Punitive Approach Research Articles

Falling for Social Engineering: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Engineering Policy Recommendations

The current study examines recommendations for addressing organizational members who fall prey to social engineering as a matter of organizational policy through a qualitative analysis of interviews with organizational IT security administrators, IT security auditors, and social engineers. The results of this analysis indicate that participants had an aversion to punitive approaches to security failures. Instead, they tended to favor education as a more pragmatic and humane solution. Others argued that emphasis should be given to rewarding positive security behavior over punishing lapses. Few participants contended that there is a time and place for harsher sanctions but generally only for repeat offenders. Implications for security policy, deterrence theory, and reintegrative shaming theory are considered.

Young people and adult stakeholders' reflections on how school staff should support students who self-harm: A qualitative study.

Self-harm is a significant public health issue affecting school communities, students, and families. The school is an ideal environment for early intervention and prevention. This study aimed to explore the views of young people and stakeholders on how school staff should support students who self-harm in the context of developing accessible and acceptable guidelines. The study was nested within a larger Delphi study conducted in New Zealand. Two panels were asked to provide reflection in open text boxes in two questionnaires on how school staff can support students who self-harm. The youth panel included 22 participants between 16 and25 years, and 81.8%identified as female and 18.3% as male. The stakeholder panel (e.g., school staff) included 27 participants over 25 years, and 63.0%identified as female, and 37.0%as male. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes. Eight themes were identified; (1) an approach that prioritizes trust, (2) an approach that recognizes students'agency, (3) an individually tailored approach, (4) a whole-school approach, (5) an approach that recognizes role boundaries, (6) an approach that prioritizes safety, (7) a nonpunitive approach, and (8) an appropriately-resourced approach. The eight themes identified highlighted ineffective practices in response to self-harm in schools. The eight themes provide solutions to these practices. Our findings highlighted four recommendations that address ineffective management approaches in response to students who self-harm. These recommendations included using a student-centered approach, a whole-school approach, avoiding punitive approaches, and providing adequate resourcing to schools.

The role of patients in the governance of a sustainable healthcare system: A scoping review.

Patients, healthcare providers and insurers need a governance framework to establish the ‘rules of use’ to deliver more responsible use of services. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of frameworks and analyze the definitions of patient accountability to identify themes and potential gaps in the literature. Fifteen bibliographic databases were searched until July 2021. This included: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Web of Science, HealthSTAR, Scopus, ABI/INFORM Global, Cochrane Library, ERIC, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Sociological s, Worldwide Political Science s and International Political Science s. Searches were also completed in Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria included articles focused on accountability of patients, and exclusions included articles that were not available, not written in English, with missing information, and commentaries or editorials. In total, 85530 unique abstracts were identified, and 27 articles were included based on the inclusion criteria. The results showed that patient accountability is rarely used and poorly defined. Most studies focused on what patients should be held to account for and agreed that patients should be responsible for behaviours that may contribute to adverse health outcomes. Some studies promoted a punitive approach as a mechanism of enforcement. Most studies argued for positive incentives or written agreements and contracts. While many studies recognized the value of patient accountability frameworks, there was a concern that these frameworks could further exacerbate existing socioeconomic disparities and contribute to poor health-related behaviours and outcomes (e.g., stigmatizing marginalized groups). Shared models of accountability between patients and healthcare providers or patients and communities were preferred. Before committing to a patient accountability framework for improving patient health and sustaining a healthcare system, the concept must be acceptable and reasonable to patients, providers, and society as a whole.

Policing Pot: State-Level Cannabis Arrests Increase Perceived Risks and Costs but Not Use.

Legal sanctions are purported to play a role in cannabis use and related consequences. General models of deterrence suggest that increases in arrests should decrease consumption by heightening perceptions of the negative consequences of use as well as the likelihood and severity of penalties. The present study examined if arrests resulting from cannabis possession relate to cannabis consumption, perceptions of use, and likelihood and severity of related penalties. Combining data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health with the FBI Uniform Crime Report (2002-2013) allowed for the estimation of a series of fixed- effects models that compare rates of arrests and perceived risks of aggregate rates of self-reported use at the state-level over time. Forty-nine states reported data (N = 592 state-years). Cannabis-related arrest rates (ratio of possession arrests for state/state population times 1,000) ranged from 0.04 - 5.63. Increases in cannabis-related arrests were associated with heightened perceptions of risk from use (b = .80 [-.16, 1.8], p < .05); but this association was non-significant in the model omitting states that legalized recreational cannabis in 2012. Arrests related to greater perceptions of the severity of potential penalties, including community service (b = .54 [.24, .85], p < .05), probation (b = .85 [.44, 1.3], p < .001), and prison sentences (b = .25 [.02, .5], p < .05). Arrest rates were not associated with cannabis use (b = -.25 [-.52, .05], p > .05) or the proportion of new initiates (b = -.02 [-.08, .05], p > .05). We conclude that increased arrests are associated with perceptions of negative consequences and penalty but appear unrelated to actual use. This study highlights the need to re-examine the utility of punitive approaches to reduce the public health burden posed by substance use.

Sexism in the silences at Australian Universities: Parental leave in name, but not in practice

AbstractUnequal distribution of child rearing and domestic responsibilities between parents contributes to gender inequity, a wicked problem in Australia. Inequitable parental leave policies at Australian public Universities place the burden of care squarely on the mother, diminishing or absenting the father. We examine how the gendered nature of the existing policies are constructed in ways that create inequities and discourage their uptake. A post‐structural feminist lens provides us with a theoretical vantage point from which this wicked problem can be problematized. We present three recommendations for enabling more equitable outcomes for parents. The first is to eradicate the punitive approach and support flexibility; second, the policies must be parental leave in name, provision and practice; and finally we recommend a minimum parental leave standard for Australian universities nationally. These findings have policy‐level significance for redressing parental leave inequity within the Australian university context. The paper concludes with theoretical contributions, practical implications, and suggestions for future research.

Duterte's “War on Drugs” Rhetoric

Duterte's “War on Drugs” Rhetoric

988 is Coming, But Most Localities Still Not Prepared

988 is Coming, But Most Localities Still Not Prepared

The not-so-hidden partisan politics of community policing: Community police meetings in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Community policing promises to foster collaboration between police and citizens, strengthen social cohesion, and address the root causes of crime and disorder. In order to understand why it often fails to achieve this, we argue that scholars should recognize community–police meetings as sites of dynamic, multi-scalar political contestation and pay closer attention to the not-so-hidden partisan struggles that shape them. Our empirical analysis focuses on Buenos Aires, Argentina. Based on ethnographic observation of 30 community–police meetings and interviews with 50 politicians, police officers, activists, and everyday citizens, we explain how higher-order partisan contests influenced the dynamics and outcomes of local meetings. We show how these meetings exacerbated social schisms, reified ideological differences between competing parties, and galvanized support for the City Government’s “law and order” policies. Our results suggest that local participation sometimes reinforces the punitive approaches to urban problems that community policing originally aimed to transcend.

한국사회의 갈등과 통합*

Conflict is a universal phenomenon that exists in all societies regardless of the times or places. However, excessive conflict beyond the critical point has been recognized as a serious threat to a society, and measures of social integration have been devised in order to resolve the social conflict. Korean society, which has experienced numerous conflicts due to sharp ideological confrontation under the Cold War, side effects of compressed industrialization, partisan governance, and closed cultural traditions, has recently shifted to a worrisome state referred to as a "conflict republic" due to rising social uncertainties and class disparity. This paper comprehensively analyzes this current condition in terms of social anxiety as a background factor, social inequality as a causal factor and social conflict as a consequential factor, and discusses social integration measures to resolve the conflict from various viewpoints. Until now, a punitive approach based on retribution justice, a welfare approach based on distributional justice, and an inclusive approach based on recognition justice have been widely known as effective solutions to social conflict. From this study, however, it is turned out that the recent social conflict in Korea, worsening to an extreme form like a state of a war, is able to enter a path of harmonious integration only when a reconciliation approach resting on restorative justice is combined.

Completing the Circle: Linkages Between Restorative Practices, Socio-Emotional Well-Being, and Racial Justice in Schools

Mounting evidence demonstrates that exclusionary discipline practices like suspensions and expulsions have long-term negative socio-emotional, behavioral, and academic consequences for the students who experience them, with evidence of spill-over effects for nonexcluded students. Restorative practice has emerged as a promising alternative to punitive discipline approaches, yet evidence is mixed on whether it can improve academic outcomes or curb racial disparities in school discipline. In a new conceptual model, we argue that the full potential of restorative practice can only be reached when it is (a) operationalized more directly within a socio-emotional framework; (b) responsive to more significant mental health needs; and (c) informed by a multifaceted understanding of how racism contributes to discipline disparities, both directly through interpersonal biases and indirectly through structural oppression. A revised conceptual model based on evidence from the broader literature, original data analyses, and pilot intervention results is advanced.

Impact of prenatal substance use policies on commercially insured pregnant females with opioid use disorder

IntroductionStates' approaches to addressing prenatal substance use are widely heterogeneous, ranging from supportive policies that enhance access to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment to punitive policies that criminalize prenatal substance use. We studied the effect of these prenatal substance use policies (PSUPs) on medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment, including buprenorphine, naltrexone, and methadone, psychosocial services for SUD treatment, opioid prescriptions, and opioid overdoses among commercially insured pregnant females with OUD. We evaluated: (1) punitive PSUPs criminalizing prenatal substance use or defining it as child maltreatment; (2) supportive PSUPs granting pregnant females priority access to SUD treatment; and (3) supportive PSUPs funding targeted SUD treatment programs for pregnant females. MethodsWe analyzed 2006–2019 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters data. The longitudinal sample comprised females aged 15–45 with an OUD diagnosis at least once during the study period. We estimated fixed effects models that compared changes in outcomes between pregnant and nonpregnant females, in states with and without a PSUP, before and after PSUP implementation. ResultsOur analytical sample comprised 2,438,875 person-quarters from 164,538 unique females, of which 13% were pregnant at least once during the study period. We found that following the implementation of PSUPs funding targeted SUD treatment programs, the proportion of opioid overdoses decreased 45% and of any OUD medication increased 11%, with buprenorphine driving this increase (13%). The implementation of SUD treatment priority PSUPs was not associated with significant changes in outcomes. Following punitive PSUP implementation, the proportion receiving psychosocial services for SUD (12%) and methadone (30%) services decreased. In specifications that estimated the impact of criminalizing policies only, the strongest type of punitive PSUP, opioid overdoses increased 45%. ConclusionOur findings suggest that supportive approaches that enhance access to SUD treatment may effectively reduce adverse maternal outcomes associated with prenatal opioid use. In contrast, punitive approaches may have harmful effects. These findings support leading medical organizations' stance on PSUPs, which advocate for supportive policies that are centered on increased access to SUD treatment and safeguard against discrimination and stigmatization. Our findings also oppose punitive policies, as they may intensify marginalization of pregnant females with OUD seeking treatment.

Implementation of maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR) in humanitarian settings: insights and experiences of humanitarian health practitioners and global technical expert meeting attendees

BackgroundMaternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR) is a system of identifying, analysing and learning lessons from such deaths in order to respond and prevent future deaths, and has been recommended by WHO and implemented in many low-and-middle income settings in recent years. However, there is limited documentation of experience with MPDSR in humanitarian settings. A meeting on MPDSR in humanitarian settings was convened by WHO, UNICEF, CDC and Save the Children, UNFPA and UNHCR on 17th–18th October 2019, informed by semi-structured interviews with a range of professionals, including expert attendees.Consultation findingsInterviewees revealed significant obstacles to full implementation of the MPDSR process in humanitarian settings. Many obstacles were familiar to low resource settings in general but were amplified in the context of a humanitarian crisis, such as overburdened services, disincentives to reporting, accountability gaps, a blame approach, and politicisation of mortality. Factors more unique to humanitarian contexts included concerns about health worker security and moral distress. There are varying levels of institutionalisation and implementation capacity for MPDSR within humanitarian organisations. It is suggested that if poorly implemented, particularly with a punitive or blame approach, MPDSR may be counterproductive. Nevertheless, successes in MPDSR were described whereby the process led to concrete actions to prevent deaths, and where death reviews have led to improved understanding of complex and rectifiable contextual factors leading to deaths in humanitarian settings.ConclusionsDespite the challenges, examples exist where the lessons learnt from MPDSR processes have led to improved access and quality of care in humanitarian contexts, including successful advocacy. An adapted approach is required to ensure feasibility, with varying implementation being possible in different phases of crises. There is a need for guidance on MPDSR in humanitarian contexts, and for greater documentation and learning from experiences.

Reducing the Use of Segregation for People with Serious Mental Illness

This study, using data from a state correctional agency, examines the use of segregation for people with serious mental illness in prisons. Our investigation shows deviations from departmental policy regarding the housing of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI); frequent use of segregation as a response to self-harm episodes and suicide attempts; and that people determined to be most impaired by a serious mental illness were typically placed in segregation. These findings suggest that correctional staff need to decouple disciplinary actions and responses from mental health symptoms, and avoid a punitive approach to incidents of self-harm or suicidality.

Criminalization of femicide in Latin America: Challenges of legal conceptualization

The concept of femicide was created within the feminist theoretical field of studies influencing Law reform in Latin America. Eighteen countries throughout the region have criminalized femicide based on different legal provisions, in intimate and nonintimate relations. This article aims to provide a comparison of legal definitions of femicide as adopted in Latin American legal frameworks and to analyze the challenges of using law to give a name to the gender-based killings of women. The transition of the concept to law may partially impact its potential since other forms of gender-based violence may be hidden in a general clause of ‘gender prejudice’. It may also lead to restricted recognition in the legal system since traditionally this system operates in a conservative way wherein individual criminal liability has limitations in addressing institutional discrimination. Despite regional challenges, criminalization has contributed to raising social awareness on gendered killings. It has induced improvements in statistics and pushed for more attention on prevention policies and support for survivors and relatives. Nevertheless, current conservative movements tend to stress only the punitive approach and entail backlash on gender equality policies. This comparative study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the concept in the region.

Prenatal substance use policies and newborn health.

We study the effect of punitive and priority treatment policies relating to illicit substance use during pregnancy on the rate of neonatal drug withdrawal syndrome, low birth weight, low gestational age, and prenatal care use. Punitive policies criminalize prenatal substance use, or define prenatal substance exposure as child maltreatment in child welfare statutes or as grounds for termination of parental rights. Priority treatment policies are supportive and grant pregnant women priority access to substance use disorder treatment programs. Our empirical strategy relies on administrative data from 2008 to 2018 and a difference‐in‐differences framework that exploits the staggered implementation of these policies. We find that neonatal drug withdrawal syndrome increases by 10%–18% following the implementation of a punitive policy. This growth is accompanied by modest reductions in prenatal care, which may reflect deterrence from healthcare utilization. In contrast, priority treatment policies are associated with small reductions in low gestational age (2%) and low birth weight (2%), along with increases in prenatal care use. Taken together, our findings suggest that punitive approaches may be associated with unintended adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that supportive approaches may be more effective for improving perinatal health.

Prisons in Anglophone Cameroon: Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Prisoners

The Prison Service in British Southern Cameroons had a constitutional mandate to provide rehabilitation programmes with the goal of transforming the conduct and welfare of prisoners. To deliver this mandate, the Prison Service this article explores the transformation and rehabilitation of prisoners in the British Southern Cameroons prison service which incorporates various types of social and economic activities. The main focus is on the rehabilitation programmes which existed within the prison service between 1922 and 1992. The changes in the laws which necessitated these activities as well as how the prisons were organised to carry out these very important activities are examined. Because of the need to instill inmates with skills and entrepreneurial capacities aimed at facilitating their re-insertion into the society, the correctional institutions moved away from a punitive approach to rehabilitation. This paper discusses the various innovative transformation and rehabilitation programmes that were implemented and designed to enhance the offender’s skills and to encourage their creativity and potentials. In collaboration with missionary societies and other agencies, the government rehabilitated prisoners through various programmes: skills development, psychological services, social work services, and spiritual care. The paper argues that while prisoners left the prison with development skills and knowledge that reduced reoffending and facilitated their reintegration into the community, the increasing number of inmates became over bearing on the resources that the government earmarked for the implementation of rehabilitation programmes.

A Gap in Culturally Responsive Classroom Management Coverage? A Critical Policy Analysis of States’ School Discipline Policies

A signature item that beleaguers most teachers is classroom management. Recognizing the futility of punitive classroom management within school discipline practices, Weinstein and colleagues forged culturally responsive classroom management (CRCM). While nearly 20 years of scholarship highlights the importance of teachers employing CRCM to reduce their reliance on punitive discipline approaches, which are disproportionally skewed against students of color, there exists a gap between educational research and educational policies concerning the use of CRCM in schools. We employed a critical policy analysis to determine the existence of CRCM in student code-of-conduct policies, across all 50 states. Our findings highlight an absence of CRCM in states’ policies, and limited support for the incorporation of CRCM in schools and school districts. Ultimately, an opportunity awaits stakeholders (teachers, school districts, education preparation programs, and policymakers) to reform educational policies and the tools teachers can employ to affirm and sustain students’ learning environments.

Zero tolerance to sexual harm in schools – from broken rules to broken systems

ABSTRACT In 2020, student disclosure of sexual harm through the website “Everyone’s Invited” reignited discussions of sexual harm in schools with many calling for “zero tolerance” approaches to sexual harm. This article considers the impact of zero tolerance policies drawing upon school policies and practices, coupled with students experiences. The article draws upon findings from a mixed-methods study conducted from 2018–2020 within four local authority areas in England: focus groups with staff and students, surveys with students and parents, case review, observations, and school self-assessments. Analysis evidenced that where schools drew on punitive and sanctions-based approaches these impacted student disclosure, limited staff decision making, and were not seen to be effective by students. Rather than zero tolerance policies, the findings evidence the need to: tackle environments where sexual harm is tolerated; consider systemic barriers to disclosure, and expand what justice means for responses to sexual harm in schools.

Enlighten me: teaching social justice in further and higher education by reclaiming philosophically liberal values – a social work education case study

ABSTRACT This article suggests that traditional, liberal values that comprise the broad value consensus of most western democracies may be at risk of erosion, especially in further and higher education settings. The factors that may be contributing to their devaluation include: the down-grading of belief in unique individualism and common humanity in favour of reified group identity, the erosion of the importance of ‘liberal science’ or a liberal definition of what constitutes knowledge, the supplanting of economic social justice concerns with identity matters, and the erosion of free speech. These developments are related to the promotion of a certain type of postmodern social justice critical theory, typified by critical race theory (CRT), and this article will explore their impact on education. Tenets of CRT, as espoused by mainstream writers, will be summarised and contrasted with liberal values to illustrate the concerns raised. In the example of social work education, the case is made that postmodern critical social work can be co-opted by ‘progressive neoliberalism’ and the punitive approach to ‘undeserving’ groups that this entails. Awareness of this concerning development is very important in the education of future professionals in any of the human services. The article concludes that liberal principles should be robustly reclaimed within social work and further and higher education more broadly.

Antibiotics and the Biopolitics of Sex Work in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT The advent of antibiotics transformed the global public health landscape, dramatically improving health outcomes. Drawing on historical and ethnographic research on sex work in Zimbabwe, we examine the role of antibiotics in the management of sexually transmitted infections among sex workers, from punitive colonial approaches to “empowerment”-based discourses. We illustrate how programs for sex workers, while valued by these women, are narrow, exclusionary, and enact a pharmaceuticalized form of governance that hangs on the efficacy of antibiotics. With antibiotics’ efficacy under threat, we consider how latent colonial logics are in danger of being reactivated to control both infections and women.