control design in Kalman filtering problem

This paper develops the observation control method for refining the Kalman–Bucy estimates, which is based on impulsive modeling of the transition matrix in an observation equation, thus engaging discrete-continuous observations. The impulse observation control generates on-line computable jumps of the estimate variance from its current position towards zero and, as a result, enables us to instantaneously obtain the estimate, whose variance is closer to zero. The filtering equations over impulse-controlled observations are obtained in the Kalman–Bucy filtering problem. The method for feedback design of control of the estimate variance is developed. First, the pure impulse control is used, and, next, the combination of the impulse and continuous control components is employed. The considered examples allow us to compare the properties of these control and filtering methodologies.