Pure Honey Research Articles

A low-cost spectrometer to analyse the purity of honey

Light spectrum dispersion is an exciting subjectin science because of its beautiful atmospheric colour phenomenon which attracts students. However, to see the phenomenon is not easy since it needs a spectrometer, which is commonly expensive. Therefore, the present study aims to describe a low-cost spectrometer for investigating lighting spectrum and analysing the purity of honey as a pedagogical students’ project. The spectrometer was constructed from a webcam connected to a laptop, a free spectrometer software, DVD disk, and black cardboard. The calibration of the developed spectrometer used an Argon (Ar) lamp. Afterwards, measurement tests were carried out by using Neon (Ne) and Xenon (Xe) lamps. A white light-emitting diode was used as a light source to measure several types of honey wavelengths. The results from the experiment show that the wavelength of Ar, Ne, and Xe are (503 ± 4) nm, (463 ± 3) nm, and (451 ± 3) nm respectively. The measurement accuracy of the spectrometer is 99.5%. In addition, the commercial honey characterisations show that pure honey tends to have an excellent and smooth spectrum with one peak. On the contrary, the adulteries honeys show a rough wave with many peaks representing the inhomogeneous ingredients. It is found that the average accuracy for honey spectrum is 99.8%. Moreover, the low-cost spectrometer can be built and used easily by students for educational purposes.

Sulfonamide-Selective Ambient Mass Spectrometry Ion Source Obtained by Modification of an Iron Sheet with a Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer

We have described a sulfonamide-selective ambient ion source coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for selective extraction and determination of trace sulfonamide antibiotics. It is obtained by modifying an iron sheet with a sulfadiazine-templated hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymer (SF-HMIP). It behaves as both an online extractor and a MS ion source. Five sulfonamide antibiotics, including sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfisoxazole (SIZ), sulfathiazole (ST), and sulfameter (SMD), were chosen to evaluate SF-HMIP coupled with ESI-MS, which showed good linearity in the range of 0.2-1000 ng/mL with correlation coefficient values (R2) over 0.9946. The limits of detection (LODs) for analysis of pure water and honey were in the range of 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-1.5 ng/mL, respectively. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) for analysis of pure water and honey were in the range of 0.3-0.5 and 1.0-5.0 ng/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that SF-HMIP combined with ESI-MS could be applied for the direct analysis of five trace sulfonamide compounds in honey and pure water with recoveries ranging from 76 to 129%.

Impedimetric sensing of honey adulterated with high fructose corn syrup

Honey adulteration is a highlighted global issue in the modern food supply chain, the most commonly seen case is to cut honey with cheap and easily available sugar-based sweeteners, such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). To acquire a precise impedimetric response from such a high resistance sample, a low cell constant (13.9 cm−1) electrochemical chamber composed of two identical bare gold electrodes was developed for investigating the impedimetric differences among pure honey, blended honey, and HFCS. Charge transfer resistance (RCT) and logarithmic impedance (Log Z, in a broad frequency range of 101–105 Hz) were useful to discriminate all pure honeys from blended honeys with good resolution and reproducibility (relative standard deviations of RCT and Log Z were both less than 3% in triplicate tests). The data acquisition time for obtaining RCT and Log Z were only 3 min and 4 s, respectively, which means the proposed sensing approach is suitable for routine rapid screening purpose.

An approach to assess the quality of honey using partial least square method

<p>The objective of the present study is to obtain the quantity of honey components such as moisture, glucose, fructose and sucrose in order to access the quality of honey. The tested honey samples are authenticated if the characteristics of a pure honey. The average ratio of 56% fructose to 44% glucose, but the ratios in the individual honeys ranged from a high of 64% fructose and 36% glucose to a low of 50% fructose and 50% glucose. The contents such as fructose and sucrose in honey is due to the presence of invertase enzymes. The organic acids present in the honey is responsible for the flavor and stability against the contamination of honey due to microorganisms. The natural food items are adulterated intentionally to increase the quantity and there by the quality gets affected. The main adulterants added in honey are sucrose, corn syrup, sugar syrup and jaggery syrup. The quantification deals in finding out the amount of basic constituents present in pure honey and adulterated honey using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with the multivariate analysis and validating the same using chemical analysis method. The partial least square model is used in predicting the constituents of the samples.</p>

AUTENTIKASI CEPAT MADU HUTAN KALIMATAN TIMUR DENGAN ATR-FTIR SPEKTROSKOPI KOMBINASI ANALISIS KEMOMETRIKA

Honey adulteration is mostly conducted by the addition of sucrose. In this study, the authentication of honey was conducted using ATR-FTIR and chemometrics. Pure honey samples (MA) were collected from nine regions in East Kalimantan. The ATR-FTIR spectra of these samples were then compared to sucrose-adulterated honey (MS), which were prepared in the sucrose concentration from 2.5 to 50% (v / v).The data analysis was performed using chemometrics techniques: 1) Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method, 2) classification with Discriminant Analysis (DA), and 3) regression with (PCR) and (PLS). As a result, PCA was able to visualize the differences between MS and MA. DA analysis was able to distinguish MS and MA at wave numbers from 1200 to 800 cm-1 with 92.5% performance index. Quantitative calibration models of the sucrose-adulterated honey could be obtained from PLS and PCR, while the best calibration model was obtained with the PLS method from the 2nd derivative spectra. In summary, sucrose-adulterated honey from East Kalimantan can be authenticated using ATR-FTIR method in combination with chemometric analysis.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis ekonomi kreatif melalui pengembangan Madu Kelulut untuk peningkatan perekonomian masyarakat Desa Rambahan Kec. Logas Tanah Darat Kab. Kuantan Singingi

This community empowerment program has the aim of providing knowledge and skills based on the creative economy in utilizing the local potential of kelulut honey in Rambahan Village, Kec. Logas Tanah Darat Kab. Kuantan Singingi, so that there is an improvement in terms of the community's economy to be better than before. This service activity was carried out in two activities, namely counseling on kelulut bee cultivation and testing of processed honey which went through three stages, the preparation stage, implementation and monitoring stage, and the final/evaluation stage. Implementation of activities using training and guidance and assistance. With material about cultivating kelulut bees using a stupor topping system and testing processed honey products to produce beverage products (honey syrup), beauty products (honey masks, honey soap), and health products (pure honey). The results of the service activities are considered successful and by the objectives and right on target. Through this activity, increase the knowledge and skills of the community in cultivating kelulut bees. The community can cultivate, starting from nurseries, maintenance, harvesting to marketing. The community has succeeded in cultivating bees and producing honey, as well as opportunities for processed honey products that can be developed. The community is keen to uncover the potential of processed honey which has economic value and becomes additional fields for honey farmers.

Physical Quality Characteristics of Pure and Impure Trigona Bee Honey

This study aims to determine the physical quality characteristics of pure and impure honey bee Trigona. The material used in this research is pure honey and impure honey. This study consisted of 2 treatments with five replications where X1 (pure honey) and X2 (unpure honey). Parameters observed included soluble test, heating test, hexagon test, and ant test. Data analysis using t-test. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, it shows that each soluble test is X1 = 1.6 and X2 = 3.8, the heating test is X1 = 4.6 and X2 = 2.4, the hexagon test is X1 = 2 and X2 = 1, 8, the ant test is X1 = 3.2 and X2 = 4.2. The study results can be concluded that the effectiveness of the honey purity test using several simple methods that most meet the requirements are the soluble test method, the heating test method, and the ant test. In contrast, the hexagon test does not give a response at all.

In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated Heterotrigona itama Honey Using Zebrafish Model.

Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC50 of Heterotrigona itama honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1–3% (w/w) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure H. itama honey represents the LC50 of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC50 (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD50 from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure H. itama honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey.

Improved KS-GMM algorithm applied in classification and recognition of honey based on laser-induced fluorescence spectra.

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, which has been widely used for food testing, can be combined with various algorithms to classify and recognize different kinds of honey. This paper proposes the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test-Gaussian mixture model (KS-GMM) algorithm, which is coupled with the LIF technique to realize accurate classification and recognition of different types of pure honey. The experiments are designed and carried out to obtain a set of LIF spectrum data from various honey and syrup samples. The proposed KS-GMM algorithm is applied for classification and recognition, with GMM, k-nearest neighbor (kNN), and decision tree algorithms as cross-validation methods. By comparing recognition results of training sets containing different amounts of data, it is found that the KS-GMM algorithm exhibits a maximum recognition accuracy of 96.52%. The research results prove that the KS-GMM algorithm outperforms, to the best of our knowledge, the other three algorithms in classifying and recognizing the honey types.

In Vitro Screening Potential Antibacterial Properties of the Greek Oregano Honey against Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter pylori.

Oregano honey is an exceedingly rare and distinct product, not commercially available, produced by bees bred in oregano fields of alpine altitudes at the mountainous area of Epirus, Greece. In ethnic popular medicine, this product is used as a therapeutic in various gastric diseases. To test this hypothesis, 14 strains of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 6 isolated from gastric ulcers and 8 from cases of clinical gastritis, were employed in the present study. The above bacterial strains were exposed to various concentrations (75% v/v, 50% v/v, 25% v/v, 12.5% v/v, and 6% v/v) of 50 oregano honey samples by using the agar well method and the inhibition zones observed around each well were recorded. Although the inhibitory zones of the H. pylori isolated from the gastric ulcers were wide enough (0–34 mm), those strains, in general, appeared more resistant than the other eight (0–58 mm). The same result was observed when the same strains were tested against six antibiotics used in clinical practice. Extracts of oregano honey were prepared by extraction with four different organic solvents. N-hexane and chloroform extracts had the most potent antibacterial action. Finally, pure oregano honey and diethyl ether extracts of honey showed significant inhibitory activity against urease secreted by the pathogen. These results strongly indicate the susceptibility of H. pylori strains to the oregano honey by more than one mode of action. Consequently, this variety of honey seems to have potential therapeutic properties against gastric ulcers and gastritis, thus explaining the preference of the locals towards this traditional remedy.

PENGARUH TERAPI MADU TERHADAP PENURUNAN FREKUENSI BUANG AIR BESAR PADA ANAK USIA 0-2 TAHUN YANG MENGALAMI DIARE DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH DELI SERDANG LUBUK PAKAM TAHUN 2020

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by changes in the shape and consistency of stools were soft until melted and increased frequency of bowel movements than usual, which is 3 times or more a day which may be accompanied by vomiting or bloody stools. Diarrheal disease is still a global problem with the degree of morbidity and mortality are high in many countries, especially in developing countries and as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality of children in the world. From laboratory studies and clinical trials, pure honey has bactericidal activity against several organisms that can entropathogenic, including species of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. The goal of this research was to determine the effect of honey therapy to decrease the frequency of bowel movements in children aged 0-2 years who had diarrhea in district general hospitals deli serdang Lubuk pakam 2020. This research was conducted by quasi experimental research design through the design time series design , The sample in this study using the technique of sampling purvosive the number of 10 people as respondent data obtained using observation sheets and tested by t-test (paired sample t-test) and computer assistance. From the results of research conducted on 10 respondents obtained results p <α (0.005 <0.05), which describes the influence of honey therapy to decrease the frequency of bowel movements in children aged 0-2 years who had diarrhea in hospital common areas serdang deli depths Pakam. Thus Ho is rejected and Ha accepted.

DIFFERENCES OF INHIBITION ZONE FOREST PURE HONEY AND CINNAMON (Cinnamomum burmani) AS ANTIBACTERIAL BACTERIAL COMPOUNDS OF MEMBERS OF THE Enterobacteriaceae FAMILY

Honey and cinnamon are plant products that have many properties, one of which is used as an antibacterial agent for various diseases. The effectiveness of the two active substances against bacteria in the Enterobacteriaeae family is unclear. The study was conducted to determine the differences in the effectiveness of forest honey and cinnamon in inhibiting the growth of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. This research method is an experimental study with a combination method of diffusion and wells using samples of the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Esherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae. Forest pure honey and cinnamon were prepared as test solutions with concentrations of 25%, 40%, 55%, 70%, 85% and 100%. The results obtained were the inhibition zone formed on Nutrient Agar Plate (NAP) media, in forest pure honey the inhibition zone formed in S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae was greater at 100% concentration, namely 30.5mm, 32.5mm, 38mm, 29.5mm, 26mm, while the 100% concentration of cinnamon showed results, namely 12mm, 10mm, 8.5mm, 11mm, and 11mm. Conclusion is Forest pure honey was more effective at inhibiting bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family than cinnamon.

Prediction of water-adulteration within honey by air-line de-embedding waveguide measurements

An efficient de-embedding air-line microwave method has been proposed for accurate relative complex permittivity, εr=εr′−iεr′′, measurement of water-adulteration level within honey. It could be effectively applied to eliminate the errors arising from usage of imperfect calibration standards because it bypasses the requirement of these standards. Its accuracy is improved by utilizing the unitary and similarity properties of a passive two-port network, and then is compared with the accuracy of a calibration-dependent method present in the literature by using normalized root-mean-square-error (N-RMSE) values of εr′ and εr′′ of distilled water, in reference to the Debye value. From this comparison, it is observed that N-RMSE values calculated for εr′ (and εr′′) by using this calibration-dependent method and the (improved) proposed method are, respectively, around 0.1955 (0.1002) and 0.1962 (1.1067), indicating a good agreement between them. After validation the proposed de-embedding method using distilled water measurements, tested pure honey was adulterated with distilled water by different percentage values δ ranging from 1% to 10% in 1% increments. It is observed that the maximum distance between extracted εr′ (or εr′′) values of adulterated honey by the applied calibration-dependent method and the proposed method is less than 2%. Afterward, an empirical formula was devised to fit εr′ and εr′′ values from measured εr of water-adulterated honey with various δ levels. It is noted that extracted εr′ is much more better fitted than extracted εr′′, especially for δ≤4. Next, an optimization process is followed to evaluate the frequency for optimum prediction of adulteration levels using the empirical formula based on εr′ or εr′′. It is noticed that optimized δ values using the empirical formula based on εr′ (with an average prediction error of around 0.071 at 4.5 GHz) are superior to optimized δ values using the empirical formula based on εr′′ (with an average prediction error of around 0.085 at 4.2 GHz) for prediction of previously known δ values. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were performed to assess and improve the accuracy of the proposed method.

Detection of honey adulteration – The potential of UV-VIS and NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis

Honey is usually adulterated by cheaper, commercially available sugar syrups with similar chemical composition. Adulterated honeys are frequently marked as natural and are valued in the same way as pure honeys and as a result, there is a growing need for rapid, simple, and accurate analytical methods to evaluate their characteristics and authenticity. In this work potential of UV-VIS and NIR spectroscopy coupled with PLS modelling and ANN modelling was analysed for the detection of adulteration and quantification of the physical and chemical proprieties of pure and adulterated honey samples. Acacia honey samples from Krapina-Zagorje County (Croatia) were adulterated by corn syrup (10–90%). The results indicate that PLS models developed in this work, except that for moisture content, can be used efficiently for screening (7<RER<20). ANN modelling provided accurate and simultaneous prediction of the properties of honey with correlation coefficients for validation above 0.8 so that these results show significant performance of ANNs modelling in the prediction of the physical and chemical properties of pure honey samples and adulterations based on combined UV-VIS NIR spectra.

Biology of citrus butterfly Papilio demoleus L. (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera)

The present research was carried out to study the biology of the citrus butterfly Papilio demoleus L. (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera) under laboratory conditions. Observations on lifespan (days), adult longevity on various diets and leaf area consumed by various larval instars per day (sq. cm). Also, descriptions and measurements of various stages of P. demoleus on Citrus limon (L.) were carried out in vitro at room temperature. Results showed that, mean egg-hatching time was about 3.25±0.91 days and 5.5±1.28, 4.5±0.57, 3.75±0.48, 3.75±0.48, 3.25±0.70 days for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars respectively. Pupal stage and average adult longevity recorded 6±0.57 and 3±0.57 days respectively. Adult longevity on distilled water, 10% honey, pure honey and 50% sugar + water solution recorded 2, 3, 5 and 3 days respectively. The mean value for egg size is 1±0 mm and 2.4±0.85, 16.75±1.25, 21.5±1.73, 32.0±0.81, 35.7±1.09 mm for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar respectively. The size of pupa and adult were 26±1.28 and 98.7±2.89 mm respectively. The mean values for leaf area consumed per day were 2±0.34, 8.87±2.37, 15±1.41, 62±4.24, and 108±3 cm2 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar respectively. The results on life span, adult longevity with various food sources and leaf area consumption provide valuable scientific evidence on building citrus butterfly management practices and helps to access damage.

The Effect Of Giving Honey on The Process of Wound Healing in Burned Patients

Backgroud: Burns are one of the most dangerous injuries and the main cause of disability to death. Burns can be interpreted as one of the serious problems in society and are recorded to cause around 265,000 deaths each year. Honey can maintain the wound condition to keep it moist and in high viscosity to prevent infection. Method: This study was conducted to determine the effect of honey on the wound healing process in burn patients. This study uses a literature review method. The population in this study is a journal with a background in the health sector with 10 international journals on burns with the qualifications of 9 SCIMAGO indexed journals and 1 SINTA indexed journal published from 2015 to 2020. Results: Burns that treated in the form of pure honey can generate good results and heal in an average of 20 days. The healing process will be better, if the wound given a mixture of other ingredients which also have a low acidity such as garlic, chitosan and beeswax and olive oil. Honey has antimicrobial properties and a low pH level. The microbe most sensitive to honey is Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The conclusion from this study, honey can be used as an alternative treatment for burns.

Microscopic implication and evaluation of herbaceous melliferous plants of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan using light and scanning electron microscope.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the pollen morphology of melliferous plant taxa of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the palynological study of 18 species of melliferous plants namely Calendula arvensis, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. agrestis, Cucurbita maxima, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cynodon dectylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Helianthus annus, Lagenaria siceraria, Launaea procumbens, Luffa cylindrica, Pennisetum glaucum, Saccharum spontaneum, Sonchus asper, Verbesina encelioides, Xanthium strumarium, and Zea mays was carried out. Both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pollen were studied. Variations were observed in pollen morphology. The dominant pollen shape was prolate-spheroidal (11 species). All the pollen units were monad. The highest exine thickness was found in Citrullus colocynthis (8.45 μm). The maximum polar and equatorial diameter (102 and 97.55 μm) was found in Luffa cylindrica. Similarly, the highest P/E ratio was found in Cucurbita maxima (1.46). Most of the species showed tricolpate and monoporate type of pollen. The exine sculpturing, number of spines per pollen and between colpi and the pollen fertility and sterility provided significant results for the documentation of melliferous plants. Thus, the information listed in this article will prove helpful to identify the potential melliferous plants in the area, geographical origin of the honey, and the availability of pure honey in the local and international market.

Adulterated stingless bee honey identification using VIS-NIR spectroscopy technique

The objective of this study was to study the ability of the VIS-NIR spectroscopy to classify the pure and adulterated stingless bee honey across the wavelength range of 450– 969 nm using an optical spectrometer. The physicochemical properties such as soluble solid content (SSC) and moisture content (refractive index, RI) of pure and adulterated honey has also been investigated using a refractometer. The result showed that pure stingless bee honey has the highest transmittance rate, SSC and RI value compared to adulterated honey. There are significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001) in the transmittance rate, SSC and RI of stingless bee honey over five different types of treatments. The results also showed that VIS-NIR data were good in classifying the samples into different treatments with 99.33% accuracy rate. About thirty-four wavelengths were found to be the most significant to discriminate the different treatments by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) techniques.

Rheological determination of molecular weight of honey adulterated with high fructose corn syrup

Adulteration of honey represents an essential quality assurance concern in the utilisation of this natural product. Honey was serially diluted with high fructose corn syrup and analysed for its rheological profiles at 27 °C. Pure honey at ambient temperatures exhibits a peculiar non-Newtonian rheological behaviour while the behaviour of fructose syrup tends towards Newtonian. The adulteration of honey with this material drags its viscosity towards Newtonian flow behaviour. The results show that the Carreau-Yasuda model correlates the rheology of pure honey samples. Parameters of the Carreau-Yasuda model were observed to reflect the quality of the samples and thus aided their classification. Modified with the insertion of the Mark-Houwink’s relation, the Carreau-Yasuda model yielded average molecular weight data on the samples. The Structural Kinetic Model was utilised to give rheological structural information and a second independent assessment of average molecular weight from the rheograms. The average molecular weight of 202 g/mol was obtained using the Structural Kinetic model, while 205 g/mol was obtained using the amended Carreau-Yasuda model.

Effectiveness of honey therapy combined with photobiomodulation in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

IntroductionOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that commonly occurs in the skin and mucosa of the oral cavity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of honey therapy (HT) combined with photobiomodulation (PBM) in the treatment of OLP.MethodsThe study involved 46 patients aged 40–55 (48.15 ± 6.28) years with erosive or atrophic OLP in the buccal mucosa. They were randomly allocated to 2 groups: study group (HT/PBM) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 23) and placebo group (golden syrup/PBM) (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 23). Both groups received PBM (980-nm gallium-aluminium arsenide) with a power output of 0.3 W, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. At the same time, each patient in the study group was instructed to apply pure commercial honey, while patients in the placebo group were instructed to apply golden syrup, during the whole treatment period. All patients were assessed at baseline and after the treatment via visual analogue scale (VAS), oral function scores, and evaluation of OLP clinical manifestation.ResultsPatients in both groups were homogeneous in terms of age and gender, as well as the 3 clinical assessment values (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.05) before the treatment. In the study group, post-treatment results regarding VAS (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001), oral function scores (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001), and OLP clinical manifestation (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) were statistically significantly better than those in the placebo group.ConclusionsHT combined with PBM reduced pain and improved OLP clinical manifestation and oral function scores in patients with OLP.