Pungent Smell Research Articles

The Effect of Structural Modification on the Blood Brain Barrier Permeation Properties of Allicin

Allicin is found in nursery onion. Allicin is isolated from garlic (Allium sativum). Nutriceutical allicin is an organice compound gotten from garlic. It is also sourced from onions, and different species in the family Alliaceae. It was first isolated and examined in the research facility by Chester J. Cavallito in 1944. This colourless fluid has a distinctively pungent smell. This compound shows antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Allicin is additionally the garlic's resistance mechanism against assaults by pests. In this investigation, we considered the impact of the substitution of a terminal methyl group of allicin with hydroxyl group. The 2D structure of Allicin and its analogue were designed by utilizing the ChemAxon programming and spared as mrv files. The mrv file were changed over into SMILES strings utilizing the OpenBabel programming and pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted by using the SwissADME server. Results from the investigation demonstrated that the basic change directed at the terminal methyl group of allicin converted into a non neuroactive compound with no capacity to cross the blood brain barrier.

Isolation and Degradation Characteristics of Highly Efficient Malodorous Black Water Degrading Bacteria

Abstract Malodorous black water body is always with high organic contents under extreme anaerobic conditions and has pungent smell. With the large amount of living pollution entering rivers and lak...

Effectiveness Test of Tagetes erecta L Powder and Cattle Urine Waste that Potentially Repelent ont Boring Pests of Nezara viridula Pods in Soybean (Glycine max L) in Patumbak Subdistrict, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra

Soybean plants (Glycine max) are the third most important food commodity crop after rice and corn. Soybean production continues to be improved in meeting community needs, but efforts to increase soybean production still face problems, namely green ladybird pest (N. viridula L.). One alternative to control soybean pod sucking insects that are relatively safe, inexpensive, and easily obtained is the use of vegetable insecticides. Vegetable insecticides do not quickly cause pest resistance, are synergistic, and their use can be combined with other pest control techniques. One of them is by using Tagetes erecta plants combined with cow urine as a vegetable insecticide. The use of repellents generally does not directly kill insects, but rather serves to reject the presence of insects, mainly due to the pungent smell. The use of cow urine as a mixture of biopesticides contains growth stimulants and contains repellents for several types of insect pests. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Tagetes erecta in reducing the population of N.viridula pests in soybean plants (Glycine max L.Merr). Non Factorial RAK with 5 levels of treatment and 5 replications. Hopefully with this study farmers can take advantage of tagetes erecta and cow urine waste that can be used as natural pesticides and can be used as a control for Hama Nezara viridula which is environmentally friendly and economic.

Diversity of durian (Durio zibethinus L.) from Nonthaburi, Thailand based on morpho-palatability characteristics and simple sequence repeat markers

Durian is a high-value, tropical fruit well known for its unique, pungent smell and sweet and creamy flesh. Nonthaburi province in central Thailand has been known as a source of top-quality durian cultivars, especially Mon Thong. However, with the recent urbanization and frequent severe weather conditions, these valuable local cultivars are disappearing at an alarming rate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for morpho-palatability as well as molecular information in order to correctly identify and characterize each cultivar. This study was the first to report durian diversity in Thailand using both morpho-palatability characteristics and molecular marker analysis. Morpho-palatability diversity was assessed in 31 cultivars using a modified descriptor for durian that measured 22 qualitative traits and 33 quantitative traits from the leaves, flowers and fruits. In addition, 24 cultivars were used for genetic diversity analysis based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The diversity of durian cultivars could be seen from the morphometric analysis. As expected, several cultivars showed unique characters that could be used for future breeding purposes.It was also found that certain characters were more informative than others at characterizing durian cultivars, which could lead to an improvement of cultivar identification. SSR marker profiles were considerably informative in distinguishing cultivars. Molecular data analysis showed that most cultivars were clustered together, with only a few in small, separate clusters. The results from this study should help to improve durian cultivar conservation and breeding for better quality.

An investigation on the sterilization of berry fruit using ozone: An option to preservation and long-term storage

Abstract In the present study, the effect of ozone treatment on the bacteria affecting fruits was investigated. The process of application of ozone for treatment was termed as OTRE technique. Ozone is a trioxygen inorganic molecule having a pungent smell and formed from the atmospheric oxygen (O2) by the action of electrical discharge. Ozone was generated adopting Ozonizer through corona discharge technology. The bacteria isolated from Kiwi fruits by microbiological technique were exposed to ozone in two approaches, firstly, the ozone discharged at various time from 10 to 60 min into the reactor vessel containing bacteria (1.5 × 108 CFU mL−1). Secondly, use of OTRE in cycle basis, where the sample was treated 30 min and 5 min break and again repeated for 10 min, which continued to the discharge of 60 min. The absorbance of all these varied intervals showed decrease in absorbance, which implies that the number of colonies were decreasing as the OTRE continued. In addition, the growth of these colonies on the nutrient agar was also confirming that the OTRE is quite effective to prevent bacteria from kiwi viz., the bacterial count was decreased from 1.5 × 108 CFU mL−1 to 2.0 × 102 CFU mL−1 in 30 min and 1.5 × 108 CFU mL−1 to 1.2 × 102 CFU mL−1 in 60 min. Thusly, OTRE technique is a rapid, better solution to preserve fruits from disease causing bacteria and enhance fruits durability against spoilage during postharvest storage.

Evaluating the role of dithiolane rich fraction of Ferula asafoetida (apiaceae) for its antiproliferative and apoptotic properties: in vitro studies.

In vitro study of the anticancer potential of microwave-extracted essential oil (EO) of Ferula asafoetida. The phytochemical investigation and in vitro cytotoxicity assessment was carried out in two human liver cancer cell lines. The expression of NFKB1, TGFB1, TNF, CASP3 was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ferula asafoetida EO contains high concentrations of dithiolane, which possess antiproliferative activity in human liver carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and SK-Hep1) in a dose-dependent manner. The bioactive compounds in F.asafoetida are capable of induction of apoptosis and altered NF-kB and TGF-β signalling with increase in caspase-3 and TNF-α expression. Further elucidation of bioactive molecules and underlying mechanisms could lead to potential intervention in liver cancer in animal models. The safety and efficacy as well as the mode of EO action in animal models would be highly crucial.

Deodorization of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil using Steam distillation method

Deodorization is a crucial refining stage with an important effect on the quality of oil refined. We used steam distillation method to remove the smell of calophyllum inophyllum oil. We investigated the effect of various factors such as vaporization temperature, oil volume to the deodorization process. In laboratory conditions, at vaporization temperature of 140°C and oil volume of 200mL, the optimal time of deodorization process is 21 hours with 95% oil’s smell removed. In the other hands, deodorized oil still remains the benefit compents. The aim of this study was to eliminate unpleasant pungent smell of calophyllum inophyllum oil. In the other hands, deodorized oil still retain the beneficial component and properties eminece. Thereby, creating a substrate with great potential in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Also, deodorized calophyllum inophyllum oil will help increase the economic value of traditional calophyllum inophyllum oil.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOCUST BEAN CONDIMENT CONSUMPTION IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

The study aimed at providing information on consumer preference and reasons for consumption of processed locust bean in kano State, Nigeria. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 70 respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data collected. Locust bean consumption was mainly (88.6%) carried out by men in which majority (35.7%) were 38-47 age group, mostly (94.3%) married with majority (44.3%) having informal Qur’anic form of education. Majority (65%) of the consumers source their locust bean condiment for consumption from the producers and the consumer preference majority (88.6%) prefer the cake than ball form (11.6%) while reason for locust bean consumption was mainly due to (57%) improve food taste. Consumers mean expenditure on processed locust bean was N30.00 and N172 for daily and weekly respectively. Major constraints identified by the consumers in the consumption of processed locust bean include inappropriate packaging (38.6%0, poor hygiene (27.1%), product adulteration (17.7% and pungent smell (16.7%). It was recommended that more sanitary measures have to be taken by the processors to improve hygienic condition of the processing environment and thus acceptability.

A Novel Discovery: Holistic Efficacy at the Special Organ Level of Pungent Flavored Compounds from Pungent Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Pungent traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) play a vital role in the clinical treatment of hepatobiliary disease, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, skin diseases and so on. Pungent TCMs have a vastness of pungent flavored (with pungent taste or smell) compounds. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of pungent flavored compounds in treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and liver diseases, five pungent TCMs with the action of blood-activating and stasis-resolving (BASR) were selected. Here, an integrated systems pharmacology approach is presented for illustrating the molecular correlations between pungent flavored compounds and their holistic efficacy at the special organ level. First, we identified target proteins that are associated with pungent flavored compounds and found that these targets were functionally related to CVDs and liver diseases. Then, based on the phenotype that directly links human genes to the body parts they affect, we clustered target modules associated with pungent flavored compounds into liver and heart organs. We applied systems-based analysis to introduce a pungent flavored compound-target-pathway-organ network that clarifies mechanisms of pungent substances treating cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases by acting on the heart/liver organ. The systems pharmacology also suggests a novel systematic strategy for rational drug development from pungent TCMs in treating cardiovascular disease and associated liver diseases.

Possibility of Reducing Presence of Harmful Fungi in Air-Conditioner Windows Using A Transcendental Antifungal Chemical

Fungi are usually spread in humid areas, even if they are scarce in nutrients, which can capture a small amount of them from the surrounding air. Fungi in air-conditioner windows were studied in 13 air conditioners in houses located in Sakaka city, Jouf, Saudi Arabia, in the spring of 2018. Air passages inside these air conditioners are suitable environments for the occurrence of fungi. This research was designed to reveal the presence of dangerous fungi in air passages of these conditioners and to find suitable practical ways to eliminate these harmful taxa. Isolated fungi were identified using morphological and ultrastructure criteria and were Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium frequentans, Penicillium italicum, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Results showed that Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Penicillium italicum caused severe decomposition of in human blood red cells, the strongest of which was the fungus Paecilomyces. The aromatic pungent smell of transcendental naphthalene has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on three of the isolated fungal species. Transcendental naphthalene inhibited mycelium growth of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium frequentans and Penicillium italicum by 100% while never affecting Paecilomyces lilacinus. The study recommends further studies on the presence of fungi in the air - driven corridors of air conditioners in different countries and devising new ways to reduce the presence of fungi.

Gezondheid en het houden van hobbyvarkens: een overzicht

Miniatuurvarkens, zoals het Vietnamese hangbuikvarken en de Kunekune, zijn de bekendste hobbyvarkensrassen. Ondanks hun populariteit is de kennis van hun gezondheid en management schaars. Ze hebben een uitstekend reukvermogen en gehoor, beschikken over een goed aanpassingsvermogen en zijn doorgaans gemakkelijk te hanteren. Ze gedijen goed in de thermoneutrale zone. Een goed geventileerde schuilplaats met een recreatiegebied en het opnemen van stro voor manipulatie voorkomen verveling. Drinkwater moet te allen tijde worden verstrekt. Beperkte voeding één of tweemaal daags is optimaal om overgewicht te voorkomen. Agressie kan optreden en is een van de redenen waarom eigenaars het varken niet langer wensen aan te houden. Schurft en zonnebrand zijn de meest voorkomende huidproblemen. Diarree door Escherichia coli kan voor problemen zorgen bij biggen. Castratie wordt aanbevolen om agressief gedrag, het verspreiden van een penetrante geur en het risico op neoplasmata te vermijden. Het wordt bij voorkeur op jonge leeftijd uitgevoerd om chirurgische complicaties te voorkomen. Er wordt aanbevolen om profylaxe tegen vlekziekte en endoparasieten twee keer per jaar uit te voeren. Andere maatregelen zijn onder meer het periodiek inkorten van de slagtanden en het bekappen van de klauwen.

New Degradation Pathways of the Key Aroma Compound 1-Penten-3-one during Storage of Not-from-Concentrate Orange Juice.

1-Penten-3-one with its fresh and pungent smell at a very low odor threshold of 0.94 μg/L water has been characterized as impact aroma compound in many foods, such as grapefruit, orange juice, black tea, olive oil, or tomatoes. While its importance to the fresh sensation of unstored not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juice was recently confirmed by aroma recombinates, a total loss was determined already after 4 weeks in NFC orange juice stored at 0 °C. Until now, the degradation pathway of this compound has not been clarified. Systematic model studies resulted in the identification of 1-hydroxy-3-pentanone and 4-hydroxy-3,8-decanedione as degradation products as well as S-(3-oxopentyl)-l-cysteine in the presence of the amino acid. In orange juice samples, it was found that the elevated content of 1-hydroxy-3-pentanone indicates a thermal processing, while S-(3-oxopentyl)-l-cysteine showed a significant increase during cold storage. Additionally, both compounds were identified in other food samples, such as commercial orange juices, pickled olives and olive oil, fresh tomatoes and commercial tomato juice, and black tea.

Proteomics (SWATH-MS) informed by transcriptomics approach of tropical herb Persicaria minor leaves upon methyl jasmonate elicitation.

BackgroundJasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative, methyl JA (MeJA) are hormonal cues released by plants that signal defense response to curb damages from biotic and abiotic stresses. To study such response, a tropical herbal plant, Persicaria minor, which possesses pungent smell and various bioactivities including antimicrobial and anticancer, was treated with MeJA. Such elicitation has been performed in hairy root cultures and plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, yet how MeJA influenced the proteome of an herbal species like P. minor is unknown.MethodIn this study, P. minor plants were exogenously elicited with MeJA and leaf samples were subjected to SWATH-MS proteomics analysis. A previously published translated transcriptome database was used as a reference proteome database for a comprehensive protein sequence catalogue and to compare their differential expression.ResultsFrom this proteomics informed by transcriptomics approach, we have successfully profiled 751 proteins of which 40 proteins were significantly different between control and MeJA-treated samples. Furthermore, a correlation analysis between both proteome and the transcriptome data sets suggests that significantly upregulated proteins were positively correlated with their cognate transcripts (Pearson’s r = 0.677) while a weak correlation was observed for downregulated proteins (r = 0.147).DiscussionMeJA treatment induced the upregulation of proteins involved in various biochemical pathways including stress response mechanism, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolite production, DNA degradation and cell wall degradation. Conversely, proteins involved in energy expensive reactions such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and structure were significantly downregulated upon MeJA elicitation. Overall protein-transcript correlation was also weak (r = 0.341) suggesting the existence of post-transcriptional regulation during such stress. In conclusion, proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS analysis supplemented by the transcriptome database allows comprehensive protein profiling of this non-model herbal species upon MeJA treatment.

Research on Hair Bleach that Causes Less Hair Damage and Smells Less Pungent than Ammonium Hydroxide

Problems associated with bleaching hair include damage to the hair and the pungent smell of ammonium hydroxide. Many consumers dislike the stiffness and smell of bleached hair. In this study, we investigated the suppression of both the damage and pungent smell of bleach by using an aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) as an alkaline agent. The test results focused on scanning electron microscope observations, antioxidant activity and protein loss, and showed that the use of AMPD aqueous solution as an alkaline agent suppressed both hair damage and undesirable odor compared with the use of ammonium hydroxide. AMPD aqueous solution is considered more useful than ammonium hydroxide as an alkaline agent in the hair-bleaching process.

Simulation of Ammonia Production from Synthesis Gas

Abstract Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Several processes have been invented for optimum production of ammonia. Now-a-days, Haber process is a mainly process for Ammonia production in which the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen done in the presence of an iron catalyst to form ammonia. In our work, simulation of ammonia synthesis process is done on Aspen Hysys V8.8. By using 333.1 kmole/h of steams, 100 kmole/hr of nitrogen, we have produced 74.62 kmole/hr ammonia. It has also been found that ammonia production increases with the rise of pressure & mass flow of steam& decrease of the temperature of the feed of nitrogen.

Mechanism of “black-water” occurrence in the reservoirs with <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantation, southern China

桉树（Eucalyptus）在我国南方大规模种植，最快两三年成材，经济价值高，但近来却被认为是抽水机、绿色沙漠，甚至传言有毒.特别是近年来桉树人工林区水库出现的泛黑现象——水体呈现黑褐色并伴有涩味，给种植地附近居民造成了很大的恐慌.并且其黑水形成机理、物质来源及触发条件等尚不清楚.基于此，本文选取我国南方桉树人工林区典型水库，开展了水体泛黑现象成因研究：于2015年8月2016年4月对广西南宁市那降水库、天雹水库、百合水库分别进行了4次水体垂直分层采样，测定其理化指标，并结合当地水库管理站提供的水文数据进行综合分析.结果表明，桉树人工林区水库泛黑与特定季节及特殊气候条件有关，水体温度分层结构失稳是黑水物质运移的主要动力因素；夏季水库水温分层结构稳定，限制了底层致黑物质向上迁移，溶解氧等水质指标分层明显，秋冬季节分层消失，水体发生垂直交换，给底层致黑物质提供了上翻的作用力，导致泛黑现象发生.硫化物、单宁酸、铁、锰等物质季节性及空间分异特征与水温季节性分层特性密切相关.桉树林区水库水体铁和锰浓度最高可达2.93和3.46 mg/L，桉树茎、叶在水体中浸出大量单宁酸，在硫化物、单宁酸、铁、锰同时存在的条件下，发生铁、锰与硫化物，硫化物与单宁酸，铁、锰与单宁酸等一系列反应，生成黑色络合物，导致水库泛黑.研究结果可为保障桉树人工林区饮用水源地安全提供指导，并为桉树人工林区水库黑水深入研究奠定基础，引领更多学者进行深入研究.;Eucalyptus can grow into wood in two or three years and has large-scale cultivation in the southern China, with high economic value. Recently it is considered pump, green desert, and even rumoured toxic. The water in the reservoir in Eucalyptus planting area appeared black sporadically. The water was dark brown with a pungent smell, which has caused great panic within local residents. The phenomenon is associated to Eucalyptus trees plantation. To explore the mechanism of blackwater in the reservoir in Eucalyptus plantation, southern China, three typical reservoirs (Najiang, Tianbao, Baihe Reservoirs) were selected in Eucalyptus planting area. Main water quality variables including hydrological and environmental factors were observed 4 times, from August 2015 to April 2016. The physicochemical indexes of water were determined, and then synthetic analysis was performed combined with hydrological data provided by the Nanning Metrological Station. The results indicate that reservoirs in Eucalyptus forest area blackening are associated with a particular season and special climatic conditions. Meanwhile, the instability of water temperature stratification structure is the main driving factor of black materials transport. In summer, hierarchical structure, the water temperature in reservoirs keeping thermal stratification structure stable, results in dissolved oxygen and other water quality indexes were changing with stratification and limits transporting upward. In autumn and winter, stratification disappears, and vertical exchange of water body provides the underlying pollutants with upward force. Finally, pollutants spread the whole body and lead blackwater phenomenon. Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity of sulfide, tannic acid, iron, manganese and other materials is closely related to the seasonal characteristics of water temperature stratification. In the Eucalyptus forest reservoirs, iron and manganese concentrations are up to 2.93 and 3.46 mg/L, respectively. A large amount of tannic acid appeared when Eucalyptus leaves soaked in the water. When sulfide, tannic acid, iron and manganese exist together, a series of reactions such as iron, manganese and sulphur, sulphur and tannic acid, iron, manganese and tannic acid can produce black complex. Our results can provide guidance in guaranteeing the safety of drinking water sources in Eucalyptus planting area and lay the foundation for the further research of black water.

Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Paparan Gas Nitrogen Dioksida (No2) pada Petugas Parkir di Basement Plaza Andalas

<p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>)is a gas that is poisonous reddish brown and very pungent smell like sour nitrat. Emission from vehicle of concentration NO<sub>2</sub> reach 78,8 ppm, this result means so dangerous to health, especially that emission in door, like basement. The porpuse this study was to analyze the health risks of nitrogen dioxide exposure to the parking attendant Plaza Andalas Basement. This research is a descriptive study using a health risk analysis environmental method. Analyze exposure of nitrogen dioxide on the parking attendant Plaza Andalas Basement. Samples are conditioned at Plaza Andalas Basement taken as many as five measurement points within two days, and the parking attendant amounted to 15 people. Analysis of data using univariat. Analysis of data presented in the form of a frequency distribution table and then narrated. Based on the research result the average concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 13,53 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup>, analysis of dose-respons of nitrogen dioxide is 0,02 mg/kg/day for noncarcinogen effect. The average intake of exposure nitrogen dioxide to parking attendant is 0,00006184 mg/kg/day, with an average maximum concentration acceptable of nitrogen dioxide has worked is 13,2152 mg/Nm<sup>3</sup>. All parking attendant Plaza Andalas Basement is not at risk of expousure of nitrogen dioxide. From the research result the conclusion is all parking attendant is not at risk expousure of nitrogen dioxide. Recommended to the manager of Plaza Andalas Basment to increase exhaust and to the presence of nitrogen dioxide gas should keep an eye of the Plaza Andalas Basement so as not to increase.</p>

English

One of the greatest changes that have occurred in the last century in developing countries is the urban growths which have produced more slums in our cities. The study examines the physical conditions in Makoko, an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technologies were used, in a post classification, to model possible land use changes in the area overtime. It also uses questionnaires to elicit information on infrastructural and socio-economic characteristics to determine the factors responsible for the physical conditions of Makoko. Findings revealed that the rate of infrastructural provisions are lacking behind and suffer from overstress and dilapidation The residents lack good environmental sanitation as the lagoon emits a pungent smell. It is recommended that the area is entirely restructured so as to create a habitable abode for sustainable residential living. Key words: Slum, urban growth, physical condition, environmental sanitation, GIS/RS and Makoko.

What’s That Stuff? Pool chemicals

People love to complain about chlorine in pools—often as much as they enjoy plunging into the clean water. Chlorine-based compounds can dry out skin, turn eyes red, and produce the familiar and pungent pool smell. On the other hand, thanks to chlorine, we can swim in water free of microbes, such as Escherichia coli, that can cause digestive troubles. In addition to disinfectants such as chlorine, pool operators also add chemicals to control the pH, alkalinity, and hardness of the water. The chlorine used to disinfect pools is rarely present as elemental chlorine (Cl2). It’s typically added as part of more complex molecules such as hydrogen- and oxygen-containing hypochlorites or carbon-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing isocyanurates, explains Thomas M. Lachocki, chief executive officer of the National Swimming Pool Foundation. When these compounds are added to water, they spontaneously form hypochlorous acid, which is the disinfecting agent commonly called free chlorine in

Fatal Paraquat Poisoning in a 15-Year-Old Girl

Paraquat (dipyridylium) is a highly toxic compound with a pungent smell. It is commonly used for weed killing. Intoxication occurs mainly by oral ingestion. After ingestion severe impairment of multiple organs develops. There is no specific antidote. Treatment includes repeated activated charcoal hemoperfusion with pulse methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, and antioxidants. Here we report a case of 15-year-old girl who presented with history of attempted suicide with paraquat. Patient died due to respiratory failure despite aggressive treatment and hemodialysis.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(2): 107-110