Penalties For Violations Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Sistem Keamanan Lalu Lintas Menggunakan Smartphone Dan Esp32cam Berbasis Arduino Mega 2560

Lots of vehicle users who ignore this traffic light. Even though there are a lot of risks that are faced if you ignore traffic lights, for example accidents due to directly passing a red light while at another intersection there are vehicles that are speeding, congestion is getting worse due to the difficulty of vehicles from the opposite direction to move forward, and so on. At this time, penalties for traffic violators are still using civil and criminal penalties. The motorist community is currently still arbitrarily with civil and criminal penalties given if they violate traffic rules, one of which is if they pass a red light. Motorists who violate are given a penalty of paying a fine on the spot or given a ticket for further processing in court. However, this does not provide a deterrent effect for motorists, so they often violate the same thing. This tool consists of several main components, namely Android Smartphone, ESP32CAM, Infrared Sensor, RTC, LDR Sensor, 16x2 LCD, RGB LED, Buzzer, DFPlayer Mini, Speaker, Water Pump, Lamp, Arduino Mega 2560 and this tool is programmed using Arduino app.

The impact of penalties for environmental violations on corporate environmental responsibility

AbstractIdentifying firms' responses to the imposition of penalties for environmental violations in the context of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) is important to understand the impact of environmental penalties (EPs) and improve their design. Using a research sample consisting of Chinese listed firms in heavy polluting sectors from 2014 to 2020, we investigate whether and how penalties for environmental violations can affect subsequent CER engagement. The empirical results show that imposing one or more EPs on a firm has positive effects on the firm's subsequent CER practises. Our results remain robust after a series of tests. We also find that the role of EPs in promoting CER is more pronounced in firms that receive more media coverage, have weak political connections, and operate in less competitive industries. Further analysis shows that the dynamic effect of EPs on CER engagement persists at least 2 years after the imposition of the penalty and that EPs can stimulate CER practises through both symbolic and substantive actions.

The epidemiology of road traffic accidents and associated factors among drivers in Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia.

Data on the magnitude of road traffic accidents (RTAs) were mostly obtained through police records and hospital registration data. However, insufficient data reporting masked the gravity of the problem, and little attention was paid to the magnitude and correlation of road traffic accidents from the driver's perspective. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of RTA and related factors among drivers. A community-based cross-sectional study involving 316 drivers was conducted in Southern Ethiopia. The participants were chosen using a systematic random sample technique, and the data were obtained using an interview-administered structured questionnaire. To analyze the data, SPSS software (version 20) was employed. In addition to descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression analysis was also employed to find factors connected to traffic accidents. RTA factors were considered statistically significant if they had a P-value of 0.05 or below in the multivariate analysis. The RTA among drivers was 126 (39.9%) (95% confidence interval (CI): 34.2-45.6%) in the previous year. The following factors were associated with RTA: vehicle maintenance (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.96), media utilization (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.65), participation in driving-related training (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.91), punishment for prior traffic violations (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.83), and risky driving behavior (AOR = 7.89, 95% CI: 3.22, 12.38). Two-fifths of the drivers were involved in a traffic accident. Risky driving behaviors, vehicle maintenance, media usage, attending driving-related training in the previous 2 years, and prior experience with traffic police punishment or warning were all strongly linked to road traffic accidents. In light of these statistics, the Federal Ministry of Transport of Ethiopia and other stakeholders should support making it mandatory for drivers to check their vehicles' safety, provide them with safety training, raise awareness about vehicle maintenance and risky driving behaviors, and enforce strict penalties for traffic violations.

Run Time Assured Reinforcement Learning for Safe Satellite Docking

Reinforcement learning promises high performance in complex tasks as well as low online storage and computation cost. However, the trial-and-error learning approach of reinforcement learning could explore unsafe behavior in the search for an optimal solution. Run time assurance (RTA) approaches can be applied to monitor behavior and ensure safety constraint satisfaction during reinforcement learning. This paper investigates the effect of RTA on reinforcement learning training performance in terms of training efficiency, safety constraint satisfaction, control efficiency, task efficiency, and training duration. For the purposes of demonstration, a custom reinforcement learning environment is created where the objective is to develop a policy that moves a satellite into docking position with another satellite in a two-dimensional relative-motion reference frame. Six different policies are trained. The first features no RTA, the second features no RTA but a higher penalty for safety violations, and four others use different RTA techniques to enforce a dynamic velocity constraint during training. The trained policies are analyzed with standardized test points. It is shown that the policies trained without RTA do not learn to adhere to the constraint, whereas all policies trained with RTA do learn to adhere to the constraint. Although more complex RTA frameworks can be better for operational use, it is found that a simple RTA framework provides the best overall results for reinforcement learning training.

More than Meets One Core: An Energy-Aware Cost Optimization in Dynamic Multi-Core Processor Server Consolidation for Cloud Data Center

The massive number of users has brought severe challenges in managing cloud data centers (CDCs) composed of multi-core processor that host cloud service providers. Guaranteeing the quality of service (QoS) of multiple users as well as reducing the operating costs of CDCs are major problems that need to be solved. To solve these problems, this paper establishes a cost model based on multi-core hosts in CDCs, which comprehensively consider the hosts’ energy costs, virtual machine (VM) migration costs, and service level agreement violation (SLAV) penalty costs. To optimize the goal, we design the following solution. We employ a DAE-based filter to preprocess the VM historical workload and use an SRU-based method to predict the computing resource usage of the VMs in future periods. Based on the predicted results, we trigger VM migrations before the hosts move into the overloaded state to reduce the occurrence of SLAV. A multi-core-aware heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the placement problem. Simulations driven by the VM real workload dataset validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Compared with the existing baseline methods, our proposed method reduces the total operating cost by 20.9~34.4%.

공익신고와 취재원보호의 법적문제

The protection of reporters is a means to protect the freedom of the press, and the free circulation of information cannot be expected without the protection of the reporters. In addition, if the professional duty and conscience of a journalist are presupposed, the protection of reporters should be guaranteed. Theoretically, the protection of reporters guarantees free press coverage and, along with the protection of public interest whistle blowers, will serve as the basis for the development of democracy by monitoring authorities in power and satisfying the people's right to know. In this regard, the Code of Conduct for Journalism Ethics stipulates that the identity of a reporter should not be revealed if the safety of the reporter is in danger or there is a risk of being unfairly disadvantaged. In particular, crime-related reports require very thorough security for the identity of the informant as there is a possibility of secondary damage to the informant due to the disclosure of the identity of the informant. In addition, the protection of public interest whistle blowers is protected by the relevant laws, and there are penalties for violations. There are also views claiming that the scope of protection of sources is not limited to professional and professional media organizations and journalists, but rather broad protection in the free press process. Of course, this will have to be considered more carefully. It would be most effective to take legal action for the protection of sources. This is because it can guarantee their predictability between potential informants and media agencies. However, due to the nature of the Korean media, which shows problems such as abuse of anonymous reporting, sensationalism, and partisanship, it is also true that the law to protect reporters is sometimes criticized for their right to enjoy privileges. Even if there is no law on reporters, judicial administration should make efforts to protect reporters through the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitution.

The right to defence in proceedings in the case of a financial penalty being imposed for infringement of banking law by a supervisory authorities in Germany and Poland

The article aims to present the model of proceedings in the case of a financial penalty being imposed for infringement of banking law in Poland and Germany and verify whether the parties' right to defence is ensured. The above issue is extremely topical, especially in light of the number and amount of financial penalties imposed by banking supervisory authorities. The article's thesis assumes that the legal regulations in force in Poland and Germany make the indicated guarantee a reality. The article highlights the role of financial market supervisory authorities, whose activities, including the imposition of financial penalties, translate into the safety of the banking sector. Detecting and then sanctioning banking law violations motivates financial market participants not to commit such violations. First, based on an analysis of judicial decisions and international law norms, the criteria that an exemplary model implementing the principle of the right to defence should meet were established. On the other hand, the following part of the article compares the legal framework in Poland and Germany and verifies whether the legal provisions provide the parties with the guarantees in question when imposing a financial penalty for violations of banking law.

Multi-step migration of optical connections to minimize disruption time in flex-grid networks

Migration of optical connections in flex-grid networks has become increasingly necessary as the arrivals and departures of optical connection requests are more dynamic. To mitigate disruptions of existing connections during migration, former research applies the resource dependency digraph (RDD) model to allow for sequential migration of optical connections. In this paper, we argue that, in this RDD model, each connection has a quota of one migration step only and that this one-step-quota constraint can be safely lifted to accomplish even lower disruption time due to the greater degree of migration freedom. We consider the whole migration process to be composed of multiple lightpath assignment states, each of which is to be determined individually. We show that this consideration can drastically reduce disruption time and hence the ensuing service level agreement violation penalties, even when it is already minimized under the one-step-quota constraint. For that, we propose two mathematical models. The first model, namely, multi-step optical connection migration (MOCM), adopts a layer-based abstraction in which each lightpath assignment state is represented as a layer, and the transition between two consecutive layers constitutes a migration step. In the second model, namely, MOCM2, to improve the solution efficiency, we readopt the concept of RDD and integrate multiple RDDs into MOCM to further enable even larger migration freedom. This way, the transition between two consecutive layers may involve multiple so-called meta-migration steps. As a use case, the proposed approaches are applied to perform connection migration for spectrum defragmentation. The results show that our multi-step migration scheme notably reduces disruption time as compared with the one-step-quota RDD-based approaches.

Legal regulation in the field of arms control: forecast of future challenges

The purpose of the article is to find out and analyze the peculiarities of legal regulation in the sphere of control over the circulation of weapons and the specifics of state policy regarding the circulation of firearms in Ukraine. Effective national legislation is crucial for establishing appropriate offenses and penalties for violations of contractual obligations to develop, manufacture, possess, transfer or use prohibited weapons, as well as decommissioning, decontamination, and/or destruction of prohibited ammunition. Without appropriate regulations, a State is vulnerable to prohibited activities carried out on its territory without the ability to effectively prosecute and punish offenses. The methodological basis was the use of a number of methods: the logical method was used to formulate conceptual and categorical apparatus; the normative-dogmatic method was used to study the content of normative acts regulating this branch; the monographic method was used to study the works of foreign and domestic scientists; system-structural allowed to study the current state and prospects for improvement of legal regulation in the sphere of arms control; generalization method was applied to formulate the The results are presented through the author's study and comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of legal regulation in the sphere of control over arms circulation. In the course of the study, we formulated conclusions that focus on the current state of functioning of legislation in the sphere of control over the turnover of weapons and the prospects for its improvement and development.

Gradient symbolic representations in Harmonic Grammar

Gradient symbolic representations in Harmonic Grammar

Can directors’ and officers’ liability insurance improve corporate ESG performance?

Directors’ and Officers’ liability insurance (abbreviated as “D&O insurance”) was born in the United States in the 1930s and has been widely used in Western countries. In contrast, China introduced D&O insurance in 2002, and its development has been relatively slow. With the revision and improvement of Chinese regulatory laws and regulations, such as the new Securities Law in March 2020, which further regulates the obligations and responsibilities of corporate management, and increases the penalties for information disclosure violations of listed companies, the risk to directors and executives performing their duties is promoted. This makes D&O insurance the focus of China’s capital market, with huge potential for future development. Therefore, it is of urgent practical importance to study the impact of director liability insurance on corporate governance in China. At the same time, D&O insurance, as an effective risk management mechanism, has not yet reached a unified conclusion in the academic circles on its corporate governance effectiveness. On the one hand, D&O insurance may encourage directors and senior executives to be proactive to enhance the company’s market value by taking risks, and on the other hand, it may induce opportunistic behavior of managers and reduce the company’s value. Under the new development form, analyzing and researching the governance effect of D&O insurance from different angles will help to provide a theoretical basis for its further development and popularization in China’s capital market. Thus, using a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020, this study investigates the impact of D&O insurance on corporate ESG performance. The results show that D&O insurance significantly improves corporate ESG performance. Additional analysis suggests that the contribution of D&O insurance to ESG performance is achieved by improving independent director function-performing effectiveness and increasing corporate risk-taking. The findings of this paper have policy implications for a better understanding of the governance role of D&O insurance, encouraging companies to improve corporate ESG performance.

Promoting Digital Literacy for The Prevention of Risk Behavior in Social Media for Adolescents

This article examines the internet and social media which are increasingly used by the public, especially among teenagers. Through digital technology, people are constantly connected to each other. Along with the rise of various risky behaviors and crimes that use information technology, both as a means and a target. Based on doctrinal studies, the results show that regulations related to information technology and the internet have not yet reached digital platform providers in creating a secure digital space. Sanctions and penalties for law violations and crimes are only intended for social media users. Efforts to create a safe and civilized digital space are carried out through policy breakthroughs, both at the ministry level and law enforcement agencies. The vulnerability of adolescents to threats in the digital space needs to be overcome with the support of the family as the smallest unit of society, through strengthening digital literacy. Digital skills are expected to improve youth's ability to use the internet and social media for productive and useful activities. Digital literacy policies for teenagers are not only the responsibility of the state, but also the community, educators, and families.

Current Situation With Organ Donation and Transplantation in China: Application of Machine Learning

China ranks currently as one of the top countries for organ transplantation according to types, capacity, related research, quality, and quantity of procedures. However, the management systems struggle to support these practices. This study aims to review the current situation with organ donation and transplantation in China recently. Data about organ donation and transplantation was collected by using web crawler technology from several news sections of representative portal websites in China. A total of 3475 documents about organ donation and transplantation were analyzed after data preprocessing. The documents were analyzed using machine learning to find out the relationship among the hot topics and their social popularity as well as to explore the dominant subtopics of the hot topics. The results of weighted correlation network analysis and documents clustering analysis identified 9 topics about organ donation and transplantation in China with a wide discussion: transplantation ethics, donor compensation, use of the remains, transportation guarantee of living organs, organ allocation, relevant national standards of organ donation and transplantation, legislation on organ donation, penalties for violation, and the Red Cross Society of China. This study found out the main problems and proposed them for future discussion with organ donation and transplantation system in China: the lack of publicity and education and the difficulty of standardizing legislation about ethical issues arousing ethical problems; the need to understand the relationship and the standardization among costs, expenses, and compensation; and the lack of more support from the government and public to ensure regular organ donation and transplantation.

Food-delivery behavior under crowd sourcing mobility services

The rapid development of the online food-delivery industry, has led to not only increases in the number of the crowd-sourced shared food-delivery service drivers on our roads, but also growing urban traffic safety management concerns. This study investigates the decision-making behaviors that exist between delivery drivers, their food-delivery platform and their potential impact on traffic safety. Using the evolutionary game theory, stakeholder decision-making behaviors involving traffic safety within the food-delivery industry were analyzed. From our analysis, several behavioral influencers were identified, including penalties for traffic violations, the opportunity cost of delivery drivers complying with traffic rules, the costs associated with risk and strict management approaches, reputation incentives, costs related to the delivery platform being punished, the probability of compliance with traffic rules, and the probability of adopting a strict management approach by the delivery platform. Our study demonstrates that stabilization strategies used by the food service industry differ when the types of government control measures also differ. When the government takes a more aggressive approach to regulation and control, compliance with the traffic rules and the adoption of strict enforcement measures by management are the only evolutionary stability strategies available to food-delivery platforms. As part of a strict management strategy, appropriate compensation or incentive measures should be provided by the distribution platform. Furthermore, the fines given for traffic violations should be increased to create a safer road environment that has fewer traffic accidents involving food-delivery drivers. • This review promotes the development of urban traffic safety management. • The decision-making behaviors of delivery drivers are discussed. • The stakeholder decision-making behaviors involving traffic safety within the food-delivery industry are concluded. • Recommendations for future development are provided.

Reducing the Risk of Sexual Misconduct at Dendrochronology Conferences and Workshops

Dendrochronologists regularly host conferences and workshops to share tree-ring research and new methodologies. Unfortunately, national and international scientific gatherings have also historically been events where some female researchers have experienced sexual harassment, discrimination, and assault. The objective of this project was to host a focus group with experienced conference and workshop organizers to gather best practices and policies to reduce the risk of sexual misconduct at these events. A concerted effort by organizers is needed, and this begins with the development of a diverse and inclusive organizing committee. Organizers will need to craft a sexual misconduct policy that includes a clear definition, a violation reporting system with multiple reporting pathways, a review process, an enforcement system with penalties for the violator, and supportive resources for victims. Currently, the Tree-Ring Society offers organizers of workshops and conferences a definition of sexual misconduct and possible penalties for violations; however, the dendrochronology discipline currently lacks a reporting system, formalized review system, and resources for victims. We hope sharing the results of this focus group will allow future conference and workshop organizers to implement these findings and provide a safe environment for all dendrochronologists.

Responsibility of participants of tourist relations for violation of monetary obligations

The article is devoted to the specifics of civil responsibility of participants of tourist relations for breach of monetary obligations.The institute of civil responsibility of participants of tourist relations for violation of monetary obligations encourages the parties to thecontract to properly fulfill their obligations, and is also a guarantee of effective protection of their rights and legitimate interests. At thelegislative level, a different set of measures of responsibility is provided for, which can be used by a participant of tourist relations inorder to restore their violated rights.The authors substantiated the thesis that if the amount of the penalty is not specified in the contract, and the law regulating therelevant legal relations does not provide for the possibility of its collection, then the right to it does not arise. It was concluded that apenalty is characterized by an incomplete composition of a civil offense, and for the emergence of an obligation to pay it, damages andtheir amount have no legal significance.In order to protect the interests of tourists, it is proposed in the Law of Ukraine «On Tourizm» to replace the right to collect afine instead of a credit penalty.It has been established that entities that carry out and/or provide tourist activities have the right to collect a contractual penalty,and tourists – a legal penalty in the amount specified in Part 5 ofArticle 10 of the Law of Ukraine «On Protection of Consumer Rights».It was concluded that freedom in the defined scope of contractual responsibility cannot be considered absolute, since the limitsof self-regulation are defined at the legislative level by establishing mandatory prohibitions.The thesis about the inadmissibility of thesimultaneous collection of a fine and a penalty for violation of a monetary obligation is substantiated.Based on the analysis of court decisions and doctrinal approaches, it was concluded that inflationary losses and 3% per annumare part of the monetary obligation and are a special measure of responsibility. The inadmissibility of applying indexation to monetaryliabilities expressed in equivalent to foreign currency has been established.It is emphasized that the payment of a contractual or legal penalty should eliminate the possibility of additional recourse to themethods of protection established by Art. 625 of the Civil Code of Ukraine.

Research on the Impact of Board Governance Model Based on Multi-Internet of Things Perception System on System Risk of Large Business Institutions in China

Corporate governance structure is a subject of great theoretical and practical significance, especially the impact of board characteristics on corporate performance, which has been the focus of scholars’ attention. However, due to the particularity of China’s commercial institutions, especially the state-owned commercial institutions in the transition economy, which have a strong government-led color in system, commercial institutions mainly rely on strengthening the governance of the board of directors to improve the effectiveness of their internal governance. Based on the basic principles of the Internet of Things (IOT) business environment, this paper divides the architecture of multiple IOT perception system into perception domain and business domain. This paper studies the development mode of the economic and business perception system stage of the Internet of Things: the primary stage, the growth and maturity stage, and the integration stage. Strengthen the establishment of an independent director system, create an environment in which independent directors exercise full power, strengthen penalties for violations of directors, strengthen the integrity of directors, and establish a scientific and reasonable board evaluation mechanism. The effective operation of enterprises is based on the perfect market rules and a good market order. The reform of state-owned enterprises with the core of establishing a modern enterprise system and improving corporate governance structure must be carried out simultaneously with the construction of market systems.

Типологія чинників формування моделей кредитно-інвестиційної політики в національній економіці

The article considers the approaches to defining the concept of «credit and investment policy» and the factors influencing the formation of models of credit and investment policy in the national economy. The authors typologize all factors of influence in five groups: institutional, economic, sociopsychological, infrastructural and technological. The authors propose to include the following factors to the technological group: the share of non-cash transactions, the number of broadband Internet users and the level of use of information and communication technologies. It is also suggested to add to the existing factors the following: level of financial literacy and technical education of the population, existence of state and regional investment funds, open accreditation of investment advisers, penalties for violation of investment or lending conditions, regulation of investment funds and credit unions, public confidence in state bodies, the presence of active business angels, access to credit resources, investor protection, venture capital, the amount of savings in the population. It is worth noting that the level of financial literacy has a significant impact due to the fact that the population with a higher level of financial literacy will invest more in their own savings, which will lead to an increase in private investment in Ukraine. Developed countries have long introduced educational financial and investment programs to improve financial knowledge, thereby encouraging people to save more and, as a result, to invest. Another important aspect is the development of financial literacy in the younger generation, because, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the purchasing power of young people (up to 25 years) is growing every year. It is concluded that the process of developing models of credit and investment policy and methods of evaluating their effectiveness need further research. Particular attention should be paid to the development of practical tools and methods for developing the credit and investment potential of the state.

Taxpayers' Rights and Their Protection Mechanisms

The constitution is a main source of taxation law. Constitutional provisions determine financial-legal policy of the country, including tax policy regulation principles. In their turn, taxes are the important tools of financial-legal policy pursued by the state. Fulfillment of liabilities related to repayment of taxes by physical and legal entities established by the Constitution secures national budget formation at all levels. That is why the liability established by the Constitution is of special, public-law importance that is predetermined by a public-law nature of the governmental authority. The tax payer has to fulfill all liabilities obliged to him/her related to repayment of taxes, otherwise, the other persons’ rights, as well as state interests will be violated that will be displayed in delayed execution of all functions and tasks assigned in accordance with the law. Tax liability is a variety of administrative liability. As is known, the liability for violation of law is imposed to a person committing an act. Recognition of the law violator’s heritor as the legal successor in relation to the law infringement, and imposition of a penalty for violation of law to the deceased person’s heritor contravenes the fundamental principle – unacceptability of liability without the blame for law violation and elimination of assignment of liability for the other person’s act. Proceeding from this fact, inheritance of the deceased person's blame is unacceptable. The penalty is not a part of inheritance, so its attribution to the heritor is unacceptable. According to 453rd article of the Civil Code of Georgia, the debtor’s death causes termination of obligations if their execution without his/her personal participation is impossible. Proceeding from the content of this article, in general, the debtor’s death doesn’t cause termination of obligation, and liability is extinguished only when the execution of obligations is impossible without personal engagement of the debtor. Keywords: norms, liability, law, constitution, tax.

State control over compliance with labor legislation: scientific realities of today

In the conditions of quarantine restrictions and remote work, a person's right to work is massively violated, which makes the researched issues relevant. The article highlights the organization of state control over the activities of economic entities and employers by the State Service of Ukraine for Moratorium and Quarantine Restrictions, in compliance with labor legislation on the formalization of hired labor, compliance with labor standards, labor guarantees to employees in case of violations of labor legislation. The purpose of this article is to study the role of control over compliance with labor legislation and provide suggestions and recommendations for improving the institution of control over compliance with labor laws. We have considered the system of penalties for violations of labor legislation. The influence of the ban (moratorium) on the implementation of planned measures of state supervision (control) in the field of economic activity is considered separately. Current trends in reforming the activities of the State Labor and labor inspectors have been studied. The purpose of this article is to study the role of control over compliance with labor legislation and provide suggestions and recommendations for improving the institution of control over compliance with labor laws. We have considered the system of penalties for violations of labor legislation. The influence of the ban (moratorium) on the implementation of planned measures of state supervision (control) in the field of economic activity is considered separately. Current trends in reforming the activities of the State Labor and labor inspectors have been studied.