Pure Ethanol Injection Research Articles

Influence of the diesel pilot injector configuration on ethanol combustion and performance of a heavy-duty direct injection engine

Thanks to its properties and production pathways, ethanol represents a valuable alternative to fossil fuels, with potential benefits in terms of CO2, NOx, and soot emission reduction. The resistance to autoignition of ethanol necessitates an ignition trigger in compression-ignition engines for heavy-duty applications, which in the current study is a diesel pilot injection. The simultaneous direct injection of pure ethanol as main fuel and diesel as pilot fuel through separate injectors is experimentally investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine at a low and a high load point. The influence of the nozzle hole number and size of the diesel pilot injector on ethanol combustion and engine performance is evaluated based on an injection timing sweep using three diesel injector configurations. The tested configurations have the same geometric total nozzle area for one, two and four diesel sprays. The relative amount of ethanol injected is swept between 78 – 89% and 91 – 98% on an energy basis at low and high load, respectively. The results show that mixing-controlled combustion of ethanol is achieved with all tested diesel injector configurations and that the maximum combustion efficiency and variability levels are in line with conventional diesel combustion. The one-spray diesel injector is the most robust trigger for ethanol ignition, as it allows to limit combustion variability and to achieve higher combustion efficiencies compared to the other diesel injector configurations. However, the two- and four-spray diesel injectors lead to higher indicated efficiency levels. The observed difference in the ethanol ignition dynamics is evaluated and compared to conventional diesel combustion. The study broadens the knowledge on ethanol mixing-controlled combustion in heavy-duty engines at various operating conditions, providing the insight necessary for the optimization of the ethanol-diesel dual-injection system.

Combustion and emission characteristics of RCEM and common rail diesel engine working with diesel fuel and ethanol/hydrous ethanol injected in the intake and exhaust port: Assessment and comparison

In this article, experiments are performed to evaluate and compare the combustion and emission characteristics of a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM) and a common rail diesel engine run with diesel fuel and ethanol/hydrous ethanol injection individually in the exhaust and intake manifold. The RCEM is run under diesel engine conditions with two different temperatures, which are 120 °C and 180 °C to simulate the intake and exhaust state. The flame ionization detector (FID) and gas chromatography (GC) are used to estimate the amount of ethanol introduced in the engine cylinder. The results for RCEM display that the ignition delay significantly diminishes by about 50% with enlarging the mixture temperature of ethanol while the NOx and soot formation enlarge. Regarding the diesel engine results, the proportion of ethanol introduced in the engine cylinder is approximately 80%, 43%, and 47% at ethanol injection duration of 2620 μs, 3488 μs, and 4497 μs, respectively. The peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and flame temperature are reduced for pure ethanol injection exhaust mode compared to the intake approach. Moreover, the ignition delay increases as the water content in the aqueous ethanol solution increased. From the combustion and exhaust emission results, it can be deduced that the exhaust mode is recommended, particularly at the low concentration of ethanol in the mixtures, which could be exploited in the commercial combustion applications.

Comparisons of Emu Necrotic Femoral Head Micro Structure Repaired in Two Different Methods.

To compare emu necrotic femoral head micro structure repaired in two different methods. Fifteen adult emus were divided into 3 groups (all n=5), and the right femoral head was selected to research. The first group was the control group; in the second group, femoral head necrosis was made by cryogen with liquid nitrogen; and in the third group, femoral head necrosis was made by local pure ethanol injection. Right femurs were taken for micro CT examination,then femoral head micro structures were compared among these three groups. No infection or unexpected death was found in all groups. Compared with normal group, necrotic femoral heads in cryogen group showed that bone mineral density significantly reduced after repaire (P=0.015), trabecular space significantly reduced (P=0.001), bone volume fraction significantly enlarged (P=0.036), bone surface/volume fraction (P=0.032) and trabecular numbers (P=0.002) significantly enlarged; trabecular thickness showed no significant difference (P=0.060). Compared with control group, necrotic femoral heads in ethanol group showed that bone mineral density significantly enlarged after repaire (P=0.001), trabecular thickness (P=0.003) and bone surface/volume fraction (P=0.022) significantly enlarged, trabecular space (P=0.001) and bone volume fraction (P=0.001) significantly reduced; the trabecular numbers showed no significant difference (P=0.143). Compared with ethanol group, necrotic femoral heads in cryogen group showed significant lower bone mineral density after repair (P=0.001), significantly lower bone volume fraction (P=0.001), significantly lower trabecular thickness (P=0.001), significantly higher bone surface/volume fraction (P=0.022) and higher trabecular numbers (P=0.003); the trabecular space showed no significant difference (P=0.398). Different repair methods make reconstructed femoral head weight bearing area have different bone structure and bone mineral density, along with different bone trabecular quality.

Hypertonic Saline-Epinephrine Local Injection Therapy for Post-Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Bleeding

Bleeding following endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is a rare but unavoidable complication of the procedure. We routinely perform local injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine (HSE) for the treatment of post-EST bleeding. Any blood clot is removed only by irrigation with water after local injection of pure ethanol into the blood clot to cause crusting. We evaluated the usefulness of this treatment method. Subjects were 8 patients (1.2%) with post-EST bleeding requiring hemostatic intervention among 682 patients undergoing EST. After determination of the bleeding point, local injection of HSE was performed. When an adherent blood clot was present, pure ethanol was injected into the blood clot and then irrigation with water was performed to remove the blood clot. Endoscopic hemostasis was successfully achieved in all the 8 patients (100%). In 4 patients (50%), the adherent blood clots were successfully removed only with pure ethanol local injection into the blood clot followed by irrigation with water. No complications of the hemostatic procedure occurred in any patients. This study indicated that hemostasis with HSE local injection can be safe and useful for the treatment of post-EST bleeding, and also that blood clot removal with pure ethanol local injection can be useful.

Indication de la sclérothérapie dans le traitement de l’escarre ischiatique. À propos de 13 cas

Ischiatic pressure sore is a common pathology of the paraplegic patient. Usually treated after medical therapy, with fasciocutaneous or musculocutaneous local flaps, despite this treatment the recurrence rate is high. Sclerotherapy, injection of pure ethanol in the cavity of the pressure sore could be an interesting solution in the armentarium of the plastic surgeon in some indications. Sclerotherapy was used for 13 patients in the plastic surgery department to treat ischiatic pressure sores with a cavity, beneath the defect. The mean length of stay was 24 days. The ischiatic pressure sore was completely healed with no skin defect or cavity for nine patients (65%). For two patients, there was a delay of healing of the skin defect but no cavity beneath. There were two early recurrences of the pressure sore. They were treated by sclerotherapy with a complete recovery in 2 months with simple hydrocolloid dressings. The mean post op follow-up was 14,6 months (4 to 24). Only one recurrence was observed after 12 months. The injection of pure ethanol in the cavity of specifics ischiatics pressure sores is a simple, fast and effective technique with a good and stable long term wound healing. The mean length of stay is shorter and the recurrence rate is equivalent to other techniques.

Analysis of absolute alcohol treatment for Renal Cyst under Ultrasonic Guidance

Objectiv To observe therapeutic effect with absolute treatment on 118 cases renal cyst by percutaneous puncture under ultrasonographic guidance. Methods With translive and transrenal aspiration of the encased fluid, injection of pure ethanol into the lumen was followed under the guidance of color Doppler flow image (CDFI).Results After absolute alcohol treatment for 137 cysts in 118 cases,the cure rate was 84%,markedly effective rate was 98%.Among 118 cases, nine cases were dizziness and nausea in varying degrees after treatment.After injectian of pure ethanal into lumen, or the needle extraction,thirteen cases were swelling pain inlumbar region, or differential abdominal pain. All these cases can be remitted by taking rest.Conclunsion Guidance of CDFI can keep the needle away from the renal large vessels and engage in the differential diagnosis. This method is effective,safe and accurate,simple and economy. Key words: Ultrasonic guidance; Renal cyst; Absolute alcohol; Percutaneous puncture

Massive Hepatic Infarction After Pure Ethanol Injection and Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report

Hepatic infarction is a rare complication of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic infarction is thought to be caused by injury to either the hepatic arterial system or to both the hepatic arterial and portal venous supply. The efficacy of RFA is reduced in the presence of nearby vessels larger than 3 mm in diameter due to a heat-sink effect. Such an effect can be diminished by performing percutaneous pure ethanol injection prior to RFA. Although larger vessels are unlikely to be ablated or obliterated by RFA alone, it can happen and cause massive liver damage, particularly if RFA was preceded by other therapies such as percutaneous pure ethanol injection and/or transcatheter arterial embolization. Here, we report a case of massive liver infarction after sequential use of both treatment modalities for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Endoscopic Management and Follow Up of Dieulafoy Lesion in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Dieulafoy's lesion is an important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and the safety and efficacy of endoscopic treatment have been widely accepted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic management, including hemoclipping and injection methods, for bleeding Dieulafoy lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Between 1995 and 2003, 61 patients with bleeding Dieulafoy lesions underwent endoscopic treatment. The available hemostatic methods were hemoclipping, hypertonic saline-epinephrine injection, and pure ethanol injection. Clinical data, endoscopic features, and treatment outcome were analyzed retrospectively. Comorbid conditions were present in 39 patients (64 %). Active bleeding was noted in 20 patients (33 %). Hemoclipping was a selected treatment in 48 patients (79 %). Initial hemostasis was achieved in 61 patients (100 %). One patient had rebleeding 6 days after the initial procedure but was successfully treated endoscopically. The 30-day mortality was 0 %. During follow-up, for a mean of 47 months, 15 patients (25 %) died of causes unrelated to the Dieulafoy lesion. Two patients had recurrent bleeding due to non-Dieulafoy gastric ulcer, and responded to endoscopic therapy. We encountered no patients who required surgery. Dieulafoy lesion can be successfully managed by endoscopic treatment. The long-term outcome is acceptable.

EFFECT OF ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION IN PATIENTS WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ACTIVE HEMORRHAGE

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common and life‐threatening medical emergency. Despite a large number of endoscopic methods for hemostasis, active bleeding lacks an adequate therapeutic remedy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hemostatic effect of argon plasma coagulation on upper gastrointestinal active bleeding, especially in comparison with heater probe and pure ethanol injection therapy.Methods: Sixty‐eight patients with 77 lesions presenting active bleeding were treated endoscopically and divided into three groups depending on the procedures, that is, argon plasma coagulation group (27 patients with 32 lesions), heater probe group (20 patients with 22 lesions) and pure ethanol injection group (21 patients with 23 lesions). The three groups were similar with respect to all background variables. Episodes of rebleeding were retreated with the same modality as used previously.Results: The primary hemostatic rate in the argon plasma coagulation group was 81.3%, that in the heater probe group was 77.3%, and that in the pure ethanol injection group was 87.0%. The permanent hemostatic rate in the argon plasma coagulation group was 75.0%, that in the heater probe group was 63.6%, and that in the pure ethanol injection group was 78.3%. When examined in terms of Forrest's criteria, the argon plasma coagulation group in Forrest's type I b and the pure ethanol injection group in type I a showed the highest permanent hemostatic rate.Conclusions: Argon plasma coagulation is most suitable in arresting oozing hemorrhage. If pure ethanol injection therapy is possible, it is more effective than other therapies in the case of spurters.

The role of real-time ultrasound in evaluating the effect of pure ethanol injection therapy and acetic acid injection therapy in treating small hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective: This study is to evaluate the role of real-time ultrasound (US) in monitoring percutaneous pure ethanol injection (PEI) and percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

7141 Endoscopic treatment of hemorrhagic gastric ulcer in patients aged 80 years or more.

Background: Hemorrhagic gastric ulcer is a more serious disorder in elderly patients than in young patients. Emergency surgery in elderly patients carries high risk. Thus, less invasive treatment by endoscopy may be advantageous. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatment for hemorrhagic gastric ulcer in patients aged 80 or more. Methodology: A total of 269 patients underwent endoscopic hemostatic treatment for hemorrhagic gastric ulcer over a four year period. As hemostatic measures, hemoclipping and pure ethanol injection, either alone or in combination, were employed. These patients were divided into two groups: elderly (≥80 years old, n=26) and younger (

Efficacy of Endoscopic Pure Ethanol Injection Method for Gastrointestinal Ulcer Bleeding

We reviewed endoscopic hemostatic effects of the pure ethanol injection (PEI) method for reducing emergency operations and deaths due to gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. During 17 years beginning in June 1979 in Tohoku University Hospital, 331 patients underwent endoscopic hemostasis by the PEI method. Initial hemostasis was successfully obtained in all cases. Rebleeding occurred in about 4% of the patients, and rehemostasis was obtained successfully in all of them. Complete hemostasis was obtained in 330 of 331 patients (99. 7%) using the PEI method; there were no deaths. Only one patient required emergency operation after hemostasis because of repeated neogenetic bleeding complicated with a perforation and another because of an unidentifiable neogenetic ulcer bleeding located just above the Vater papilla. None required other endoscopic hemostasis or interventional radiology. Moreover, after introduction of "second-look" endoscopy, the rebleeding rate decreased to about 1% with PEI hemostasis. Based on these excellent hemostatic effects of the PEI method, we believe that a comparative study with other hemostatic methods is not needed.

Severe gastric mucosa injury after percutaneous pure ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

It is recognized that treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by infusion chemotherapy or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TAE) frequently resulted in injury to the gastric mucosa, although in most cases this is not clinically significant.1-4 Percutaneous pure ethanol injection (PEI) has been shown to be a simple and effective method for ablation of hepatic tumors.5-8 Animal studies have suggested that side effects of PEI are usually confined to the liver, even after injection of

Problem of Endoscopic Hemostasis for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

From April 1992 to July 1998, 133 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were treated by endoscopic hemostasis. These 133 included 119 cases of gastroduodenal ulcer, 6 of Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 2 of gastric cancer and 6 of gastric vascular ectasia. We carried out hemostasis by injection of pure ethanol or hypertonic saline-epinephrine (HSE) , or hemoclipping for the cases of gastroduodenal ulcer, Mallory-Weiss syndrome and gastric cancer. For those of gastric vascular ectasia, we also did it by injection of pure ethanol and electrocoagulation, or endoscopic ligation using O-ring. Of the 119 cases of gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding, 3 were finally treated by TAE due to difficulty of endoscopic hemostasis and another 3 died of cardiovascular disorders after treatment. Of the 38 who underwent hemostasis by injection of pure ethanol 13 had enlargement of ulcer, but not the episode of re-bleeding. Enlargement of ulcer after injection of pure ethanol was significantly correlated with amount of ethanol. One of the 10 cases treated by injection of HSE had rupture of esophagus. One of the 3 cases treated by ligation had re-bleeding because of slipping out of O-ring. It is important to make sure of limitation for indicating endoscopic hemostasis and to make care of complication.

Efficacy of endoscopic clipping for bleeding gastroduodenal ulcer: comparison with topical ethanol injection

OBJECTIVE: Although endoscopic clipping is used widely for the treatment of bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers, clinical trials on its efficacy are scarce. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic clipping for hemostasis from bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers. METHODS: The present study was designed as a retrospective study using historical controls. One hundred consecutive patients with bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers were treated by endoscopic clipping. The preceding 91 consecutive patients treated by endoscopic pure ethanol injection were regarded as controls. Forty-nine of the clipping group and 41 of the ethanol group had lesions at sites difficult to perform endoscopic manipulation. Hemostatic rates, rebleeding rates, amounts of blood transfusion, and durations of hospital stay were analyzed. RESULTS: The hemostatic rate was 96% in both clipping and ethanol groups, whereas the rebleeding rate was lower (15% vs 29%, p = 0.023) in the former than the latter. In technically difficult cases, the hemostatic rate was comparable (96 vs 90%). CONCLUSION: In patients with bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers, endoscopic clipping may be a choice of therapy because of a low rebleeding rate compared with pure ethanol injection.

内視鏡的治療およびホルモン療法が有効であった出血を伴う胃毛細血管拡張症の1例

A 71-year-old woman was hospitalized due to appetite loss and abdominal pain. Laboratory examination revealed anemia and fecal positive occult blood. Blood loss from angiodysplasia was diagnosed by endoscopically characteristic multiple gastric cherry-red spots. These lesions were treated endoscopically by pure ethanol injections. Treatment was successful and anemia was improved. Further more, estriol therapy was added with 2mg per day. Patient recovered completely. Local injection of pure ethanol and systemic hormonal therapy is effective treatment for bleeding from gastric angiodysplasia.

IMP 1406 Pure ethanol injection in the treatment of subcapsular hepatoma-is it safe?

IMP 1406 Pure ethanol injection in the treatment of subcapsular hepatoma-is it safe?

Endoscopic injection of gelatin solution for severe hemorrhagic gastric cancer

Severe bleeding from end-stage gastric cancer is difficult to manage and often fatal. Surgical resection is one option for hemostasis, but many patients cannot tolerate an operation because of their poor condition. Recent advances in endoscopic treatment have introduced various methods to control gastrointestinal bleeding, including pure ethanol injection, hyperosmotic saline-epinephrine injection, and coagulation with a heat probe or laser irradiation. 1 Asaki S Nishiaki T Iwai S et al. Tissue solidification in coping with digestive tract bleeding-hemostatic effect of local injection of 95% ethanol. Gastroenterolical Endoscopy. 1981; 23: 792-798 Google Scholar , 2 Hirao M Kobayashi T Masuda K et al. Endoscopic local injection of hypertonic saline epinephrine solution to arrest hemorrhage from the upper digestive tract. Gastroenterolical Endoscopy. 1981; 23: 1097-1107 Google Scholar , 3 Matek W Fruhmorgen P Kaduk B et al. Modified electro-coagulation and control of gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 1971; 11: 253-258 Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar , 4 Kiefhaber P Nath G Moritz K. Endoscopical control of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage by irradiation with a high-power Nd:YAG laser. Prog Surg. 1977; 15: 140-155 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Although effective for peptic ulcer bleeding, these endoscopic therapies have not been as effective as initially expected for malignancy.

Success of Endoscopic Injection Therapy in Correlation with Maximal One-Day Transfusion Requirement

The rate of blood transfusion is related to blood flow and the diameter of the bleeding vessel. Therapeutic endoscopy is less effective in larger vessels. To determine the effect of therapeutic endoscopy with pure ethanol injection in massive peptic ulcer bleeding, we conducted a retrospective study using the maximal one-day blood requirement as an indicator of the required blood transfusion. The maximal one-day blood requirement was defined as the total amount of blood transfusion needed within a day to keep hemodynamics stable and hemoglobin above 8.0 g% before therapeutic endoscopy. From January 1986 to May 1993, 283 patients with high-risk signs of the stigmata of hemorrhage on endoscopy, who received pure ethanol injection therapy, were included in this study. There were 214 men and 69 women with a mean age of 58.4 years (ranging from 16 to 93 years). One hundred forty-three had gastric ulcers; 125 had duodenal ulcers; and 15 had stomal ulcers. Patients whose maximal one-day blood requirement was less than 1000 ml were assigned to Group I. Patients without, and patients with, major organ diseases whose maximal one-day blood requirement was more than 1000 ml were assigned to Group IIa and Group IIb, respectively. In Group I, 87.1% attained permanent hemostasis; 51.3% in Group IIa; and 49.4% in Group IIb. Temporary hemostasis and failure rates were 8.9% and 4.8% in Group I; 14.5% and 33.8% in Group IIa; and 21.2% and 29.4% in Group IIb. The rate of permanent hemostasis was significantly lower in patients with massive bleeding (p < 0.001) but did not differ between patients with and without major organ diseases (p > 0.05). The success rate for pure ethanol injection therapy was lower in patients with a large maximal one-day blood transfusion requirement.

外科的手術不能な早期胃癌に対する内視鏡治療成績

We studied the clinical courses of 22 lesions of the early gastric cancers in inoperable 18 patients, after endoscopic resection. Nine cases refused their surgical therapy and 9 cases were unable to be operated because of their complicated disease. Although 12 out of 22 lesions (55%) were resected completely, 10 out of 22 lesions (45%) were resected incompletely, and were retreated by endoscopic procedure such as additional endoscopic resection, microwave irradiation, local injection of pure ethanol. Six out of 10 lesions (27%) were cured, and remaining 4 lesions are still being treated endoscopically. Repeated endoscopic treatment made the curing rate better from 55% to 82%. We conclude that even if the initial endoscopic resection against an early gastric cancer in inoperative patient is incomplete, secondary treatment shoud be undergone.