Punitive Methods Research Articles

«Soft» and «Tough» Strategies of Social Control Drug Use

«Soft» and «tough» social control strategies and social attitudes toward drug addicts are discussed in the article. The risks of criminalizing of drug users increase the latency of their community, hindering prevention of drug addiction. The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of soft and tough social strategies of drug addicts in the minds of the Russian regional society – the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra (KhMAO-Ugra). Although supporters of «soft tactics» remain a minority, their share is growing, forming social support for the transition from punitive methods of counteracting drug use to the priority of social prevention and human rights protection.

School Discipline, Race, and the Discursive Construction of the “Deficient” Student

Research has demonstrated how, in the current era of mass incarceration, the punitive arm of the state now extends beyond traditional criminal justice structures into institutions typically associated with providing care or a social good. The negative effects of this shift have disproportionately impacted marginalized populations, particularly low-income black and Latino communities. This article examines one way that this extension has manifested in the realm of public education. Based on ethnographic data from a public Grade 6–12 Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP) in Texas, this article scrutinizes the program’s behavioral rules and disciplinary procedures. The analysis focuses on students’ introductory experience to the DAEP as a “strategic research site” to illuminate the program’s formal objectives, methods to achieve their institutional goals, and their intended effects on students. I find that the practices and procedures in place at the DAEP operate through racializing surveillance to constitute “disciplinary technologies” devoted to the transformation of “culturally deficient” students—a racialized and gendered classification—into docile bodies. Students are disciplined through punitive and rehabilitative methods premised on the discursive construction of “deficient” students and families.

Good Girls: Gender-Specific Interventions in Juvenile Court

In the juvenile legal system, many jurisdictions are adopting interventions that target girls for specialized treatment. The proliferation of so-called Girls Courts—or specialty courts designed to address the specific challenges faced by system-involved girl—is one such intervention. Girls Court rejects gender-blindness in the juvenile justice system in order to address the unique needs of system-involved girls. This Article enlists Critical Race Feminism to argue that, although well intentioned, these gender-specific juvenile courts enlist harmful gender stereotypes to guide girls towards an antiquated and hegemonic form of femininity. By examining the underlying assumptions that drive Girls Court, this Article assesses the line between gender-consciousness and gender stereotyping and critiques the role of law in entrenching harmful notions about what “good girls” ought to be. Lifting ideologies from problem-solving courts, Girls Court purports to serve the most at-risk girls, with some jurisdictions placing special emphasis on holistic intervention for child victims of sexual exploitation. Girls Court targets girls, mostly girls of color, for enhanced scrutiny and surveillance. Although heightened services are needed for girls battling intersecting forms of oppression, this Article argues that Girls Court exemplifies important limitations to gender-specific reform. While the court’s approach rightly acknowledges the role of gender in shaping outcomes for young people, it also targets girls for intrusive and punitive methods of social control. Girls Court funnels girls towards a very specific notion of girlhood—one centered in white, middle-class notions of femininity. Through criminalization, an emphasis on sexual purity, and a desire to instill obedience, Girls Court advances certain subordinating stereotypes about girls, particularly girls of color. At its core, this Article argues for an increased duty of care when it comes to programming for girls. It urges a careful examination of all the messages we send, and the values we promote, when we target young girls for intervention.

Kalaban: Young drug users’ engagements with law enforcement in the Philippines

BackgroundA violent ‘war on drugs’ continues to be waged in the Philippines, even as the use of drugs − particular methamphetamine − continues to rise. Furnishing contextual background to the current situation, this paper explores how long-running law enforcement approaches in the Philippines might be viewed by those in their receiving end by presenting findings of an ethnography among marginalized young men. MethodsSemi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among 20 young men throughout a 12-month period of participant-observation from December 2011 to September 2013. FindingsYoung people make use of various ‘tactics’ to keep using drugs and evade law enforcement, even as drug use itself is a tactic in their everyday lives. A sense of hypocrisy and injustice, borne of their own experiences, informs their view of law enforcers, whom they call kalaban (enemy). They feel they are being unfairly targeted, but in their view, this danger is just part of the perils of their everyday lives. ConclusionYoung men’s resort to various tactics speaks of an agency that is often ignored in public discourses. Their ‘lay assessments of risks’ and experience-based perceptions of law enforcement raises questions about the efficacy of fear-based anti-drug campaigns. Overall, the study offers an ethnographic argument against the punitive methods being employed by the Philippines, and for measures that reframe the relationship between police and young drug users − from hostility to trust.

Left-Right Orientation and Electoral Choices: Divergences in the Relationships With Authority and Out-Groups.

New political parties and movements have recently grown across Europe. These parties often state their distance from the classic left-right juxtaposition, even if their voters still place themselves in the left-right continuum. The aim of the present research was to focus on the Italian political context and to analyze differences between left of center and right of center self-positioned people on attitudes concerning authority-individual and intergroup relationships. The results confirm the hypotheses. Left of center voters have lower attitudes of authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, prejudice, and ethnocentrism; they are less supportive of harsh punitive methods toward delinquents; and attach more importance to democratic values as compared with right of center voters. These differences are significant also considering voters within the same party. Although participants have declared they vote for the same party/movement, the voters who place themselves on the left of center indeed appear to have different views from those on the right of center, as concerns the relationship with authority and attitudes toward minorities.

Taking the Pulse: perceptions of crime trends and community safety and support for crime control methods in the Canadian Prairies

The present study analyzed crime survey data extracted from the 2012 Saskatchewan Taking the Pulse survey on a sample of 1,700 adult Saskatchewan residents. The focus was on examining perceptions of crime trends, perceived effectiveness of various methods for controlling crime, and their sociodemographic correlates. The majority of survey respondents perceived crime in general to be on the rise (37%) or to have not changed at all (48%) over the last three years. Individuals who perceived crime to have decreased were significantly more likely to support alternatives to punishment as effective methods for reducing crime, while individuals who perceived crime to be on the rise were twice as likely to support the use of punitive methods. Perceptions of community safety were unrelated to preference for one crime reduction method over another. Education level was inversely related to crime trend perceptions (r = -.14) and preference for punitive methods to reduce crime (r = -.20). Finally, the results of logistic regression indicated higher levels of education, higher income, and perceptions of crime decreasing were all uniquely associated with a preference for alternatives to punishment in reducing crime. In these analyses, younger age was predictive of a preference for alternatives in reducing youth crime, while urban residential setting was associated with a preference for alternatives to punishment in reducing crime in general.

Methods of parental treatment and its relation to educational achievement among middle school students at Harun Al-Rashid School in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: أساليب المعاملة الوالدية وعلاقتها بالتحصيل الدراسي لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في مدرسة هارون الرشيد بمنطقة جازان- السعودية

The study aimed to identify the relationship between the methods of parental treatment as understood by the children and the academic achievement in the middle school students in Jazan region in Saudi Arabia. The study sample consisted of 40 students in the second grade at Haroun Al - The results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship at the level of (0.01α =) between the methods of treatment of the father (punitive method - withdrawal of love - guidance and guidance). ) And academic achievement The results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship at the level of (0.01α =) between the methods of treatment of the mother (punitive method - withdrawal of love - guidance and guidance) and the educational achievement of children, and the results of the study showed no significant differences at the level Significance (0.05α =) between parental treatment methods (punitive method - withdrawal of love - guidance and guidance) in total between parents.

Unravelling dominance in dogs

Aggression is the canine behaviour most likely to lead to relinquishment or euthanasia. Understanding how dogs socially interact and manage conflict is therefore of particular importance to veterinary professionals. Traditional approaches to the prevention and management of canine aggression advocated owners assert themselves as ‘pack leader’ through routine control of all resources and correction of any perceived challenge for them. At its most extreme this included physical punishment and steps to inhibit any initiative by the dog, including free movement and social interaction. The theory evolved from early to mid 20th century research into captive wolf behaviour, embellished by subsequent generations of dog trainers and behaviourists. However, more recent research into the behaviour of non-captive wolves and domesticated dogs, both in the home and living ferally, has brought the dominance theory into question. Perhaps more importantly, progress in the fields of animal welfare and training have highlighted ethical concerns and risks associated with the punitive methods of handling and training recommended by advocates. Modern approaches to modifying and managing the behaviour of the domestic dog use scientific principles to understand the motivation for their behaviour. Change is then facilitated through management of triggers, changing the dog's emotional response to them and manipulating things the dog wants, to encourage preferred behaviour.

A Comparative Study of Punishment in Buddhist and Western Educational Psychology

This paper aims to offer a comparative examination of punishment methods in Buddhist and western education psychology. The Buddhist concept of punishment is more humanistic than punishment in criminology and in western educational psychology. Although the concept ‘punishment’ in western education psychology is somewhat similar to its Buddhist counterpart, I argue there are some lessons that can be taken from Buddhist psychology to direct punishment theories in western psychology towards a more humanistic approach. Most of mental punishments used in western psychology can identify in Buddhist psychology too. Therefore, it can be argued that some punitive methods in western psychology were not newly introduced by western psychologists. When conducting this research, it is expected to do it from critical and analytical perspectives in combination with descriptive and explanatory methods from the study of teachings in Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya pitaka. Furthermore, research works of previous scholars are examined as secondary sources to direct the research paper towards a more critical approach. This research would contribute to the enhancement of the knowledge of teachers, principals, curriculum developers, theory makers and psychologists, at both practical and theoretical level, to use punishment in a proper way and improve the quality of education while children receive and prevent them from dropping out of school.

Teachers’ Perceptions on Social Skills and Problematic Behavior

The aim of this study is to examine the teachers’ perceptions of social skills, problematic behavior and discipline in the school environment. It describes the teachers’ perceptions on positive and negative behavior, and management intervention strategies with the use of rewards, praise, implementation of specific techniques and sometimes punitive methods. Themost unique contribution of this study is the in-depth data that provide specific descriptions of the teachers’perceptions. Findings indicated that the teachers in this study tend to perceive themselves as strong influences in students’ behavior at school. They also perceived problematic behavior through disrespectful actions during the lesson. As for a positive discipline used school wide, teachers reported not having one, and the only way of discipline was individual inside the classroom and dependable on the situation, which sometimes was managed with punitive interventions. In addition, teachers were unfamiliar with education programs that provide training on positive interventions to change problematic behaviors. Lastly, meeting teachers’ training needs for implementation of Positive Discipline and use of positive strategies of interventions recommended. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n2p125

Policy Statement on the Incarceration of Undocumented Migrant Families: Society for Community Research and Action Division 27 of the American Psychological Association.

Policy Statement on the Incarceration of Undocumented Migrant Families: Society for Community Research and Action Division 27 of the American Psychological Association.

Potential implications of research on genetic or heritable contributions to pedophilia for the objectives of criminal law.

In recent years, there has been increasing scientific research on possible genetic or heritable influences to the etiology of pedophilia, driven by national and public concerns about better understanding the disorder in order to reduce children's vulnerabilities to pedophilic and child sex offenders. This research has corresponded to growing academic dialogue on how advances in genetic research, especially concerning the causes and development of particular mental disorders or behaviors, may affect traditional practices of criminal law and how the justice system views, manages, and adjudicates different types of criminal behavior and offenders. This paper strives to supplement this dialogue by exploring several of the many possible effects and implications of research surrounding genetic or heritable contributions to pedophilia for the five widely accepted objectives that enforce and regulate the punishment of criminal law. These include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. Although still currently in early stages, genetic and heritability research on the etiology of pedophilia may have the potential moving forward to influence the current and established punitive methods and strategies of how the justice system perceives, adjudicates, regulates, and punishes pedophilic and sex offenders, as well as how to best prevent sexual offending against children by pedophilic offenders in the future.

Кавказ в конце XIX – начале XX в.: проблемы управления и модернизации на южной окраине Российской Империи

The study is based both on previously published and unpublished archival documents. The article refers to a variety of materials from federal, regional and college archives. The article is devoted to problems of administration and education development on the southern outskirts of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. That was a time of systemic crisis in the Caucasus. The revolution of 1905–1907 and the intensification of insurgent groups’ activity created a situation where the Russian Empire risked losing the Caucasus. Many deficiencies in the work of administrative institutions and the decrease in the pace of modernization aggravated the situation. It was already in the late 19th century that the representatives of the regional administration pointed to the crisis in the Caucasus. The Russian Empire faced problems of war in the Caucasus again, and to overcome the crisis a Caucasian Viceroyalty was established. The Caucasian Viceroy received a number of administrative privileges. In this regard, the Caucasian Viceroyalty was an attempt to escape from the Empire for the sake of the Imperial interests. The ruling elite of in the capital of the Empire was against the return to the vicegerency which was most severely criticized by Chairman of the Committee and the Council of Ministers S. Yu. Witte, who almost succeeded in achieving the abolition of vicegerency in December, 1905. Primarily, the Russian administration needed to find effective ways of combating units of abreks (outlaws expelled by their tribes). The most dangerous enemy of the Russian administration in the region was the legendary abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev. His popularity and prosperity undermined the authority of the official rulers. Soon Caucasian Viceroy I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov proved it was impossible to resist the instability by means of punitive methods alone. The Viceroy proposed a reform programme to alleviate the situation. An important part of the reforms was the development of education. However, the lack of funds did not allow for its systematic implementation. Thus, the problem of complex modernization of the Caucasus did not receive a full solution. The Caucasus remained a problematic region of the Russian Empire. Overall, it may be stated that the Romanovs’ policy in the Caucasus was one of half accomplished measures and half passed ways.

The relationship between officer orientation and supervision strategies in community corrections.

Community corrections (i.e., probation and parole) officers play a crucial role within criminal justice agencies: They have the onerous task to balance the competing demands of rehabilitating offenders while protecting the community. Field studies have suggested that officers' effectiveness depends, in part, on the relative emphasis they place on these demands (i.e., their orientation toward their roles). However, the extent to which officers' orientations toward rehabilitation versus community safety affect their decisions for individual offenders is not clear. We examined the relationship between officer attitudes and supervisory decisions using a quasi-experimental design. In the first stage of the study, we revised a promising measure of officers' role orientation. In the second stage, we examined the revised scale's psychometric properties, and tested how officers' self-reported orientations related to the strategies they used in hypothetical supervision scenarios. The majority of officers reported a balanced approach of control and support, whereas 29.7% reported a preference for one over the other. Regardless of self-reported orientation, officers approached supervision with similar strategies for an offender's first incident of noncompliance, but when an offender showed continued noncompliance, both officers who emphasized control and those who emphasized a balanced approach toward supervision were more likely to use punitive methods to gain compliance than officers who reported emphasizing rehabilitation. This research furthers our understanding of the relationship between self-reported orientation and supervision strategy. Findings will inform agencies' selection and training of community corrections officers. (PsycINFO Database Record

Entre a criação e a obediência: a judicialização invade a escola

O artigo pretende problematizar as relações e as práticas vinculadas à escola, as quais têm sido marcadas por uma lógica judicializante. Para isso traz exemplos de casos recentes, em que nos deparamos com discursos que demandam mais controle, mais vigilância e, nesta lógica, mais punição. Sob o pretexto de defender a educação de qualidade, os códigos de conduta e o respeito ao professor, as situações descritas exemplificam muitas práticas, na sociedade e nas escolas, que contribuem para alimentar a racionalidade que considera o poder judiciário a instância por excelência onde as dificuldades e os conflitos escolares devem ser resolvidos. O texto alerta para a necessidade de não encararmos os problemas escolares como ameaça à existência da própria escola, mas analisarmos os processos instituídos e problematizarmos as práticas que buscam prevenir condutas desviantes através de discursos moralizantes e de métodos punitivos. Neste sentido, defende a construção de alternativas para estes problemas através da participação dos sujeitos que habitam a escola, pois a potencialização de professores, alunos e demais agentes institucionais possibilitará que as escolas se transformem em espaços para a ampliação dos modos de existência.

Punitive Limb Amputation

Limb amputation has been carried out through the ages as a punitive method in various parts of the world. This article highlights the historical and societal background associated with the use of punitive limb amputation. We performed an extensive electronic search of the pertinent literature augmented with a hand-search of additional sources. Evidence for punitive amputation is available as early as the court of the Babylonian Code of King Hammurabi (circa 1750 Before the Common Era [BCE]), which imposed punitive limb amputations on slaves who used force against free citizens. Other reports provided evidence that punitive amputation was used as early as the 4th century BCE in ancient Peru. Limb amputation restored law and order during the Roman and Byzantine periods. Amputation as a punitive instrument prevailed in Europe throughout the 17th century. During the Enlightenment, the intellectual movement in Europe approached criminal law from a humanistic perspective, incorporated it into societal practice, and promoted its preventive dimensions. Punitive limb amputation still exists in several Arab and African countries. Amputation as a punitive or correctional method has its roots in old civilizations. It has been used through the ages in various parts of the world. While it has been abandoned in modern western societies, punitive amputation is still used in several third-world countries.

Osmanlı Devleti Arnavutçayı Yasakladı mı?

Language planning (planning status) have to do in front of the states are basically two options: 1) Assimilationist strategy 2) Official bilingualism / multilingualism strategy. An assimilationist attitude towards minorities is often prohibitive and punitive methods states can use to adopt. In this study, based on archival documents were discussed, and a comparative analysis of practices in the Ottoman Empire. Albanian Ottoman Empire in the historical record of that provision has not been banned. Albanian Arabic letters have been written and spoken. Encountered in the document libraries belonging to the banned Albanian expressions are forbidden for him to be transformed into the Latin alphabet. This prohibition also, in recent times and continue being able to maintain the existence of the Ottoman Empire should be regarded as reflex. Because of the Albanian Arabic to use the Latin into advocates the use Christian missionaries. In this way the Ottomans and then been working to undermine. These are the beginning of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, who have their own annex Austria's church came. As a natural religion of the Ottoman Empire, this had to defend itself against the imperial expansion. In addition, the main sticking point between the Albanians, in fact, a common alphabet of understanding about. No doubt that the opening of schools in Albanian Albanian-language books in the presence of interference required. As news documents, and the problem grew steadily between Albanians and international outbreaks, especially foreign missionaries were unfounded propaganda and manipulation deepened divisions between the Albanians.

Proposing an Indigenous Nigerian Folktale Therapy as a Counselling Model for Character Training and Behaviour Change among School Children

Using the Yoruba race of Nigeria as fulcrum for the study, this paper examines the universality and didactic significance of archetypes in African folklore. The authors contend that Africa folklore, by virtue of its highly moralizing and didactic elements made possible by an embedded commonality of instructive archetypes, offers a lifeline that counsellors andpsychologists can use in combating the moral decay in the Nigerian society. Based on this premise the paper goes on to present a counselling model for character training and behaviour change through the use of an indigenous Nigerian Folktale Therapy (I.N.F.T). The model is a response to the needed paradigm shift in the counterproductive traditional punitive method of combating undesirable behaviours that seem to have become rampant currently in Nigerian society. This model could indeed serve as springboard for adaptation in other African settings which are very rich infolklores.Keywords · Folktale · Therapy · Counselling psychology

The Punitive Repertoire of Children's Homes and Reformatories

Both in the Scandinavian countries and elsewhere, inquiries have been carried out into the treatment children in out-of-home care received in our recent past. Based on inquiries made in Norway, the author describes and discusses the punitive repertoire in Norwegian children's homes and reformatories in the last half of the twentieth century. What methods of punishment were used? What was the ‘logic’ behind them? Were the methods exclusive to children's homes and reformatories, or could they be considered part of a ‘cultural reservoir’ of punitive practices that were circulated across institutional borders? In conclusion the author discusses the ambiguous cultural construction of children in the twentieth century and its possible implications for the punitive methods used on children, particularly corporal punishment.

Discipline Methods within the Israeli Education System: Arab and Jewish teachers’ Attitudes

Arab and Jewish teachers’ attitudes regarding punitive and non-punitive methods to correct students’ misbehaviour were examined. The study used data from 538 classroom teachers in Israel. Teachers’ attitudes are examined using the Dimensions of Discipline Inventory. The results revealed that teachers highly approve the use of non-punitive discipline methods. Still, many teachers supported the use of punitive discipline methods to correct students’ misbehaviour. Punitive discipline methods were more supported by Arab teachers compared to Jewish teachers, especially when the violence was directed toward a teacher. These results may reflect teachers’ lack of knowledge; many teachers use corporal punishment and other punitive discipline methods because they lack the alternative skills and tools to deal with students misbehaviour. Hence, it is essential to help teachers cope effectively with difficult situations without resorting to violence. Training opportunities for teachers in Israel and other countries need to be expanded.