Pungent Smell Research Articles

The assembly of silica species with alkylamines: Mechanism of wastewater-free synthesis and the application of gel as a catalyst

Silica species generated by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) could assemble with alkylamines to form silica gel. Herein, it was evidenced that part of the added amines, including butylamine (BA), octylamine (OA) or dodecylamine (DA), was protonated in the mixture of water and ethanol. Therefore, besides the hydrogen bonding between neutral silica species and the micelles composed of the non-protonated amines (Tanev and Pinnavaia, 1995), there existed strong electrostatic attraction between negatively charged silica species and the micelles composed of the protonated amines. This coexisting assembly mechanism could explain why the uncalcined BA- and OA-gels were millimeter-sized small blocks with large porosities and synthesized without waste water emission, while the uncalcined DA-gel was almost non-porous and formed via precipitation from its reaction medium. The uncalcined BA gel was proved to be efficient as a solid basic catalyst, replacing the commonly used ammonia solution which is easily volatilized and has a pungent smell, for the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS to prepare silica microspheres.

The Production of Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge Via Soxlet Extraction Using Hexane and Ethyl Acetate in Ratio 2:1 As the Organic Solvent and Transesterification Reaction

The Lipid/oil was extracted from reduced dried primary sewage sludge particle using soxhlet extraction method with Hexane and Ethyl Acetate in the ratio 2:1 as the extracting solvent. The extracted oil gave 15.03% percentage yield with density of 0.845 g/ml, pH value of 8.97, specific gravity of 0.845, viscosity of 41.20 mm2/sec, kinematic viscosity of 42.18 mm2/sec. The lipid/oil was brownish black in colour with a pungent smell. The chemical analyses revealed saponification value of 168.00 mgKOH/g, acid value of 5.60 mgKOH/g and free fatty acid value of 2.80%.
 The physicochemical analyses of the biodiesel produced gave a c percentage yield of 40% biodiesel, density of 0.845 Kg/ml, pH value of 8.50, specific gravity of 0.845, kinematic viscosity of 4.80 mm2/s, acid value of 0.37 mg KOH/g, and flash point of 150°C, cloud point of 5°C and pour point of -2°C. The results of the physicochemical parameters from the research shows that the feedstock (primary sewage sludge) would be a good source for the production of biodiesel.

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Standardized Extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Fruits) Against Chemically Induced Inflammation in Rats.

Nowadays, researchers have been attempting to use herbal products as medicines which have proven to cause lesser side effects. The fruit part of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) - Ajwain has been an integral part of the Indian medicine system with much importance in Ayurveda and Unani medicine system and is prescribed by Vaidya gurus and Hakim in raw form or as a major constituent in the powdered formulations. This research aimed to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of standardized T. ammi fruit and its anti-inflammatory property using experimental models. The extract of herbs was spectroscopically analyzed for the estimation of the number of bioactive compounds. Then acute and sub-acute toxicity analysis of the herbal extract was performed to ensure the toxic effects, if any. Biochemical parameters like ALT, AST, ALP, etc. and histopathological analysis were determined to study the toxicity of the extract. Then, the anti-inflammatory activity of the T. ammi fruit extract employing Carrageenan and formalin-induced edema model in rats was studied. Ajwain seeds have a pungent smell and a characteristic odor. The powder microscopy clearly showed endosperm, unicellular warty trichomes, striated cuticle in surface view, vittae, endodermis, and vascular strand. Phytochemical tests reported the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, etc. and characteristic peaks in UV, Mass, NMR, FTIR and HPLC were observed for the extract. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies did not report any toxicity, and significant anti-inflammatory action was recorded. The spectroscopic and pharmacognostic analysis has shown the strong presence of flavonoids, mineral matter, protein, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, volatile oils, fiber, glycosides and fat. Spectroscopic study interpretations have shown the presence of compounds like thymol, para-cymene, γ-terpinene, α- and β-pinene, carvone, limonene, saponins,, β-phellandrene, βfenchyl alcohol, α-thujene, β-phellendrene, α-thujene, etc. No signs of toxicity were recorded in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies assessing the relative weight and histopathological analysis. Significant anti-inflammatory potential of T. ammi fruit extract was found and LD50 was found to be beyond 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study could be useful; in setting the quality parameters for further identification of the crude herb and preparation of the monograph.

Change in the active component of processed Tetradium ruticarpum extracts leads to improvement in efficacy and toxicity attenuation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe dried and nearly ripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) T.G. Hartley (TR) have long been used in treating headache and gastrointestinal disorders in oriental medicine. TR is usually processed by stir-frying with licorice extract before use. Although processing procedure is considered as the way to relieve pungent smell, reduce toxicity, and improve efficacy, its effects on TR's toxicity and efficacy and bioactive compound profiles are largely unknown. Aim of the studyThe purposes of the study are to evaluate the acute toxicity, efficacy and variation of toxic and effective components of TR before and after processing, and to explore the possible mechanism of how the processing procedure affect the quality of TR as a herbal medicine. Materials and methodsVolatile oil, aqueous extract and ethanol extract of raw and processed TR were tested for their acute toxicity, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models, respectively. To identify potential toxic and effective components, the extracts were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, followed by fold-change-filtering analysis. ResultsLD50 and LD5 tests indicated that although the aqueous extract has higher toxicity than volatile oil and ethanol extract, the use of TR is safe under the recommended does. The processing procedure could effectively decrease the toxicity of all three extracts with the largest decrease in volatile oil, which is likely due to the loss of volatile compounds during processing. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies suggested that volatile oil and ethanol extract of TR have better efficacy than the aqueous extract and the processing procedure significantly enhanced the efficacy of these two former extracts, whereas processing showed no substantially effects on the bioactivities of aqueous extract. Integrated analysis of animal trial and chromatographic analyses indicated that indole and quinolone type alkaloids, limonoids, amides and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid were identified as the potential main contributors of TR's efficacy, whereas hydroxy or acetoxy limonoid derivates and coumarins could be the major causes of toxicity. Moreover, the reduced toxicity and improved efficacy of the processed TR are liked due to the licorice ingredients and altered alkaloids with better solubility. ConclusionsIn summary, the integrated toxicity and efficacy analyses of volatile, aqueous and ethanol extracts of TR indicated that the processing procedure could effectively reduce its acute toxicity in all three extracts and enhance its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in volatile and ethanol extracts. The promising candidate compounds related to the toxicity and efficacy of TR were also identified. The results could expand our understanding of the value of the standard processing procedure of TR, be valuable to the quality control of TR manufacturing and administration, as well as support clinical rational and safety applications of this medicinal plant.

Waste-Energy: Feasibility Study of Watermelon (Endocarp) Waste as Raw-Material for Bio-Fuel Prodution

Waste to energy plays an important role in fulfilling the world’s future demands. The continuous climatic change which is primarily caused by the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases from the continuous use of fossil fuel due to high demand of energy in our society has affected the human race negatively over the years. Similarly, the improper disposal of agricultural waste (watermelon waste) in markets and environs creates pungent smell overtime and attracts harmful organisms in our environment, destroying the aesthetics of the market, therefore, making it environmentally unsafe for man. This paper therefore describes how feasible it is to produce bio-ethanol from agricultural waste with a focus on water melon. The waste was gotten from the market and processed to get the endocarp after which a locally fabricated juicing machine was utilized for extraction of the juice from the endocarp of watermelon waste. The fermentation pot housed 60 litres of juice for 5 days and laboratory test analysis was carried out during the period of fermentation, this was to monitor the progression of fermentation. The distillate produced 65.25% alcohol content with a volume of 19.5 litres. The utilization of watermelon waste for bio-ethanol production if exploited will lead to environmental sustainability, energy efficiency and waste to wealth.

Analysis of volatile compounds causing undesirable odors in a polypropylene - high-density polyethylene recycled plastic resin with solid-phase microextraction

Although recycled plastics provide a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative for many applications, their desirability is significantly limited by the presence of unpleasant odors from volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was optimized to analyze volatile compounds from an odorous recycled plastic resin which was roughly composed of 85–90% polypropylene (PP) and 15-10% high-density polyethylene (HDPE). A large variety of aliphatic hydrocarbons and 13 additive residues were detected. Statistical tools were employed to screen the VOCs and successfully identified three components, i.e., 2,4-dimethyl-heptane, 4-methyl-octane and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), which were significantly related to the odor intensity of the recycled plastic resin (p-values < 0.05). 2,4-Dimethyl-heptane has a strong, pungent plastic smell, which is very similar to the odor of the recycled resin. It is identified as a major source of the odor. Past relevant research has not been able to establish a direct link between an odorous compound and the undesirable odor of recycled plastic until now. 4-Methyl-octane was highly corelated to 2,4-dimethyl-heptane and somewhat contributed to the odor. D4 does not have an odor, but it may serve as an indicator of some odorous residues from personal care products.

The production of biodiesel from sewage sludge via soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether and transesterification reaction

The Lipid/oil was extracted from reduced dried primary sewage sludge particle via soxhlet extraction method with petroleum ether as solvent. The extracted oil gave 19.15% percentage yield with density of 0.992g/ml, pH value of 10.85, specific gravity of 0.992, viscosity of 41.05mm2/s, kinematic viscosity of 41.38mm2/s. The lipid/oil was brownish black in colour with a pungent smell. The chemical analyses revealed saponification value of 115.95mgKOH/g, acid value of 4.10mgKOH/g and free fatty acid value of 2.05%. The physicochemical analyses of the biodiesel produced revealed percentage yield of 70% biodiesel, density of 0.880Kg/ml, pH value of 7.99, specific gravity of 0.88, viscosity of 4.9mm2/s, kinematic viscosity of 5.6mm2/s, acid value of 0.47mg KOH/g, flash point of 160oC, cetane number of 50.7min and copper strip corrosion of No. 1a, sulfated ash of 0.019% mass, cloud point of 10oC and pour point of -4oC, indicative of a promising source of biodiesel.

Utilization of plastic waste processing for oil fuel at Tambaan Beach, Pasuruan City

The amount of waste in Indonesia is estimated to reach 68 million tons in 2019, of which 9.52 million tons is a plastic waste. With this amount, Indonesia is ranked second in the world as the largest producer of plastic waste. One area that suffers from plastic waste is the coastal area. This plastic waste is difficult to decompose and cause environmental problems. Likewise, it happened on the Tambaan coast in Tambaan sub-district, Panggungrejo subdistrict, Pasuruan city. Currently, accumulation of plastic waste is evident throughout the coastal area. The accumulation of scattered plastic waste and its proximity to the residents’ settlements has become a hotbed of mosquitoes and caused a pungent smell. The Serving Doctoral Program at Universitas Brawijaya offers a solution to process plastic waste into fuel oil such as diesel, kerosene, and premium. The technology used was Muryani’s distillation from Wlingi, Blitar Regency. The technology can change certain types of plastic waste to produce fuel. Karang Taruna Bina Hang Tuah was acted as a reliable partner to assist the implementation of the technology on site. This study aims to strengthen the capacity of Karangtaruna in Tambaan Village to be more concerned about the environmental problems of Tambaan beach by processing waste that has been polluted by plastic waste. The results of plastic waste treatment showed that 10 kg of dried plastic waste can be transformed into diesel, premium and kerosene with the efficiency value of 60%, 35%, and 15%, respectively.

Agro-morphological characterization of local garlic (Allium sativum L.) germplasm accessions collected from different regions of Jammu and Kashmir

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is increasingly becoming an essential component in human diet due to tremendous health-promoting benefits; its traditional local types are preferred for their taste. Garlic clones have specific adaptations to different agro-climatic regions; some have adapted to specific environments through artificial and natural selection. The study was undertaken to assess the variation in some agro-morphological characters of 17 local garlic germplasm accessions collected from different regions of Jammu and Kashmir including far-flung areas of Karthaie Padder Kishtwar and Balot Bhaderwah Doda. Most of these local garlic germplasm accessions are characterized by more pungent smell and distinctive taste often with pigmented coat layers. Some of these accessions have been cryo-preserved in National Gene Bank at ICAR-NBPGR New Delhi. The results have demonstrated the existence of a good amount of agro-morphological diversity in these local garlic germplasm accessions. Different ecotypes exhibit considerable variation among themselves in agronomic characteristics. Therefore, there is a need for concerted efforts for exploration, collection and maintenance of locally available garlic germplasm possessing quality traits including disease and pest resistance besides good storability characteristics for future garlic crop improvement programmes in the region.

Quality improvement of liquid smoke from oil palm frond pyrolysis through the adsorption-distillation process using activated carbon as adsorbent

This study aims to produce and analyze the quality of purified liquid smoke through the adsorption process with activated carbon and distillation. In this study, liquid smoke was produced from the pyrolysis of oil palm fronds with operating conditions of temperatures of 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C for 40 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes. Liquid smoke was adsorbed using activated carbon and distilled at 150°C for 45 minutes. The characteristics of liquid smoke were analyzed using GC-MS instrument. The parameters observed were phenolic, acids, and carbonyl compounds. The results showed that acid compounds were the most dominant component in liquid smoke obtained. After purification, the color of liquid smoke turned bright yellow and the pungent smell of smoke from liquid smoke decreased.

Design and Analysis of Garlic Peeler Machine

The purpose of this research is to design and analysis of a Garlic Peeling Machine. The traditional hand peeling garlic method is very tedious and time-consuming work once a bulk quantity of garlic to be peeled, especially for restaurants. The pungent smell of garlic will make the uncomfortable for user’s hands and eyes. Hence, the goals to be achieved in this research are to design a garlic peeling machine to replace the manual working in order to reduce the time taken compared to the hand peeling method. The research scopes involved of design and generate idea concepts, simulation and analysis structure and undergo experiment. The process flow of this research begins according to the standard design process flow. A survey was conducted to collect the customer’s requirements. After idea generation, the final concept was selected using Pugh method and Weighted method. Simulation of fluid flow was carried out using computational fluid Dynamic (CFD) software.

Ni-Based Tantalate Sensing Electrode for Fast and Low Detection Limit of Acetone Sensor Combining Stabilized Zirconia

Introduction Acetone (CH3COCH3) is a colorless transparent liquid with a special pungent smell, which is categorized as important member of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It offers many important information in early medical diagnosis of diabetes. In exhaled breath of healthy human, the average concentration of acetone is 0.3-0.9 ppm, which is far below lowest detection limit of 1.8 ppm in exhaled breath of diabetes patients. Taking into consideration of the practical detection demand for healthy medical diagnosis, the highly performance gas sensor is to be expected. Here, a stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based acetone sensor based on mixed potential sensing mechanism was fabricated using NiTa2O6 sensing electrode (SE) calcinated at 1000 °C. The NiTa2O6 sensing material was characterized by TG/DSC, XRD, SEM, Raman and XPS measurement. The gas sensing performance of developed sensing device demonstrated that the sensor based on NiTa2O6-SE displayed low detection limit of 200 ppb acetone and rapid response and recovery times of 9 s and 18 s to 2 ppm acetone at 600 °C. Between the response value to wide concentration range of 0.2-200 ppm acetone and the acetone concentration logarithm for the developed sensor presented piecewise linear function. The fabricated acetone sensor also possessed good wet fastness, reproducibility and stability of 20 days, portending great potential in aspect of low and high acetone concentration detection. More importantly, the solid electrolyte type acetone sensor utilizing NiTa2O6-SE open up a new possibility for noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes through detecting exhaled breath of healthy people and diabetes patients. Results and Conclusions The operating temperature affects the activation degree for the electrochemical reaction and adsorption and desorption process of sensing electrode, which results in the change of gas sensing performance for the fabricated sensor. Thus, the response and recovery curves of the sensor utilizing NiTa2O6-SE sintered at 1000 °C to 50 ppm acetone at temperature range of 475-650 °C are tested. Accordingly, 600 °C was selected as the optimal operating temperature to investigate the corresponding sensing characteristics of present device. In the acetone concentration range of 0.2-200 ppm, the sensor exhibited good response and recovery characteristics and the response signal increased gradually with the increase of acetone concentration. Notably, a spike appears at larger tested gas concentration, which is also observed by other reported works [1, 2, 3, 4]. Therefore, to avoid disturbance of the spike and to render certain the accuracy of sensing performance, the exposed time of 2.5 min in acetone gas and exposed time of 3.5 min in air is performed. The potential values at the last second were used for calculation of the response. The low detection limit of the sensor was 200 ppb acetone and the response and recovery times to 2 ppm acetone were 9 s and 18 s, respectively. The ΔV of the sensor to 0.2–2 ppm and 2-200 ppm acetone and concentration logarithm of acetone displayed linear relationship at 600 °C and the sensitivity of the sensor to 0.2-2 ppm and 2-200 ppm acetone were -11 and -27 mV/decade, which demonstrated the good acetone detection ability in aspects of lower and higher concentration. Comparison of the acetone sensing performances of developed sensor in this work and those of solid electrolyte sensing devices reported in literatures. More importantly, the present sensor attached with NiTa2O6-SE possessed significant advantages of low detection limit of acetone and response or recovery speeds in the lower acetone concentration, indicating the good potential alternative device for effectively monitoring acetone.To evaluate the possibility of the present sensor to be a practical acetone device, clinical detection for acetone biomarker in real exhaled breath of healthy volunteers and diabetes is further performed based on the sensor attached with NiTa2O6-SE. Here, the exhaled breath samples are taken from three healthy volunteers and diabetes patients. The blood ketone level of three diabetes patients is 0.6 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L and 6.3 mmol/L. The sensor exhibited low response signal and relatively good consistence to exhaled breath of three healthy volunteers. However, the response signal of the sensor to exhaled breath of three diabetes patients apparently higher than that of healthy peoples. Furthermore, the response value of the sensing device enhanced gradually with the increase of blood ketone levels of three diabetes patients. In this case, the difference in response value between diabetes and healthy people becomes more obvious, namely, the sensor can well distinguish between diabetic patients and healthy people. Accordingly, the developed acetone sensor attached with NiTa2O6-SE possessed good possibility to diagnosis diabetes.

NF-κB pathway took part in the development of apoptosis mediated by miR-15a and oxidative stress via mitochondrial pathway in ammonia-treated chicken splenic lymphocytes

Ammonia, a kind of gas with pungent smell, is harmful to livestock and people, and has bad influence on the atmosphere. However, the mechanism of splenic toxicity caused by ammonia is still poorly understood. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of ammonia on chicken splenic lymphocytes from the perspective of apoptosis. Chicken splenic lymphocytes were divided into the control group and the two ammonium treatment groups (1 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L ammonia), and were cultured for 24 h. CCK-8, flow cytometry (FC), fluorescence microscope, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot were used to study the differences between different groups. The results showed that ammonia exposure increased the release of calcium (Ca)2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondrion. Besides, we found an increase in mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), inflammation-related genes (nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)), apoptosis-related genes (B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX), Cytochrome c (Cytc), apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1), Caspase-9, and Caspase-3), and an increase in protein levels of NF-κB, iNOS, BAX, Cytc, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3. At the same time, we found a decrease level of GPx protein expression, and a decrease level of glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA expression, and a decrease level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression in splenic lymphocytes exposed to ammonia. Meanwhile, miR-15a expression increased under ammonia exposure. In summary, these results indicated that ammonia induced oxidative stress, promoted the release of Ca2+, Cytc, and ROS from mitochondria, and then induced mitochondria-mediated inflammatory response, finally triggered apoptosis in chicken splenic lymphocytes.

Beer volatile fingerprinting at different brewing steps

Volatile fingerprints of a lager beer were carried out throughout five brewing steps to characterize the changes encompassing this process. Overall, 60 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS). Specific profiles were observed at different brewing steps - aldehydes and furans dominate in wort, whereas the aliphatic esters and alcohols predominate in the following steps. Such variations can be assigned to specific VOMs, as 3-methylbutanal (wort), ethyl alcohol and ethyl octanoate (fermentation, maturation and filtration), or ethyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate (final product). These VOMs can influence the beer final flavour. Ethyl alcohol contributes to its strong and pungent smell and taste, while isoamyl acetate adds intense ‘fruity’ and ‘banana’ odours. These beer volatile fingerprints constitute a valuable tool to obtain insights on the impact of each brewing step on the final product, being also very useful for certification purposes.

Preparation of wastelage using poultry droppings with maize stover and its nutrient content as ruminant feed

An experiment was undertaken with caged layer excreta (CLE) treated maize stover and ensiled to investigate its potentiality as ruminant feed. Chopped maize stovers were preserved in plastic containers under airtight condition at room temperature based on the treatments as T0 (0% CLE), T1 (20% CLE), T2 (40% CLE) and T3 (60% CLE) to investigate physical quality, chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. The CP and Ash were increased (P&lt;0.01) and DM, OM and CF were decreased (P&lt;0.01) in all the treatments (T1, T2 and T3) compared to controlled T0. The OM content was decreased numerically with the ensiling time. The EE content was not significant (P&gt;0.01) with the treatments and ensiling time. The OMD and ME content were increased (P&lt;0.01) with the ensiling time from 0 to 90 days. The physical quality (color, smell, and hardness) of maize stover were improved by CLE added treatments (T1, T2 and T3) after ensiling but 60% CLE treatment had some pungent smell in 90 days and less OMD and ME value was observed than that of T2. Considering all the physical and chemical properties, among all the treatments, 40% and 60% CLE are acceptable for preparing wastelage. By comparing physical quality, nutritive value and chemical composition between 40% and 60% CLE treatments, the 60% CLE was better. Thus wastelage prepared from 40% CLE, 55% maize stover along with 5% molasses will be a potential source of ruminant feed as well as reduce the environment pollution by utilizing CLE.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (2): 75-84

Surgical Management of Bicornual Uterine Prolapse in a Siamese Cat: A Case Report

Uterine prolapse is a rare condition in cats that can be managed by performing either an external hysterectomy or manual reduction followed by ovariohysterectomy. This article describes surgical management of bilateral uterine prolapse in a queen. A one year old female, pluriparous Siamese cat (Felis catus) with no past history of dystocia and weighing 2.8 kg was presented to Andys Veterinary hospital, Nairobi, Kenya with a protruding mass through the vulval. The queen had a history of recent queening and had delivered three kittens a week earlier. The owner noticed the protruding mass about 24 hours after the delivery of the last neonate. A few days later, the cat was not suckling the kittens well and was in appetent. As a sequel to this, two kittens died. After a week, the protruding mass had a pungent smell and the client presented the cat to the hospital. Complete bilateral uterine prolapse was diagnosed after a visual examination and palpation of the mass. The uterus was swollen, had necrotic areas and debris. Accordingly, a two staged ovariohysterectomy was opted for to manage the case. An internal ovariectomy was first done via a ventral midline celiotomy followed by an external hysterectomy. Post-operative management included pain medication and antibiotic therapy and the patient recovered well and was discharged after 2 days. The skin sutures were removed 10 days postoperatively. The cat recovered uneventfully with no further complications reported by the owner. In conclusion, this article shows that when the prolapsed uterus is swollen, damaged and necrotic, a two staged ovariohysterectomy should be the method of treatment and the outcome is good despite the duration of the condition.

Biological and Chemical Strategies for the Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents

The waste effluents from sugar industries create lot of pollution problems in the adjacent areas. Sugarindustries discharge huge quantities of residual water causing damage to the biotic as well as abiotic environment dueto its pungent smell, higher BOD and COD values and the exceeded concentration of chlorides, sulphates, heavymetals, carbohydrates, nutrients, oil and grease. Current studies were performed to evaluate the available strategies usedto minimize the pollution load created by sugar industries. Attempts have been made to overview various availableprocedures such as construction of microbial fuel cell, hydrolytic pre-treatment, valorization of sugar industry waste,synthesis of silver nanoparticles, symbiotic process, chemical and electrical oxidation processes, which are used for thetreatment of sugar industry effluents.

Biological and Chemical Strategies for the Treatment of Sugar Industry Effluents

The waste effluents from sugar industries create lot of pollution problems in the adjacent areas. Sugarindustries discharge huge quantities of residual water causing damage to the biotic as well as abiotic environment dueto its pungent smell, higher BOD and COD values and the exceeded concentration of chlorides, sulphates, heavymetals, carbohydrates, nutrients, oil and grease. Current studies were performed to evaluate the available strategies usedto minimize the pollution load created by sugar industries. Attempts have been made to overview various availableprocedures such as construction of microbial fuel cell, hydrolytic pre-treatment, valorization of sugar industry waste,synthesis of silver nanoparticles, symbiotic process, chemical and electrical oxidation processes, which are used for thetreatment of sugar industry effluents.

Vermicomposting of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) based fertilizer with various organics additives

This work aimed at increasing the nutritional content of EFB vermicompost using organic additives at specific initial C:N ratio. Seven batches of composts namely EFB+POME (A) in 1:1 weight ratio; fishmeal (B); bonemeal (C); bunch ash (D) and combinations EFB+POME, FM, BM and BA in different proportion to achieve the initial C:N ratio of 35 (Compost E), 42 (Compost F) and 47 (Compost G) were prepared. Sawdust was added into Compost E, F, G as Carbon regulator. The results indicated that the compost maturation was achieved on day 40 based on stable temperature and pH profiles. The changes in initial to final C:N ratio were at 59.8 to 29 (A), 3.69 to 7.4 (B), 8.13 to 10.8 (C), 42.3 to 23 (D), 35 to 16 (Compost E), 42 to 15 (Compost F) and 47 to 22 (Compost G). Fishmeal and bonemeal could enhance the nitrogen (N) and potassium (P) of compost but it was found that composting them alone resulted in pest problem due to the pungent rotten smell. Compost G with initial C:N of 47 produced final compost of C:N 22, suggesting for suitable organic formulations for a healthy compost C:N value and possibly with enhanced quality as compared to EFB compost alone. Future work will focus on establishing the quality of compost in terms of NPK and other elemental compositions.

Characterization of Sulfited Fat From Limed Hides Fleshing as a Leather Fatliquor

The limed fleshing is generated in the beam house process, is the largest amount of waste, rots easily and causes a pungent smell that pollutes the environment. The use of limed fleshing in fatliquor is an effort to suppress the occurrence of pollution. The purpose of this study is to determine the physico-chemical properties of fatliquor from limed fleshing. Delimed fleshing with ammonium sulfate and water on a rotating drum. Fat was extracted from delimed fleshing using the wet rendering method and purified using n-hexane. The fat from delimed fleshing was characterized and then processed into a fatliquor. The fatliquors is prepared by reacting fat with aqueous sodium bisulfite (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mol/kg based on fatty matters) at a temperature of 85° C for 2 hours. The results showed that fat from limed fleshing can be used to produce fatliquors substances. Based on the physico-chemical properties, the best fatliquors agent is prepared by treating sodium bisulfite with 2.0 mol/kg based on fatty matters.