Pure Carrier Research Articles

横傾斜状態で航行する船の流体力微係数と操縦性

Oblique towing test and circular motion test with changing heel angle were carried out to capture the hydrodynamic forces acting on ship models of container ship, pure car carrier and ferry. Based on the measured forces, the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to lateral velocity (υ), yaw rate (γ) and heel angle (φ) were obtained for surge force, lateral force, yawing moment and roll moment. Using the derivatives obtained, ship maneuverability traveling in heeled condition was discussed based on a linear theory presented in this paper. As a result, the authors made clear the maneuvering characteristics of heeled ships. When the ship travels in heeled condition to starboard side, she turns to port side. Such characteristic depends on the order of magnitude and the plus (minus) sign of the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to heel angle, Y' φ and N' φ. In case of the ferry, the turning strength per unit heel angle was about 1/3 comparing with that per unit rudder angle.There is a trend that the turning performance improves with increasing the heel angle. This is due to the course instability appears with increasing the heel angle. The course stability is deeply related to nonlinear derivatives with respect to heel angle, such as Y' υφφ, Y' γφφ, N' υφφ and N' γφφ.

Formaldehyde and methanol formation from reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on neutral Fe2S2 clusters in the gas phase

Reaction of CO with H2 on neutral FemSn clusters in a fast flow reactor is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Single photon ionization at 118 nm is used to detect neutral cluster distributions through time of flight mass spectrometry. FemSn clusters are generated through laser ablation of a mixed iron-sulfur target in the presence of a pure helium carrier gas. A strong size dependent reactivity of (FeS)m clusters toward CO is characterized. The reaction FeS + CO → Fe + OCS is found for the FeS cluster, and the association product Fe2S2CO is observed for the Fe2S2 cluster. Products Fe2S2(13)COH2 and Fe2S2(13)COH4 are identified for reactions of (13)CO and H2 on Fe2S2 clusters: this suggests that the Fe2S2 cluster has a high catalytic activity for hydrogenation reactions of CO to form formaldehyde and methanol. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to explore the potential energy surfaces for the two reactions: Fe2S2 + CO + 2H2 → Fe2S2 + CH3OH; and Fe2S2 + CO + H2 → Fe2S2 + CH2O. A barrierless, thermodynamically favorable pathway is obtained for both catalytic processes. Catalytic cycles for formaldehyde and methanol formation from CO and H2 on a Fe2S2 cluster are proposed based on our experimental and theoretical investigations. The various reaction mechanisms explored by DFT are in good agreement with the experimental results. Condensed phase iron sulfide, which contains exposed Fe2S2 units on its surface, is suggested to be a good catalyst for low temperature formaldehyde/methanol synthesis.

操船シミュレータによる回頭着岸操船訓練評価の基礎的研究

Ship Maneuvering simulator (SMS) have many benefits for pilot trainees who study maneuvering, such as a reasonable scenario, reduced time for technical acquisition of the trainee, and it was the core of the training for harbor maneuvering by a pilot. In this paper, the authors examined an evaluation of the steerage to swing a large pure car carrier (PCC) in front of the berth. It was said that this steerage was difficult for the good experienced captains. A skillful pilot obtained multi-information and recognized it as a pattern. The skillful pilot steered a large PCC immediately. The authors paid attention by taking advantage of the index that was evaluated of the results of this training, using the concept of Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS). The authors defined the normal-range of the ship to turn and evaluated abnormal steerage in the benchmark of the distance and showed it after practice promptly and confirmed the effectiveness of this index by the data of the practice result from 2008 through 2012. The authors confirmed that the proposed evaluation method is effective and helpful to improve the SMS training.

Influence of gas composition on the formation of graphene domain synthesized from camphor

The domain structure of graphene films deposited by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process has a great influence on the electrical and physical properties. Here, we tackled the synthesis of increased domain size of single layer and bi-layer graphene along with few-layer graphene on Ni foil using solid camphor as a carbon source. To achieve this, effect of the composition of carrier gas for the evaporated camphor was investigated. Raman mapping and peak width (FWHM) analyses gave the insight of the quality and number of graphene layers. Optical and scanning electron microcopy studies show significance difference in domain structure of the synthesized graphene in different gas atmosphere. As confirmed by optical and scanning electron microscopes, the graphene domain grown with the carrier gas of Ar/H2 mixture was more than 10 times larger than those grown with pure Ar carrier gas.

Pyrolysis of a Naturally Dried Botryococcus braunii Residue

The extant chlorophyte microalga Botryococcus braunii is a potential source of biofuel. In any future biofuel plant, it may be dried and stockpiled after harvesting and then pyrolyzed to generate oil. To investigate the formation of bio-oil from B. braunii, its naturally occurring residue known as coorongite was pyrolyzed non-isothermally and isothermally under about 1 atm of pure nitrogen carrier gas. The apparent pyrolysis activation energy of coorongite (25 kJ/mol) is much lower than those of most kerogens, which are on the order of 130–250 kJ/mol. However, it approaches that reported for a Moroccan marine oil shale, implying similarities in their responses to pyrolysis. Non-isothermal pyrolysis by thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TG–IR) revealed coorongite to contain a significant amount of alkanes. Molecular analysis of the isothermal pyrolysates by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified a homologous series of normal alkanes and alkenes (C9–C21), normal ketones (C...

Normal sperm in a 2;2 homologous male translocation carrier

Carriers of balanced structural chromosomal abnormalities are phenotypically normal but are at high risk of infertility. Translocations usually occur between two non-homologous chromosomes. When occur between homologous chromosomes, an extremely rare event, generally involve acrocentric chromosomes. We present an infertile male referred for genetic analysis with a pure balanced homologous 2;2 translocation and normal sperm in the ejaculate. Conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used in karyotype and sperm analysis, respectively. Male's karyotype revealed a pure balanced translocation involving homologous chromosomes 2: 46,XY,t(2;2)(p23;q21.2). Sperm analysis by FISH revealed the presence of 15.8% of normal and 84.2% of abnormal spermatozoa for chromosome 2. This is the first report of confined gonadal mosaicism in a pure homologous non-acrocentric chromosome translocation carrier. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for chromosome 2 should be offered as a reproductive option.

Course stability and yaw motion of a ship in steady wind

In order to achieve safe navigation, it is important to be able to understand and calculate the effects of an external force on the maneuvering behavior of a ship. This paper analyzes the course stability and yaw motion of a ship traveling under steady wind conditions. A course stability criterion and approximate formulae for the yaw motion in steady wind, including the aero/hydrodynamic force derivatives for the ship, are derived. To confirm the reliability of the criterion and formulae, they were used to investigate a pure car carrier in steady wind. The results of this investigation revealed that course instability appears in the head and following wind directions, mainly under the influence of aerodynamic derivatives with respect to the yaw restoring forces. However, this course instability can be reduced by applying steering control. For winds ranging from head winds to beam winds, yaw oscillation appears when the period is relatively long and the damping is small. The analytical formulae derived here can be used to gain a better understanding of ship maneuvering behavior in steady wind.

Preparation of the Modified Mesoporous Beta Materials and its Application in Wet Catalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange

The heterogeneous beta-supported transition metal catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalytic oxidation degradation of methyl orange was carried over the heterogeneous catalyst in the peroxide catalytic oxidation process. The pure beta materials showed quick adsorption equilibrium characterization, and the adsorption ratio was only 30%. Compared with the adsorption of the pure beta carrier, the Cu/beta and Fe/beta catalyst could effectively degrade methyl orange with high catalytic activity and easy catalyst separation from the solution using hydrogen peroxide as oxide. The methyl orange removal efficiency could reach 99% in the optimum experimental conditions. The optimal mental content for Cu, Ag, Mn, Fe and Co was 5%, 8%, 0.3%, 1% and 0.3%, respectively.

Sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis reveals normal sperm cells for 14;14 homologous male Robertsonian translocation carrier

To report the presence of normal sperm cells for chromosome 14 in a homologous 14;14 Robertsonian translocation carrier. Case report. In vitro fertilization clinic and genetics laboratory in a private hospital. Infertile couple referred for IVF. Conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were used in karyotype and sperm FISH analysis. Three IVF treatments were performed, two of which included preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Cytogenetic analysis revealed pure 45,XY,t(14;14)(q10;q10) karyotype. Sperm FISH analysis for chromosome 14 revealed 13% normal sperm cells in the sperm sample. Sperm FISH analysis revealed 13% normal sperm cells for chromosome 14 in the homologous 14;14 Robertsonian translocation carrier. The couple underwent two IVF cycles together with PGD. In the first trial there was no suitable embryo for transfer. In the second trial one normal blastocyst was transferred on day 6. However, pregnancy was not established in this second PGD cycle. To our knowledge, this is the first sperm FISH study revealing the presence of normal sperm in the ejaculate of a pure homologous translocation carrier. The PGD study performed for this couple is also unique in the literature.

An experimental study on wind loads acting on a trimaran PCC

In recent years, demands for car transportation by a ship have been increasing with favorable economic conditions in auto sector, and the need of a pure car carrier (PCC) has grown quickly. A PCC needs huge parking space but smaller displacement since a car is comparatively light for its volume. As a result, almost all PCCs have wide breadth, shallow draft and huge structure above the water surface. These features cause some technical issues of a PCC, like lack of stability, effect of strong winds on its resistance, difficulty of course keeping in rough seas, difficulty of berthing in strong winds, and so on. To overcome these technical issues, one of the authors has proposed a new concept for a PCC. This is a trimaran PCC which has very limited transverse bulkheads in the center hull by using two side hulls as fenders. In the present research, wind forces acting on a scale model of the trimaran PCC were measured in the towing tank with a wind generator at Osaka Prefecture University. Furthermore, in order to clarify the characteristics of wind pressure on the trimaran, height and width of tunnels which are between a main hull and side hulls were changed. And then, in order to imitate a real ship, we used wind reduction technology of corner-cut design for accommodation house of the ship. Moreover, the wind pressure acting on the trimaran was compared with that on a mono-hull PCC. Using these experimental and theoretical results, an estimation method of wind pressure acting on the trimaran PCC is deduced.

Synthesis and characterization of novel magnetic Fe3O4/polyurethane foam composite applied to the carrier of immobilized microorganisms for wastewater treatment

The objective of this work was to prepare novel magnetic Fe3O4/polyurethane foam (Fe3O4/PUF) composites applied to the carriers of immobilized microorganisms for toluene-containing wastewater treatment. The morphology and structure of Fe3O4/PUF composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and magnetic property measurement system. These morphological investigations revealed that Fe3O4 nano-particles were well dispersed into the matrix of PUF with nano-scale diameter particles. TG experiments indicated that the initial thermal weight loss temperatures of composite with the content of 2.5 wt% and 7.5% Fe3O4 were increased by 7 and 16 °C, compared with pure PUF. The degradation efficiency of toluene with magnetic PUF composite was much higher than that of pure PUF carrier, and the reason why the immobilization of microbial biomass of microorganisms on the magnetic PUF composite was much higher than that of the pure PUF. The prepared magnetic Fe3O4/PUF composite offered excellent thermal stability and medium paramagnetic properties. And this composite could not only increase the immobilized biomass of the microorganisms, but also enhance the COD removal efficiency of wastewater.

Optical sensing of triethylamine using CdSe aerogels

The photoluminescence (PL) response of highly porous CdSe aerogels to triethylamine (TEA) isinvestigated and compared to results from prior studies on single crystals andnanoparticle–polymer composites. As-prepared CdSe aerogels show significant andreversible enhancement of luminescence intensity upon exposure to TEA relative to theintensity in pure argon carrier gas. The enhancement in the PL response is dependenton the concentration and linear over the range of TEA concentration studied (4.7 × 103–75 × 103 ppm).The sensing response of previously tested samples exhibits saturation behavior that is modeledusing Langmuir adsorption isotherms, yielding adsorption equilibrium constants in the range 300–380 atm − 1. The response is sensitively affected by the surface characteristics of the aerogel; when thewet gels are treated with pyridine prior to aerogel formation, the response to TEA isdiminished, and when as-prepared aerogels are heated in a vacuum, no subsequentresponse is observed. Deactivation is attributed to an increase in surface oxide (SeO2) and decreasein surface Cd2 + Lewis acid sites. Sensing runs of approximately one hour have little impact on themorphology or crystallinity of the aerogels, but do result in partial removal of residualthiolate ligands left over from the gelation process.

自動車運搬船及び大型油槽船の実船計測による速力低下計算法の検証

For reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission from shipping sector, low GHG emission ships are required to be built and promoted. On a project for 10mode at sea, a calculation method on decrease of ship speed has been developed. The calculation method has confirmed by tank tests.Full-scale onboard measurements have been conducted for four kinds of ocean-going ships in operation; pure car carrier, very large crude oil carrier, container ship and bulk carrier, with a view to attesting the reliability of the method for evaluating ship performance in actual seas. In this paper, results of onboard measurements for a pure car carrier and a very large crude oil carrier which data accumulate for whole four seasons are reported. The measured and calculated data matched well, showing sufficient reliability of performance estimation for both a fine and a blunt ship type.The results of onboard measurement for the two ships show good agreement with those of the calculation. These results confirmed that the calculation method can be accurately applied to both a fine and a blunt ship type.

Immobilization of Aspergillus niger Xylanase on Chitosan Using Dialdehyde Starch as a Coupling Agent

Dialdehyde starch (DAS) was used as a novel coupling agent to prepare chitosan carrier to immobilize the xylanase from Aspergillus niger A-25. Compared with glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan (CS-GA) and pure chitosan beads, the DAS-cross-linked chitosan (CS-DAS) beads exhibited the highest xylanase activity recovery. The DAS adding amount and cross-linking time in CS-DAS preparation process were optimized with respect to activity recovery to the values of 1.0 g (6.7% w/v concentration) and 16 h, respectively. The optimum temperature of both the CS-DAS- and CS-GA-immobilized xylanase was observed to be 5 degrees C higher than that of free enzyme (50 degrees C). The CS-DAS-immobilized xylanase had the highest thermal and storage stability as compared to the CS-GA-immobilized and free xylanase. The apparent K (m) and V (max) values of the CS-DAS-immobilized xylanase were estimated to be 1.29 mg/ml and 300.7 mumol/min/mg protein, respectively. The CS-DAS-immobilized xylanase could produce from birchwood xylan high-quality xylo-oligosaccharides, mainly composed of xylotriose, as free xylanase did. The proposed CS-DAS carrier was more advantageous over the CS-GA or pure chitosan carrier for xylanase immobilization application.

Multi-Size Particulate Flow through Rotating Channel — Modeling and Validation Using Three Turbulence Models

A comparison of three turbulence models in modeling and validating dense multi-size particulate flow through rotating channel is presented. All the three turbulence models incoporate a rotation modification to the production term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation. In the first model, rotation-modified k – ε equations are used to compute the eddy viscosity of pure carrier which is then modified for the presence of particles. In the other two models, rotation-modified km – εm equations are solved for the mixture directly. The eddy viscosities are then computed from km and εm. The predicted results of all three models show excellent mesh independence. The coarsest mesh satisfied the mass conservation to within 0.1%. The code based on pure carrier-phase eddy viscosity (modified for concentration) is computationally 2–3 times more efficient than the other two (mixture-based) models. The predicted results using all three turbulence models are compared against applicable experimental results in the open literature. Regression between the computed and experimental results shows excellent agreement between the two.

海の１０ モード指標計算法

In order to increase ship performance in actual navigation conditions, a definite evaluation method of the performance should be established. For that purpose, a design index, 10 mode Index for Ships, is developed. The index consists of ship speed in ten kinds of weather conditions as well as ship speed in calm seas.The present paper prescribes a calculation method for the 10 mode Index for Ships. To obtain the ship speed in actual seas,equilibrium equations of external forces acting on a ship are calculated. Selected as the external forces acting on a ship are resistance in still water, propeller thrust, and resistance due to drift, steering, winds and waves. In calculating these forces, accuracy should be kept for resistance due to waves. Therefore, the calculation is developed based on the hybrid type procedure, which combines the model tests with the numerical calculation. In addition to this, a package program to calculate the index is developed.In the paper following verifications are carried out; 1) comparing calculations on added resistance in regular waves with other programs, 2) comparing tests of a container ship model in several ship model basins and 3) full scale measurement of a pure car carrier. From the verifications it is clarified that the hybrid calculation is robust to evaluate ship speed in actual seas.

Direct methane solid oxide fuel cell working by gradual internal steam reforming: Analysis of operation

A solid oxide fuel cell was designed to be operated with pure hydrocarbons, without additive or carrier gas, in order to bring technological simplifications, cost reductions and to extend the fuel flexibility limits. The cell was built-up from a conventional cell (LSM/YSZ/Ni-YSZ), to which was added a Ir–CeO2 catalyst layer at the anode side and an original current collecting system. The cell was first operated with steam in gradual internal reforming (GIR) conditions (R = [H2O]/[CH4] < 1) with carrier gas at the anode. The optimal operating parameters were determined in terms of flow rates, cell potential, and fuel utilisation. The cell was finally operated with pure dry methane at 900 °C at 0.6 V yielding current density of about 0.1 A cm−2 at max power for 120 h. Small but abrupt deterioration of the performances was observed, but no carbon deposition. Electrical and chemical analysis of this degradation are provided. At total, the fuel cell was operated for more than 200 h in pure dry methane, demonstrating that gradual internal reforming actually occurred efficiently in the anode compartment, which make possible operation without reforming agent such as H2O or CO2 for other hydrocarbon fuels.

Modeling short-channel effects in channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise in MOSFETs in the NQS regime

Analytical expressions for channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise considering mobility degradation and carrier heating in the non-quasi-static regime are presented. At a given frequency, as a function of channel electric field, channel thermal noise current increases for pure carrier heating and decreases for pure mobility degradation. With both effects present, the increase in noise is much slower and under quasi-static approximation, based on the model used, the two effects cancel out. Induced-gate current noise, on the other hand, increases when both effects are present. Individual presence of either of the two short-channel effects produces similar but slower increase. A physical explanation for the above behavior is presented. An elemental analysis for long-channel devices reveals that, under device saturation, thermal voltage fluctuations precisely at a distance (5/9)L eff from the source, do NOT produce any induced-gate current noise.

Adsorptive reactor technology for VOC abatement

The use of the monolith as an adsorptive reactor (M AR) is proposed as a viable and novel alternative for VOC disposal. The M AR combines adsorptive separation and catalytic combustion of the VOC in a single reactor unit and is thought to make effective utilisation of energy due to efficient heat integration. Theoretical studies on the feasibility and application of the adsorptive reactor concept for VOC oxidation is presented in this paper. Thus unlike previous work, present studies focus on an exothermic reaction system and the ability of the M AR to control thermal runaway. A two dimensional mathematical model accounting for non isothermal adsorption and reaction, mass transfer limited adsorption kinetics and non linear (Tóth) adsorption equilibria, has been developed. The process is operated cyclically in two steps: adsorption and desorption/reaction. The VOC is fed into the reactor in the adsorption step and captured to produce a pure carrier gas effluent. Concentration and thermal swing is induced in the second step by means of an air feed. The most outstanding feature of the M AR is its ability to prevent thermal runaway whilst maintaining a high VOC conversion. Simulation results indicate that the careful selection of step times for adsorption and desorption, feed temperatures and inlet velocities lead to stability and energy requirements which outperform equivalent conventional designs. The M AR is thermally more stable due to the controlled release of the reactant from the adsorbed phase into the reaction zone, and also the heat integration of endothermic desorption and exothermic reaction.

Nanocrystalline semiconductor materials for solar water-splitting

The production of hydrogen from water using solar light is very promising for generation of an ecologically pure energy carrier. Semiconductor photocatalysts are used to harvest the light energy and induce the hydrogen and oxygen redox reactions. Different types of TiO 2 aerogels have been successfully synthesized and the sample with the highest BET surface area was morphologically characterized with the help of SEM measurements. To improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency of the material, it is desirable to red-shift the PEC onset to also include the less energetic but more intense visible part of the solar spectrum. The most efficient and commonly used dyes in dye-sensitized TiO 2 solar cells are based on ruthenium complexes. A series of ZnO/TiO 2 aerogels were prepared by the sol–gel method followed by supercritical drying. By varying the ZnO quantity (1–10%) and the nature of Zn precursors–zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate and zinc(II) acetylacetonate, an extensive study has been performed.