Punishment Strategies Research Articles

An Evaluation of Academic Integrity and Sustainable Quality Education in Higher Learning Institutions in Kenya: Students’ Perspectives

Education has been recognized globally as an essential weapon for attaining economic, social, and political development in any nation. Education is a fundamental tool in achieving sustainable development. Academic integrity is the act of honesty, trust, and responsibility that the academic community exhibits. Institutions of higher learning embrace an eminent institutional culture by providing quality assurance structures that take cognizance of the inputs, processes, and outputs of the entire learning process nurturing academic integrity. This is because academic integrity gives students and faculty the flexibility to develop new ideas, knowledge, and creative works while also appreciating and acknowledging others' efforts. This paper explored the question of academic integrity in the context of sustainable development in universities in Kenya. A mixed research approach and a cross-sectional design were adopted. A total of 550 respondents were approached for the study. The authors adopted primary and secondary data collection tools to collect data from undergraduate and postgraduate students using simple random sampling. They specifically analyzed documents and collected primary data on forms of academic integrity violation, ways of engaging in academic violations, punishment, and preventive strategies for academic violations. Well-defined strategies, information literacy programmes, ethical policies, good leadership, proper guidelines, mentorship, customized technology, and authentic assessment are seen to be catalysts for promoting academic integrity. While lack of proper strategies, weak policies, fear of failure, and insufficient mentorship inhibit academic integrity standards and practices which negatively influence the acquisition of relevant soft and hard skills needed in the industry. The authors developed an academic integrity framework for consideration by universities in Kenya and beyond. These findings may be used to support relevant policy development in academic institutions. Universities may also benefit by implementing or adapting the proposed academic integrity framework.

EXPLORING TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF TEACHING LEARNERS WITH ADHD IN SELECTED INCLUSIVE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF LUSAKA, ZAMBIA

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which causes functional impairment. The study explored teachers’ understanding of teaching learners with ADHD in Zambian inclusive primary schools. A descriptive design supported by qualitative approaches was used. The sample size involved 18 teachers of learners with ADHD, 9 learners with ADHD, 3 administrators, and 4 officials from the Ministry of Education. Homogeneous purposive sampling was used to select participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation checklists. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic and content analysis. The study revealed mixed views on teachers’ understanding of teaching learners with ADHD. Some teachers indicated that they adequately understood learners with ADHD due to sufficient knowledge to deal with learners, adequate training to deal with learners able to apply appropriate teaching methods, strategies, and techniques for learners, adequate exposure to handling learners, self-motivation to teach learners and ability to control the behaviours of the learners with ADHD. On the other hand, teacher participants indicated that they had limited understanding due to inadequate training in Special Education, teachers' inability to handle learners, insufficient use of appropriate teaching methods, strategies, and techniques for learners with ADHD, and their inability to control learners with ADHD. To address the challenges faced by teachers while teaching learners with ADHD, teachers employed strategies such as catch-up strategies, social and emotional support strategies, professional development strategies, and punishment strategies. The study recommends, upgrading teachers understanding and strategies to use in teaching learners with ADHD through teacher training; and capacity building in the form of CPD in schools.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0601/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A novel framework for photovoltaic energy optimization based on supply–demand constraints

Introduction: Distributed power supply has increasingly taken over as the energy industry’s primary development direction as a result of the advancement of new energy technology and energy connectivity technology. In order to build isolated island microgrids, such as villages, islands, and remote mountainous places, the distributed power supply design is frequently employed. Due to government subsidies and declining capital costs, the configured capacity of new energy resources like solar and wind energy has been substantially rising in recent years. However, the new energy sources might lead to a number of significant operational problems, including over-voltage and ongoing swings in the price of power. Additionally, the economic advantages availed by electricity consumers may be impacted by the change in electricity costs and the unpredictability of the output power of renewable energy sources.Methods: This paper proposes a novel framework for enhancing renewable energy management and reducing the investment constraint of energy storage. First, the energy storage incentive is determined through a bi-level game method. Then, the net incentive of each element is maximized by deploying a master–slave approach. Finally, a reward and punishment strategy is employed to optimize the energy storage in the cluster.Results: Simulation results show that the proposed framework has better performance under different operating conditions.Discussion: The energy storage operators and numerous energy storage users can implement master–slave game-based energy storage pricing and capacity optimization techniques to help each party make the best choices possible and realize the multi-subject interests of energy storage leasing supply and demand win–win conditions.

A crowdsourcing logistics solution based on digital twin and four-party evolutionary game

With the development of mobile Internet and the popularity of public online consumption, the scale expansion of the e-commerce industry has driven the continuous growth of logistics business, but the increase in order volume has brought pressure and challenges to the end of logistics and distribution, and the emergence of crowdsourcing logistics It provides a new path for alleviating the current logistics and transportation dilemma. The Digital Twin (DT) can virtualize and learn the data of the physical space, and introduce DT into the crowdsourcing logistics. It can iteratively update the crowdsourcing logistics participant strategy by constructing a virtual space, so as to change the corresponding strategy in time. Considering the situation of crowdsourcing logistics workers signing contracts with platforms and colluding with platforms, this paper constructs a four-party evolutionary game model of temporary workers, contract workers, blockchain-based crowdsourcing platforms and task requester, and analyzes the evolution using replication dynamics method stabilization strategy. In the virtual scene of DT, multi-agent reinforcement learning is used to predict the evolution result of the current strategy, and a reward and punishment strategy is given to prevent workers from free-riding and platform false reporting. The simulation results show that the analyzed evolutionary stability strategy can make the crowdsourcing logistics system run continuously and healthily, and the participants can adjust the strategy correctly according to the prediction results of virtual crowdsourcing logistics.

Analyzing The Impact Of Media Relation Strategy, Internal Organizational Relations, And Reward And Punishment Strategy On Company Performance

This study aims to investigate the impact of media relations strategy, internal organizational relations, and reward & punishment strategy on company performance. Employing a qualitative approach, the research utilizes in-depth interviews and document analysis as primary data collection techniques. A purposive sampling method is employed to select participants from various organizational levels within the target companies. Data analysis involves thematic coding and constant comparison to identify patterns and relationships among the variables. Preliminary findings suggest that an integrated approach to media relations, fostering positive internal organizational relationships, and implementing balanced reward & punishment systems positively influence company performance. The study contributes to the understanding of how strategic communication and organizational dynamics intersect to shape organizational outcomes.

Eco-evolutionary Logic of Mutualisms

Mutualistic interactions among members of different species are common, seemingly stable, and thus apparently enduring. This is at odds with standard mathematical models based solely on between-species interactions, which show mutualisms to be inherently unstable. Models incorporating parameters for punishment and reward strategies demonstrate that the range of conditions over which stability is observed can be extended; however, the role of community-level dynamics impacted by within-species interactions remains relatively unexplored. Here we develop a general and readily applicable approach for analysing a broad range of mutualisms. By incorporating within-species interactions, we show that mutualisms can be stably maintained across diverse environmental conditions without introducing changes to between-species interaction parameters. Further, a balance of within- and between-species interactions is sufficient to allow the persistence of mutualisms encountering ecological perturbations. Our simple and robust framework resonates with emerging empirical data highlighting the role of community-level interactions and population dynamics in maintaining mutualisms.

Predictions and rewards affect decision-making but not subjective experience.

To survive, organisms constantly make decisions to avoid danger and maximize rewards in information-rich environments. As a result, decisions about sensory input are not only driven by sensory information but also by other factors, such as the expected rewards of a decision (known as the payoff matrix) or by information about temporal regularities in the environment (known as cognitive priors or predictions). However, it is unknown to what extent these different types of information affect subjective experience or whether they merely result in nonperceptual response criterion shifts. To investigate this question, we used three carefully matched manipulations that typically result in behavioral shifts in decision criteria: a visual illusion (Müller-Lyer condition), a punishment scheme (payoff condition), and a change in the ratio of relevant stimuli (base rate condition). To gauge shifts in subjective experience, we introduce a task in which participants not only make decisions about what they have just seen but are also asked to reproduce their experience of a target stimulus. Using Bayesian ordinal modeling, we show that each of these three manipulations affects the decision criterion as intended but that the visual illusion uniquely affects sensory experience as measured by reproduction. In a series of follow-up experiments, we use computational modeling to show that although the visual illusion results in a distinct drift-diffusion (DDM) parameter profile relative to nonsensory manipulations, reliance on DDM parameter estimates alone is not sufficient to ascertain whether a given manipulation is perceptual or nonperceptual.

Collusion and predation under Cournot competition

This paper studies how predation strategies can affect the sustainability of collusion in a duopoly. Collusion may be sustained at equilibrium for intermediate discount factors. In such instances, predation implies that punishment strategies will yield low subgame perfect payoffs, thereby making collusion easier to sustain. For low discount factors, collusion is not sustainable because of the high incentives to deviate to Cournot–Nash strategies. Moreover, for high discount factors, it is always optimal to predate a colluding firm, thus contrasting with much of the earlier literature showing that collusion is only achievable by sufficiently patient firms.

Rank-Dependent Expected Utility Game Analysis of Public-Private Partnership Project Operation Supervision Considering the Influence of Emotion

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects have been widely adopted in infrastructure construction. Owing to the professional operation capabilities of private investors, PPP also serves as an efficient tool to optimize the operational efficiency of infrastructures while alleviating the government's financial pressure on the infrastructure provisions. Since the returns-chasing nature of private investors and information asymmetry lead to speculation, therefore government's operation supervision is critical for PPP projects. Meanwhile, the irrational and inevitable emotions of the government and investors exert a significant influence on their operation and supervision behaviors. Based on the influence of emotion on the decision-making behaviors of investors and government, an evolutionary game model of PPP operation supervision is developed from the perspective of rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) theory. Further, the effect of emotional factors on the choice of investors and government strategies are analyzed in the context of Nash equilibrium solutions under different emotional states; thereby, putting forward different suggestions for restraining the speculation of private investors. The study results indicate that the positive supervision strategy of severe punishment plays an imperative role in restraining investors' speculation, whereas emotional factors exhibit a significant influence on the game equilibrium strategy related to the PPP project's operation supervision. On the one hand, the probability of government authorities choosing an active supervision strategy becomes higher due to the increase in the emotion index; on the other hand, the probability of investors choosing active operation becomes higher due to the decrease in the emotion index. Thus, the government can reduce investors' speculation through strict supervision and increasing the optimistic perception of investors.

Democracy, firms, and cyber punishment: what cyberspace challenge do democracies face from the private sector?

ABSTRACTI explore four sets of explanations on what makes it hard for democracies to penalise hackers for their digital actions. My analysis reveals that of the four challenges, two are more compelling than the others. First, scholarship suggests that democracies seek to meet the expectation to comply with international rules of engagement and refrain from aggressive cyberspace behaviour. Second, some argue that democracies face strong challenge from constituents who fear escalation. My investigation shows that these challenges are less severe than the following two. First, democracies struggle with complications that arise out of particular interactions that private actors engage on their behalf. Second, democracies face pressure from firms that hesitate to be part of activities that cause legal and financial consequences. States may also hesitate when they anticipate lawsuits by victims and firms implicated in hostile actions. In sum, democracies struggle with punishment strategy not so much because of behavioural ethics or escalation fear as consequences of having technology firms involved in hostile operations.

STRATEGY FOR INTERNALIZATION OF THE VALUES OF THE BOOK OF ALALA IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS MORALS IN MADRASAH DINIYAH NURUL UMMAH PUTRI ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL YOGYAKARTA

Learning methods in teaching carried out by teachers are sometimes still not directed. Many students violate rules and norms, such as not respecting teachers and even considering teachers to be their own friends. Therefore, the study of the previous references solved this problem. The focus of this research is what values are contained in the Alala book. What is the strategy for internalizing the values of the Alala book in fostering the morals of students. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research type. Collecting data using the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis methods are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This results of this study indicate that the values contained in the Alala book are applied by students, namely, Knowledge Requirements, Virtue Knowledge, Maintaining Knowledge, Reaching Ideals, Exalting Teachers, Controlling Passions, Utilizing Time Well, Commands to Seek Knowledge. Meanwhile, the strategies for internalizing the values of the Alala book in fostering the morals of students are exemplary strategies, habituation strategies, advice strategies, story strategies and punishment strategies.

Time delays shape the eco-evolutionary dynamics of cooperation

We study the intricate interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes through the lens of the prisoner’s dilemma game. But while previous studies on cooperation amongst selfish individuals often assume instantaneous interactions, we take into consideration delays to investigate how these might affect the causes underlying prosocial behavior. Through analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that delays can lead to oscillations, and by incorporating also the ecological variable of altruistic free space and the evolutionary strategy of punishment, we explore how these factors impact population and community dynamics. Depending on the parameter values and the initial fraction of each strategy, the studied eco-evolutionary model can mimic a cyclic dominance system and even exhibit chaotic behavior, thereby highlighting the importance of complex dynamics for the effective management and conservation of ecological communities. Our research thus contributes to the broader understanding of group decision-making and the emergence of moral behavior in multidimensional social systems.

Maximum Limitation of Fines for Economic Crimes In Law Number 1 of 2023

Criminal law provisions in the colonial-era Criminal Code are no longer competent to uphold society’s sense of justice due to the emergence of more sophisticated crimes with a variety of modus operandi. By approving Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, the first steps toward reforming the criminal code were taken. One of the recently established law reforms has to do with the criminal justice system. In this study, the punishment scheme in Law Number 1 of 2023 will be identified and analyzed, as well as the effects of the law’s provision for maximum criminal sentences for economic offenses. This article’s study was conducted using a normative legal research methodology that included statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches. The study’s findings demonstrate that Law Number 1 of 2023 offers minimal and maximum protections against criminal risks, among them economic crimes. If the loss resulting from the offense exceeds the maximum fine that may be imposed, this rule may result in unfairness, especially for the victim. Additionally, because judges are not allowed to impose sentences that exceed the predetermined guidelines, the maximum punishment cap may lessen the deterrent effect on criminals.

Multi-player evolutionary game of federated learning incentive mechanism based on system dynamics

Federated learning has emerged as a new way of data sharing. The participants in the federation tend to choose different strategies based on their benefits, which is formalized into an evolutionary game model. Existing techniques can limit the malicious behavior of participants by detecting betrayers or weakening their influence. The problem that whether there is an incentive mechanism which makes participants spontaneously choose to cooperate honestly and maintains the stability of the federated learning system is urgent. In this paper, we develop a multi-player evolutionary game model in federated learning. We model the federated learning process by evaluating the payoffs of the central server, internal clients, and external clients. The stability of the federated learning system in the long-term dynamics process is assessed by seeking the evolutionarily stable equilibrium solutions. In this paper, mathematical reasoning and computer simulation are combined to analyze the impact of reward and punishment strategies in incentive mechanisms on the game process and game equilibrium. An incentive mechanism is designed to achieve evolutionarily stable equilibrium while make most clients join the federation spontaneously and cooperate honestly. Finally, the effectiveness, stability, and generalizability of this incentive mechanism are verified by sensitivity analysis and Lyapunov stability theory.

The impact of labor subsidy, taxation and corruption on individual behavior

In this study, the effects of labor subsidy, taxation, and corruption mechanism on individual behavior are examined within the context of the public goods game. A specific focus is placed on the investigation of how individuals can obtain labor subsidies through the implementation of reward and punishment strategies based on taxation. The findings reveal that a moderate labor subsidy value fosters stable alliances between cooperators and executors, effectively excluding defectors, and this system remains robust under high tax levels. Additionally, it is noted that only the incentive provided by the reward mechanism can facilitate the invasion of defectors. Intuitively, the presence of a corruption mechanism exerts minimal influence on the average level of individual behavior when executors receive increased labor subsidies.

Mowing the grass

Mowing the grass is a cyclical pattern in counterterrorism campaigns where governments attack to destroy terrorist capacity, thereby achieving a period of quiet as groups recover. If groups expect their capacity to be destroyed, why build their capabilities in the first place? I analyze an infinite-horizon dynamic game where a group endogenously builds capacity in the face of potential attacks and capacity is an evolving, persistent variable. The model highlights that terrorist groups and governments have incentives to create strategic uncertainty and thus explains attack cycles without punishment strategies, revenge preferences or imperfect/incomplete information. I calibrate the model to time-series data in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict describing rockets fired from Gaza. The results illustrate a peace-making dilemma: altering the government’s incentives will have comparatively minimal effects on long-term conflict dynamics, whereas changing the terrorists’ incentives to acquire capacity would either increase the frequency of high-capacity terrorism or government attacks.

Jurastuderende bag tremmer

AbstractSince 2016, Søbysøgård Prison and the Department of Law at the University of Southern Denmark (SDU) have partnered to offer the course »Crime, Punishment, and Crime Preventive Strategies.« The course is inspired by the Inside-Out Prison Exchange Program, which was established in the USA in 1997 and has spread to several countriessince then. The teaching is conducted at Søbysøgård Prison’s closed wing with the participation of 12 law students from SDU (outside students) and 12 incarcerated men at Søbysøgård Prison (inside students).In 2022, a total of 150 students had completed the course. The article describes students’ experiences with the coursebased on an analysis of student motivation applications, evaluations of the course, and teacher reflections. The research finds that the course extends students’ knowledge of criminal justice matters. In addition, the program appears to support critical thinking among students and transform problematic frames of references, whichresults in transformative learning. The article also reflects on the programme’s potential risks and benefits.

The Concept of Comprehensive Security as a Tool for Cyber Deterrence

Cyber deterrence is often studied from the point of view of deterrence by punishment or offensive cyber strategies. A vast amount of studies claim that deterrence in cyberspace can never be successful with cyber means alone due to technical challenges and the problem of attribution. Some scholars argue that cyber resilience is an essential part of cyber deterrence, since not every cyberattack can be countered. These reviews are usually technical and concentrate on investigating the balance of offensive and defensive cyber strategies. The technical view leaves gaps in the physical and cyber-persona layers of cyberspace. This paper examines resilience from a societal perspective and reflects on the findings of cyber deterrence theories. The Concept of Comprehensive Security (CCS) is a Finnish model for building and sustaining resilience in society. Preparation for disruptive situations is carried out with the operating principle of overall safety, where society´s vital functions are protected in collaboration between the authorities, the business world, organisations, and citizens. The growing importance of cyber security has led to emphasising the importance of cyber resilience in the Concept of Comprehensive Security. This study investigates the possibilities to utilize the CCS as a tool for cyber deterrence and aims to create a new perspective on the international academic discussion of cyber deterrence. The research method is content analysis. The investigated material consists of Finnish CCS documents, as well as academic cyber deterrence and cyber resilience literature. The characteristics of the CCS are compared to the factors found in the cyber deterrence material to answer the research question. The key observation presented in this study is that a comprehensive approach to building resilience in the society is essential for the credibility of cyber deterrence. Resilience in cyberspace should be viewed from the perspective of every layer, including logical, physical and cyber-persona layers.

Facilitating the evolution of cooperation through altruistic punishment with adaptive feedback

The stability and persistence of cooperation are often threatened by the selfish behavior of self-interested individuals. One possible solution to this problem is to punish self-interested individuals. However, previous research always assumes that the strength of punishment is constant and independent of the game environment, which does not align with many real-world situations. Hence, it remains unclear whether altruistic punishment strategy with adaptive feedback can promote the evolution of cooperation effectively. Here we introduce the punishment strategy with adaptive feedback into the public goods game and develop a coevolutionary game model where the strength of punishment is dynamically adjusted based on the level of cooperation in a population. We adopt a linear feedback form to characterize the impact of strategies on punishment intensity. Through theoretical analysis and numerical calculations, we identify an evolutionary oscillation dynamics, in which the system cycle between high-intensity and low-intensity punishment, as well as cooperation and defection behaviors. Furthermore, we find that a high level of cooperation can be sustained with the use of only a low-intensity punishment.

Evolutionary Game and Strategy Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction in Supply Chain Based on System Dynamic Model

At the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, China proposed the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. To investigate the impact of emission reduction behaviors of upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, this paper focuses on the influencing factors of the supply chain enterprises’ emission reduction decision-making. The study aims to explore the emission reduction behaviors of these enterprises in the context of China’s carbon trading market. Using the theory of system dynamics, an evolutionary game model was developed and simulated using AnyLogic software. The simulation analyzed the effects of carbon price, subsidies, and punishment strategies on the emission reduction decisions of supply chain enterprises, providing insights into their behavioral impact. The results demonstrate that punishment, subsidy intensity, and carbon price changes all influence the emission reduction decisions of upstream and downstream enterprises. Suppliers are more sensitive to carbon price, while manufacturers are more sensitive to subsidy intensity. Additionally, the closer the equilibrium carbon price, subsidy, and market are, the shorter the time for the emission reduction probability of both enterprises to stabilize. Therefore, it is recommended that supply chain companies increase their awareness of environmental responsibility and enthusiasm for green innovation, actively respond to the carbon trading system, improve their internal subsidy system, and promote green technology innovation.