Puntius Sophore Research Articles

Effects of feeding and fertilization on the growth and production of puntius sophore in seasonal ponds in Natore, Bangladesh

Context: Local farmers believe that the seasonal ponds and ditches which can retain water for 4 to 6 months in a year cannot be utilized for fish production but in fact such waters hold tremendous potential for culture of small indigenous fish species. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of fertilization and feeding in the growth and production of Puntius sophore culture in seasonal ponds. Materials and Methods: Six ponds were used during this study under two treatments. Two treatments such as T1 (only fertilizer) and T2 (fertilization and supplementary feeding) were run in triplicate. P. sophore was stocked in the two treatments at the rate of 15500 ha-1 after necessary pond preparation and fertilization. Results: Important physico-chemical factors viz., temperature, transparency, pH dissolved oxygen and total hardness of two treatments were found within the productive ranges. Four groups of phytoplankton were found in the ponds namely Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae and two groups of zooplankton viz. Crustacea and Rotifera. P. sophore successfully breed in both treatments. However, the number of fish harvested was 122135 ha-1 in T1 and 113335 ha-1 in T2. Yet the total production was higher in T2 (1091.40 kg ha-1) than in T1 (842.72 kg ha-1) as the individuals found in T2 gained more weight than those in T1 reflecting the effects of regular feeding. Conclusion: The study indicated that both fertilizer and feed based treatment was to improve more production than only fertilizer based treatment under seasonal pond conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17735 J. bio-sci. 20: 135-142, 2012

Antioxidant Properties and Nutritive Values of Raw and Cooked Pool Barb (Puntius sophore) of Eastern Himalayas

Antioxidant Properties and Nutritive Values of Raw and Cooked Pool Barb (Puntius sophore) of Eastern Himalayas

Ovarian Development and Reproductive Cycle of Two Freshwater Barbs, Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto

Puntius sophore and Puntius ticto are two important small indigenous fish species of Bangladesh. The present study is aimed to resolve the ovarian development and reproductive cycle of these two species. The ovary of these species passes four major maturation stages viz. Immature (mean ova diameter 0.133±0.05mm for P. sophore and 0.125±0.04mm for P. ticto), Maturing (mean ova diameter 1.096±0.06mm for P. sophore and 0.908±0.06mm for P. ticto), Mature (mean ova diameter 1.512±0.04mm for P. sophore and 1.332±0.07mm for P. ticto) and Ripe (mean ova diameter 1.879±0.05mm for P. sophore and 1.697±0.05mm for P. ticto). Reproductive cycle was determined on the basis of four methods viz. percentage occurrence of gravid females, gonadal length index (GLI), gonado somatic index (GSI) and variation in ova diameter. All four methods focused that the spawning period of these two species extends from May to August. The results of the study will play a vital role for the proper management and conservation of the species.

Microbial and endogenous origin of fibrinolytic activity in traditional fermented foods of Northeast India

Traditional fermented foods of Northeast India and their associated microorganisms were studied for fibrinolytic activity. A simple and reliable spectrophotometric method to quantify fibrinolytic activity in comparison to conventional fibrin plate assay was established. Out of 31 different types of fermented foods screened, protein rich fermented foods mostly soybean and fish products possessed fibrinolytic activity. Higher fibrinolytic activity was observed in fermented small cyprid fish (Puntius sophore Ham.) products than fermented soybean products. Fibrin zymogram based cluster analysis indicated fibrinolytic activity of endogenous origin in fermented fish products and microbial origin in fermented soybean products. A fermented soybean product Hawaijar showed higher specificity towards fibrin as indicated by fibrinolytic to caseinolytic activity ratio of 3.8±0.21. Identification of 85 fibrinolytic isolates by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and ribosomal DNA sequencing yielded 15 phylotypes, of which 55% were Bacillus species. Lactic acid bacteria with fibrinolytic activity namely Vagococcus carniphilus, Vagococcus lutrae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum and Pediococcus acidilactici were identified. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, V. carniphilus, V. lutrae and Proteus mirabilis were promising producers of fibrinolytic enzymes with more than 350 plasmin units/mL. The high population of fibrinolytic P. mirabilis found in fermented soybean and pork products might be a serious health concern. Fibrinolytic activity found in fermented food could be partially dependent on the isolated microbes. PCR-DGGE analysis detected uncultivated proteolytic bacteria in both raw material and fermented fish products. These fibrinolytic foods and associated microbial resources could be further explored for novel fibrinolytic therapy.

Development of a Low-Cost Icebox for Preservation and Transportation of Iced Fish

A low-cost icebox was developed and its efficacy in icing fish was evaluated in order to minimize huge post-harvest loss and ensure adequate price of wet fish through quality maintenance. Traditional bamboo basket capable of containing 25-30 kg fresh fish was wrapped inside, bottom and top twice by polythene gunny sacs. In between the two layers of gunny sacs, a layer of plant leave mat (hogla mat) and a layer of old nylon net/cloths were placed for insulation. A small plastic pipe (1 cm diameter, 60 cm long) was inserted through the bottom to drain out melted water. The rear end of the pipe was kept fasten with the rim of the basket. To keep the iced fish inside of the wrapped basket, a separate plain polythene sheet was used. Freshly caught Puntius sophore (5.8 ± 0.4 cm) and Cirrhinus mrigala (16.4 ± 1.3 cm) were preserved under adequate icing for 7 to 10 days. Temperature of the iced fish inside was maintained between 0.4o to 3.1oC. Freshness of the fish kept in the new icebox during preservation and transportation was investigated through sensory and biochemical methods. No chance of secondary contamination was found in new ice box because the fish could not come in contact of the basket materials. The device was very easy to clean and keep clean. Shape of filled icebox was found regular and stout with no sign of breakage and leakage. Rate of melting of ice was 23.0 ± 1.6% in 24 hours. Replacement of ice was done at such rate. Melted water was adequately drained out. Iced C. mrigala and P. sophore kept in the icebox were in excellent quality in terms of both sensory and biochemical indicators till the end of 7th or 10th day, respectively. The study suggested that the new icebox was effective in preserving and transporting iced fish.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16952 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 119 - 127, 2008

Electron Microscopic Analysis of Liver and Muscle of <I>Puntius sophore</I> Affected from the Paper Mill Effluents

Electron Microscopic Analysis of Liver and Muscle of <I>Puntius sophore</I> Affected from the Paper Mill Effluents

Estimation of the Fecundity of Jat Puti, Puntius sophore (Hamilton)

The fecundity of 100 gravid female fishes of Jat puti, Puntius sophore, was collected from the experimental ponds of the Field Laboratory Complex, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh was estimated during the period from June to August 2011. Collected samples were clustered month-wise: group A (collected in June), group B (collected in July) and group C (collected in August). The estimated fecundity ranged of 7951 to 17670; 8135 to 23053 and 12461 to 15105 eggs and the mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 23.44 ± 2.50; 30.47 ± 4.52 and 28.43 ± 2.99 was estimated for the fish group of A, B, and C, respectively. The relationship between fecundity and total length was linear and it was expressed as: Ln F= 1634 ln TL-1972; Ln F= 119405 ln TL-273.53 and Ln F= 1831.6 ln TL+ 825.31 in group A, B, and C, respectively. The regression equation between body weight and total length was linear and it was expressed as: Ln W= 2.2128 ln TL- 0.7048; Ln W= 2.0207 ln TL+ 0.3493 and Ln W= 1.4438 ln TL+ 5.5694, in group A, B, and C, respectively. The regression equation between body weight and fecundity was linear and it was expressed as: F= 656.84 W+199.96, F= 438.16 W+2470, F= 1116.1 W-3433.5, in group A, B, and C, respectively. The fecundity was highly correlated with the total length, and body weight and P. sophore may be a medium fecund fish.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14833 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 295-300 2012

Phylogenetic analysis of the Dactylogyroides longicirrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) based on the 18S and ITS 1 ribosomal genes

The present study describes the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dactylogyroides longicirrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) infecting the gill filaments of fish Puntius sophore from the site Guwahati, Assam, India. The parasite Dactylogyroides longicirrus (Tripathi, 1959) Gusev, 1976 from Northeast Indian region is presented based on sequence data of a 738 base-pair fragment of ribosomal 18S small subunit and first internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1). Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using neighbour joning and maximum parsimony methods and the results support the validation of D. longicirrus. The study is also supported by secondary structure model prediction by using minimum free energy which can be considered a promising tool for monogenean species identification. This is the first report of this parasite from Northeast region of India, with this, the 18S and ITS 1 rDNA region amplified in the study is also the first sequence of the genus Dactylogyroides.

Histopathological changes in the gills of some fishes inhabiting polluted Singhiya river, Biratnagar, Nepal

Histopathological effects on the gills of a few fish species of polluted Singhiya river, Biratnagar sub-metropolis was made. The gills sections of Oxygaster bacaila, Neomacheilus botia,, Glossogobius giuris, Puntius sophore, Barillius barana, Channa gachua and Silorhynchus sucatio were found much deformed. Lesions, abnormal growth of taste buds and inter-lamellar space, fusion at the tips of primary as well as secondary lamellae, shifting of epithelial layer, deformation of gill head and that of outer margin, tilted secondary lamellae were found common. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7498 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 : 113-117 (2012)

New Characterization of Feeding Habits of Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) Through Morphometry

Puntius sophore has been studied for its morphometric relationship to food types (phytoplank-ton and zooplankton). It was observed that the mouth area of the fish did not show significant correlation to food types. The gut analysis suggested that it feeds on both food types with large portion of zooplankton at a later stage. On the basis of gut content corresponding to total length of the fish, the food habit of P. sophore has been grouped into three total length categories as category I or herbivorous (TL, 5.0-7.0cm), II or omnivorous (TL, 5.0-7.0cm) and III or omniv-orous with more tendency towards zooplankton (TL, 7.6-8.5cm). The F test showed significant differences for Relative Gut Length (p

Availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish in the Chalan Beel - the largest wetland of Bangladesh

An investigation was conducted to study the abundance and diversity of Small Indigenous Species (SIS) of fish in the Chalan Beel. Sampling was carried out frequently over a year in selected landing centres, fish markets and catch points. A total of 82 SIS fish belonging to 10 orders, 22 families and 46 genera were recorded. The order Cypriniformes (42.68%) was the most dominant order comprising 35 species. The most dominant family of the order Cypiniformes was Cyprinidae (77.14%) comprising 27 species, and Puntius was the largest genus including 7 species. The most abundant SIS fishes observed during the study period were Tengra (Mystus vittatus, M. tengara), Punti (Puntius sophore and P. ticto), Taki (Channa punctatus), Guchi Baim (Mastacembelus pancalus), and the least abundant SIS fish were Aplocheilus panchax, Badis badis, Danio sp. and Chaca chaca. Availability of the species were ranked as Few (39%), followed by Common (23%), Very Common (15%), Rare (16%) and Very Rare (7%). At Mohisluti fish landing centre (under Tarash, Sirajganj) the highest number of species (79, 96.34%) of small fishes were found. Abundance of different SIS fishes were found to vary with the season. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v30i0.10756Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 30, 2011 pp. 67-72

Size at first sexual maturity, fecundity, length-weight and length-length relationships ofPuntius sophore(Cyprinidae) in Bangladeshi waters

The present study describes the size at first sexual maturity, fecundity, length–weight (LWRs) and length–length relationships (LLRs) of the pool barb, Puntius sophore, using data obtained from different geographical locations in Bangladesh. A total of 905 specimens were caught by traditional fishing gear from March 2010 to February 2011. Additionally, a total of 121 females were collected from a commercial catch of the Padma River during June–July 2011 to estimate size at first maturity and to determine fecundity. Total length (TL), fork length (FL) and standard length (SL) were measured with digital slide calipers. Individual body weights (BW) were determined for all specimens, and gonad weights (GW) from 121 females were weighed to an accuracy of 0.001 g. The female gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated as [GSI (%) = (GW/BW) × 100]. Female size at first maturity was estimated using GSI and TL as indicators, and estimated as 5.00 cm TL in the Padma River. Specimens larger than 5.00 cm TL were used to determine fecundity. Mean total fecundity was 5300 ± 2700, ranging from 1580 to 16590. A positive exponential correlation was recorded between total fecundity and total length (r2 = 0.421). Relative fecundity ranged from 466 to 4036 (mean 1100 ± 580) in the Padma River. The LWR of pooled data for sexes combined was estimated as BW = 0.0155 TL2.98 as ancova revealed no significant differences in LWRs between rivers (P > 0.05). All LLRs were highly correlated (r2 > 0.983; P < 0.001), and ancova analyses further indicated that LLRs did not differ between rivers (P > 0.05). These results will help in further studies on the population assessment of the species.

Studies on nematode parasites of fishes of Oinam lake Bishnupur district, Manipur, India

An extensive survey was done for fish nematode parasites of few economically important fishes of Oinam Lake, Bishnupur district, Manipur. 9 species of nematodes were encountered. They are Camallanus anabantis, Procamallanus (Procamallanus) saccobranchi, Paraquimperia manipurensis, Paragendria sp., juvenile stages of genus Syphacia, Haplonema, Spinitectus, Philometra and Parascarophis etc. Of these nematode species, Procamallanus (Procamallanus) saccobranchi, Paragendria sp and Haplonema sp. showed maximum abundance (14.28%) and Paraquimperia manipurensis, Parascarophis sp. showed minimum abundance (4.76%) of parasites. Among the fish species Anabas testudineus had highest percentage (50%) of parasites and Puntius sophore and Colisa labiosus had lowest percentage (1.25%) of parasites.

Heavy Metals in Eight Edible Fish Species from Two Polluted Tributaries (Aik and Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Pakistan

Concentration of heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu)) was determined in the liver, gills, kidneys, and muscles of eight edible fish species (Channa punctata, Cirrhinus reba, Labeo rohita, Heteropneustes fossilis, Mystus cavasius, Oreochromis niloticus, Puntius sophore, and Wallago attu) from upstream and downstream zones of the Nullah Aik and Palkhu tributaries of the River Chenab located in the Sialkot district known for its tanning industries worldwide. The pattern of metal accumulation in studied organs was in the order: Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. Liver showed greater metal accumulation, followed by gills, kidneys, and muscles. Accumulation of Pb and Cr was significantly different in organs between upstream and downstream zones. Accumulation was greater in fish species dwelling downstream, indicating impairment of ambient stream water due to untreated discharge of industrial and municipal effluents into studied streams. Highest concentration of Pb and Cr and lowest of Cd was detected in H. fossilis whereas Cu showed higher concentration and Cr lowest concentration in P. sophore. In contrast, lower concentration of Pb and Cu was recorded in M. cavasius, O. niloticus, and W. attu. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Cu were higher in pre-monsoon compared to post-monsoon season. Measured concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in muscles of species such as C. punctata, W. attu, L. rohita, P. sophore, and O. niloticus were above permissible limits of heavy metals for human consumption, indicating potential health risks. Therefore, these fish species from studied locations should be avoided for human diet.

Development and characterization of a continuous cell line PSCF from Puntius sophore

A continuous Puntius sophore caudal-fin (PSCF) cell line of the pool barb Puntius sophore, an important freshwater food and ornamental fish of Asia and South East Asia, was developed from the caudal fin for the first time. The cell line was optimally maintained at 28° C in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). The cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid count of 50 chromosomes at 25th and 50th passage and 52 chromosomes at passage 70, 85 and 100. The viability of the PSCF cell lines was 75% after 6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196° C). The most striking feature of the PSCF cells was its high increased growth ratio as evident from the population doubling time of 25 h at passage 100. The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by the amplification of 581 and 655 bp fragments of 16 S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, respectively. The PSCF cells were successfully transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter plasmids and the expression of GFP gene in the cells indicated the potential utility of the cells in gene expression studies.

Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa:Myxosporea:Bivalvulida) from freshwater fishes of Punjab wetlands (India)

During the present study two new species were collected from mucous membrane around gill lamellae of Puntius sophore (Ham.) vern. chittal and Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.) vern. mrigal from Harike Wetland, Punjab respectively. Spore of the first species i.e. Myxobolus chittalii are histozoic, pear shaped with characteristic nipple-like anterior end and rounded posterior end. They measure 9.0×6.18μm. Polar capsules are two, equal, measuring 4.5×2.4μm, pyriform with bluntly pointed anterior end and rounded posterior end. They are placed posteriorly from the tip of the spore and are parallel to each other in the spore body cavity. A prominent, tongue shaped intercapsular process is present. Spores of the second species i.e. M. mehlhorni are histozoic, oval to egg in shape having narrow, blunt anterior end and broad rounded posterior end, measure 8.9×6.8μm. Shell valves smooth, symmetrically thin, measure 0.5μm in thickness. Parietal folds are absent. Polar capsules two, prominently unequal, placed anteriorly and converge towards the anterior end. Both polar capsules are flask-shaped with anterior end having a prominent neck. The larger polar capsule measure 3.7×2.5μm occupying less than half while the smaller one measure 2.6×1.5μm and occupy less than one-third of the spore body cavity. An intercapsular process is absent.

Histological and scanning electron microscopic organization and functional aspects of the surface olfactory epithelium of the freshwater minor carp, Puntius sophore (Hamilton)

The architecture and fuction of different cells lining the olfactory epithelium of Puntius sophore (Hamilton) have been systematically studied by light and scanning electron microscope. The olfactory organ is ovoid in shape and is complicated by the presence of 16-18 lamellae on both side of the median raphe. The large area of the middle part of the olfactory lamella is covered with sensory epithelium, whereas the distal part mainly occupies by non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium is composed two types of receptor cells (flagellated and microvillous) and stratified epithelial cells. The non-sensory epithelium is made up of stratified epithelial cells and mucous cells. Different cells on the olfactory epithelium have been correlated with the functional significance of the fish concerned.

Essence of keratin in lips and associated structures of a freshwater fish Puntius sophore in relation to its feeding ecology: Histochemistry and scanning electron microscope investigation

Morphological specializations in the lips and associated structures of Puntius sophore were examined by scanning electron microscopy and histochemically. The upper lip (UL), in P. sophore, is associated with the horny upper jaw sheath (HUJS) on its ventral side and with the rostral cap (RC) on its dorsal side through a thin and extensive fold of skin (FSUR). The lower lip (LL) is greatly enlarged, conspicuous and associated with horny lower jaw sheath (HLJS) on the dorsal side and ventrally continues with ventral head skin (VHS). On the lateral sides there is a thin and extensive fold of skin (FSLS) between the lower lip and VHS. In contrast to the mucogenic epithelia of the UL, LL, the RC and fold of skins, the horny jaw sheaths are keratinized in nature and surface epithelial cells are characteristically modified into unculi. The UL and the LL are equipped with epithelial cells (EC), mucous cells (MC) and taste buds (TB) while in addition to these cells club cells (CC) are also present in the RC. Keratin found in unculi is an extremely strong protein which is tough and insoluble, they form the hard but un-mineralized structures. Keratin in unculi could be regarded as an adaptation for browsing or scraping food materials from the substrate as the fish grubs about the bottom. The elaboration of mucus is considered to lubricate the surface and protect the epithelia from abrasions. Taste buds are associated to locate and select palatable food and to trigger a ‘pick-up’ reflex.

Karyotypic Diversity of Some Freshwater Fish Species in Rural Ponds of Orissa, India

Study on chromosomes of fish has become a priority area of research in recent years. Chromosome analysis can be useful for addressing a variety of evolutionary and genetic questions about fishes. The global fish fauna consists of about 28,900 species of fishes of which 2,200 species are cytogenetically studied. India's contribution so far was around 220 species. Fish chromosome studies of freshwater fishes are further sporadic in Orissa. Therefore, the present study is proposed for a systematic cytogenetic investigation of some freshwater fishes of Orissa.Karyotypic study of 5 species namely Labeo fimbriatus (Fam. Cyprinidae), Puntius sophore (Fam. Cyprinidae), Osteobrama cotio cotio (Fam. Cyprinidae), Chanda nama (Fam. Chandidae), and, Xenentodon cancila (Fam. Benonidae) from rural ponds of Bhubaneswar, India, was carried out. The diploid chromosome number in Labeo fimbriatus was 50 with a chromosomal formula of 10m+10sm+30T (FN=70), Puntius sophore 2n=48, 2m+46T (FN=50), Osteobrama cotio cotio 2n=54, 10m+8sm+8st+28T (FN=72), Chanda nama 2n=50, 8m+6sm+10st+26T (FN=64) and Xenentodon cancila, 2n=48 with chromosomal formula of 22m+10sm+6st+10T (FN=80). The evolutionary significance of these karyotypes of 5 species has been discussed.

Use of Rotenone as Piscicide: Toxicity Levels in a Few Common Freshwater Predatory and Weed Fishes

Toxicity of rotenone was studied in a few common freshwater predatory and weed fishes through wet laboratory experiments for its use as a piscicide during pond preparation. Cube root powder (CRP) (ENT-133 Rotenone) containing 9% rotenone was used as the toxicant source. Lethal concentration of CRP for these common predatory and weed fishes varied between 0.75–2.70 mg L−1 (0.068–0.243 mg L−1 of rotenone). Acute toxicity study revealed Puntius sophore to have more susceptibility to rotenone toxicity with 24 h LC50 value of CRP at 0.50 mg L−1 (0.045 mg L−1 rotenone) compared to 1.17 mg L−1 (0.105 mg L−1 rotenone) in Anabas testudineus and 1.90 mg L−1 in Channa punctatus (0.171 mg L−1 rotenone); while Heteropneustes fossilis showed higher tolerance with 24 h LC50 value at 2.42 mg L−1 (0.218 mg L−1 rotenone). Such result suggested rotenone toxicity to depend on the respiratory behavior of fish. The marginal reduction in 48 h LC50 of CRP compared to its 24 h value and no fish mortality beyond 48-h in all tested species suggested faster degradation of the toxicant in water. Since application of the piscicide aims at eradication of all commonly available species of predatory and weed fishes in the culture pond, the study suggested a dose of 2.5 mg L−1 of CRP (0.225 mg L−1 rotenone) for pond application.