Pulse Width Modulation Pulses Research Articles

Permanent magnet synchronous motor stator flux trajectory tracking control based on switching time correction

In this paper, aiming at the problems that the existing stator flux trajectory tracking control method often needs to design complex fundamental wave component observers and the switching time correction based on steady-state solution lacks accurate theoretical calculation equations, a permanent magnet synchronous motor stator flux trajectory tracking control method using optimal PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is proposed. The outer loop is the speed regulator, whose output is combined with the flux linkage of the permanent magnet of the motor as the reference vector of the stator flux linkage. And the motor speed with the rotor position is combined to calculate the amplitude and phase angle of the reference stator voltage vector, which is used to optimize PWM pulse mode and to determine switching action. Meanwhile, the switching time of optimal PWM is corrected in real time through the stator flux deviation to eliminate the deviation between the stator flux reference value and the actual value. This method does not need to estimate the fundamental component of voltage, current or flux linkage. And unlike the traditional vector method, there is no current inner loop, which can significantly improve the dynamic response speed while simplifying the control structure. Simulation and experiments also fully verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

A Simulation Analysis of Grid-Connected DSTATCOM with PWM Voltage Control and Hysteresis Current Control for Power Quality Improvement

Abstract The DTSTACOM is a power quality compensator that can be used in the distribution grid to compensate the demand of reactive power, which can be produced by different linear and non-linear loads. In this process, the control method of DSTATCOM is one of the key factors influencing the performance of DSTATCOM. This study aims to analyse the effect of two modulation schemes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC), under several conditions. The proposed modelling approach and Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory are used to verify reactive power compensation and total harmonic distortion (THD). Further, PWM and Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) with proportional-integral (PI) controller simulated in MATLAB for different cases, and percentage THD was calculated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method for the control of reactive power and THD with grid-connected DSTATCOM. The results presented here justify that the HCC controller can be better than the PWM method to generate the PWM pulses for reduction of harmonics under various conditions of DTSTACOM to compensate the reactive power. Additionally, the simulation was performed to check the efficacy of the projected method to reduce THD by varying the current control band of HCC.

A Robust Control for Five-level Inverter Based on Integral Sliding Mode Control

The limitations of classical carrier wave-based pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques prevent themfromensuringgoodoutputqualityformulti-levelinverters.Thispaperproposesanewslidingmodecontrol(NSMC)method for controlling cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverters (CHB-MLIs) to improve the output quality of theinverter, reduce the common-mode (CM) voltage with high-order harmonics, and achieve stable and robustnesscontrolfortheCHB-MLIs.TheNSMCmethodmodulatesthePWMpulsesforthemulti-levelinverterbycomparingthecontrolsignalu(t)andthecomparatorlevelswithoutusingcarrierwavetechniques.Thisapproachfacilitatestheformation of a control signal u(t) which can be flexibly adjusted to optimize the generation of PWM pulses. Toreducethechatteringproblemaroundthesliding-modesurfaceathighfrequenciesandtoincreasespeedconvergence, the integral sliding-mode surface integrated with a continuous control law is used to design thecontroller. Additionally, a first-order low-pass filter (LPF) with a variable cut-off frequency is added to the controllawtoimprovestabilityandreduceoscillationcausedbyrapidandlargechangesintheloadcurrentamplitude.ThestabilityofthecontrolsystemisvalidatedbytheLyapunovtheory.Simulationandexperimentaltestswereperformedon the same cascaded H-bridge five-level inverter (CHB-5LI) with an R-L load. The results show that the proposedNSMC method is robust and performs better efficiently for multi-level inverter control systems. Furthermore, theoutput quality of the inverter is significantly improved compared to classical carrier wave-based PWM techniques,with a reduced CM voltage and fewer high-order harmonics, resulting in reduced losses and switching frequency. Therefore, the stability and strong robustness of the CHB-MLIs can b eachieved by the proposed NSMC method.

Desain dan Implementasi Modul Kit Laboratorium Mikrokontroler AT89S52 dengan Single PCB, Portable dan Prospektif

This study aims to design and implement a new design of a single PCB, portable and prospective laboratory kit module. The laboratory kits made are easy to assemble, with relatively small dimensions. and suitable for use in laboratories with limited experimental space and funds. The objectives of this research are (a) creating a microcontroller trainer by creating a series of minimum systems, inputs, outputs, Analog Digital Converter (ADC), (b) system programming using the Keil C51 IDE, (c) measuring and testing trainer performance. The research method starts from making a physical trainer, programming the microcontroller and measuring circuit performance. Pulse width modulation (PWM) of DC motors and the direction of rotation of the motor can be controlled using a potentiometer. The wave that is obtained when the motor is at full speed is in the form of a straight line with a voltage of 9.12 V, while when the motor is at half-full speed, a PWM pulse wave is obtained with a voltage of 4.35 V. The test is carried out based on student practicum work on each input circuit, and the output results are all applications tested successfully as expected.

Design of Synaptic Driving Circuit for TFT eFlash-Based Processing-In-Memory Hardware Using Hybrid Bonding

This paper presents a synaptic driving circuit design for processing in-memory (PIM) hardware with a thin-film transistor (TFT) embedded flash (eFlash) for a binary/ternary-weight neural network (NN). An eFlash-based synaptic cell capable of programming negative weight values to store binary/ternary weight values (i.e., ±1, 0) and synaptic driving circuits for erase, program, and read operations of synaptic arrays have been proposed. The proposed synaptic driving circuits improve the calculation accuracy of PIM operation by precisely programming the sensing current of the eFlash synaptic cell to the target current (50 nA ± 0.5 nA) using a pulse train. In addition, during PIM operation, the pulse-width modulation (PWM) conversion circuit converts 8-bit input data into one continuous PWM pulse to minimize non-linearity in the synaptic sensing current integration step of the neuron circuit. The prototype chip, including the proposed synaptic driving circuit, PWM conversion circuit, neuron circuit, and digital blocks, is designed and laid out as the accelerator for binary/ternary weighted NN with a size of 324 × 80 × 10 using a 0.35 μm CMOS process. Hybrid bonding technology using bump bonding and wire bonding is used to package the designed CMOS accelerator die and TFT eFlash-based synapse array dies into a single chip package.

Characterization of Partial Discharges in High-Frequency Transformer Under PWM Pulses

Partial discharge (PD) is a phenomenon often occurring in insulation system defects (cavities), which can significantly affect life and reliability. While broad knowledge on PD phenomenology of high-frequency transformers (HFT) has been achieved under ac sinusoidal voltage, much less work has been done to infer PD behavior under emerging high frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM) operation conditions. An impediment has been the limited appropriate test equipment. A recently developed novel ±5 kV GaN-based high-frequency PWM supply with controllable <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dV/dt</i> , voltage level and frequency has been developed. This article explores the application of these measurements to the testing of materials in this electrical environment. Two commonly used windings for HFT were tested under different applied voltage magnitudes, frequencies, and slew rates. According to the test results, at high frequency (up to 50 kHz) the electric field generated by space charge deposited by PD occurring during previous PWM pulses plays an important role in PD behavior. The frequency dependent permittivity of the insulation material can also affect PD measurement results.

DC Motor Speed Control System with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Technique Based on Arduino For Centrifugation Equipment Application

A DC motor speed control system with Arduino-based PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique has been realized for centrifugation applications. Tool design consists of hardware and software. The hardware used is Arduino Uno, brushless DC motor, ESC (electronic speed control), optocoupler, 4x4 keypad, and seven-segment, and the software used is Arduino IDE. The working principle of this tool is that Arduino will process input from the keypad and provide a signal to the ESC (electronic speed control) to drive a brushless DC motor. The optocoupler sensor will detect motor rotation, and the data obtained will be displayed on the seven segments. This tool works with a speed range of 4,000 to 7,000 RPM. Rotational speed testing has been carried out using the DT-2234C+ tachometer. The test results show the highest error occurs at a speed of 5,000 RPM which is 3.62% and the lowest error occurs at a speed of 6,000 RPM at 1.01%.

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of a Smart MPPT based Solar Charge Controller

ABSTRACT This paper presents the concept of a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based solar charge controllers (SCC) for charging a battery in stand-alone solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems. An SCC is a battery charge regulator that is connected in between the SPV panel and the battery, the primary purpose of the SCC is to regulate the charging of the battery so that it charges correctly and more importantly it is not overcharged. Nowadays mainly two types of SCCs are in use, one is the pulse width modulation (PWM)-based SCCs and the other one is MPPT-based SCCs. Although PWM-based SCCs may get the job done but they have very low efficiency as compared to MPPT-based ones and thus waste a lot of SPV power. This fact has been analyzed in our report by executing the simulations for both the charge controller types and the efficiency of PWM was found to be only 65% where as that of the MPPT based is 94%. In this prototype model, we have implemented MPPT-based SCC along with one Wi-Fi module for monitoring the battery voltage, current, PWM pulses and battery status on smartphone. The user also gets notified about the battery status, whether the battery is charging or it is over charging. If the SPV voltage is more than 12 V the relay disconnects the battery from the SPV cell and a notification regarding this is given to the user. All these features make the prototype versatile and user-friendly.

Direct Current (DC) Motor Speed and Direction Controller

The direct current motor is an important drive configuration for many applications across a wide range of power and speeds. It has variable characteristics and is used extensively in variable-speed drives. The goals of this project are to control the direction and speed of a Direct Current (DC) motor. Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are several communication devices introduced such as GSM, Wi-Fi, ZIGBEE and Bluetooth. Each of the connections has its own unique specification and application. Among these wireless connections, Bluetooth technology is often implemented and can be sent from the mobile phone at a distance of 10 meters. The speed control was implemented using Bluetooth technology to provide communication access from a smartphone. Instead, the ARDUINO UNO platform can be used to quickly promote electronic systems. And an electronics technique is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to achieve speed control, and this technique generates high and low pulses, then these pulses vary the speed in the motor. In order to control this PWM pulse, variable resistors are used and depend on it the speed of the DC motor will increase or decrease. The variable resistor is adjusting to varying the speed of the motor, and the higher the resistance the lower the speed of the motor rotates. The direction of the motor is controlled by the relay by giving and giving a command on the virtual terminal. The speed of the motor is directly proportional to the resistance as the speed increased after the resistance also increased and vice versa. The significance of this study is practical and highly feasible from the economic point of view and has the advantage of running the motor at a higher rating in term of a reliable, durable, accurate and efficient way of controlling speed and direction control.

Comparison between the modelled response of primary motor cortex neurons to pulse-width modulated and conventional TMS stimuli.

In this study, the neural response to pulse-width modulated (PWM) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is estimated using a computational neural model which simulates the response of cortical neurons to TMS. The recently introduced programmable TMS uses PWM to approximate conventional resonance-based TMS pulses by fast switching between voltage levels. The effect of such stimulation on the six cortical layers is modelled by estimating the activation threshold of the neurons. Modelling results are compared between the novel device and that of conventional TMS stimuli generated by Magstim stimulators. The neural responses to the PWM pulses and the conventional stimuli show a high correlation, which validates the use of pulse-width modulated pulses in TMS.Clinical Relevance- This computational modelling study demonstrates an equivalent effect of PWM and conventional TMS pulses on the nervous system which paves the way to more flexibility in exploring and choosing stimulation parameters for TMS treatment.

Power Characteristics Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Solar energy is a source of energy and has advantages compared to fossil energy. Indeed, further research and development of this type of solar power is needed, including at the University of Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. The use of solar energy is carried out by installing photovoltaic (PV) cells with a photovoltaic output control system that uses MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to regulate the load used and charge the battery. The two PV control methods have different characteristics. These differences will be analyzed based on the characteristics of the load and sunlight contained in the electrical engineering laboratory of the Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo. It can be seen from the results of the analysis that at power above 200 W, MPPT has a better voltage stability than PWM.

Simulation of Drainage cleaning Robotics system using solid work Tinkercad software

In this paper we are designing simulation using tinkercad solid work software for simulation. In simulation we used pulse width modulation (PWM) to provide very smooth action and speed varieties .for PWM pulse we used ATmega2560 microcontroller. In this design we used robotic system which can reduce the complex mechanism for cleaning the manhole.it will give a clear understanding of the manipulator and its subsystem interactions.

Simulation of Drainage cleaning Robotics system using solid work Tinkercad software

In this paper we are designing simulation using tinkercad solid work software for simulation. In simulation we used pulse width modulation (PWM) to provide very smooth action and speed varieties .for PWM pulse we used ATmega2560 microcontroller. In this design we used robotic system which can reduce the complex mechanism for cleaning the manhole.it will give a clear understanding of the manipulator and its subsystem interactions.

RETRACTED: Research on motor control and simulation based on PID and Internet of Things system

A motor application consists of a Single Phase Induction Motor, and it has single-phase winding, which is winding on the stator of the motor and a winding placed on the rotor. A pulsating magnetic field is produced when a phase supply energizes the single-phase induction motor's stator winding shown below. In the existing method, DTC (Direct Torque Control) is based on converting alternating source and fed to the desired source motor low efficiency and high speed. So in this proposed method, Induction Motor Using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and IOT (Internet of Thing) for Inverter based achieving an efficiency output voltage or with the lowest amount of ripple content, the high switching frequency. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) is an emerging technique for controlling PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Inverter-Fed Induction Motor (IM) drives. The precise and quick inspection of the IM (Induction Motor) flux and torque without calling for complex control algorithms. In principle, moreover, it requires only the knowledge of the stator resistance. The application reviews an IM (Induction Motor) essential operation and a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) inverter using the space vector theory. The IOT (Internet of Thing) control is a monitoring application of a Checking and controlling compliance and boundary is essential in many applications. The reliable functionality Policies available for equivalents and handles Observing different boundaries and three control.

Embedded System Implementation of Shunt Active Power Filter with Direct Compensation Component Generation Using Linear Operational Amplifiers

In this paper, the principles, the design, the methodology of low cost implementation and the results of implementation of a shunt active power filter (SAPF) in the embedded system environment are presented. The system for which the SAPF is considered has a combination of linear reactive load and a three-phase-fed diode bridge rectifier that drives an RL load. The generation of the compensating signal or the reference signal is based upon the direct calculations implemented using the linear operational amplifiers. Further, the generation of the pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses is much similar to the conventional sinusoidal PWM but implemented in the embedded system platform. In this work, the built-in PWM and ADC sections of the microcontroller PIC 16F877A have been utilized for generating the PWM pulses without the requirement of an explicit carrier signal. The proposed method has been validated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment and also by an experimental prototype.

Design and Implementation of Micro Temperature Control System Based on PWM

With the application of temperature control system in space remote sensors becoming more and more widespread, and with the increasing demand for high resolution of space remote sensors, the requirement of high precision and miniaturization of the temperature control system of remote sensors is constantly increasing. This paper mainly introduces the working principle of a self-closed micro temperature control system based on UC1825 high-speed pulse width modulation (PWM) controller. According to compare the target temperature with the acquisition temperature, it uses the controller for voltage modulation and outputs PWM pulse width with different duty cycles. And then it controls the on/off of the MOSFET to control the heating time of the controlled object. And finally a self-closed micro-temperature control system based on UC1825 is realized. Currently, the measurement and temperature control performance of the micro-temperature controller on orbit distributedly installed near the controlled object are good.

An Extremely Linear Multi-Level DAC for Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulators

The nonlinearity of the multi-level digital-to-analog converter (DAC), arising from element mismatches, is a critical issue in the design of multi-bit Delta-Sigma modulators (DSMs). In this brief, we propose an extremely linear multi-level DAC that requires no trimming, calibration, or dynamic element matching for continuous-time DSMs that are sensitive to loop delays. The proposed DAC combines a tri-level switched-capacitor circuit with a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) scheme modified to eliminate the nonlinearity-causing signal-dependent timing of the PWM pulses. Theoretical analysis and Monto-Carlo simulations verifying the linearity of the proposed DAC are presented.

Phase Voltage Measurement for Permanent Magnet Machine Sensorless Drive Using Controller Capture Modulator

This paper improves the position sensorless drive by sensing actual machine phase voltages. A high-bandwidth phase voltage measurement is developed for pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage inverters. On the basis, the actual phase voltage is obtained based on the digital integration of PWM voltage using the capture modulator in existing drive microcontrollers (MCU's). Comparing to existing phase voltage measurement, no separated A/D converter and communication hardware are required because PWM pulses are directly measured using MCUs. However, for standard machines without neutral points, only line-to-line ac PWM voltages can be measured for the phase voltage reconstruction. Since the capture based on transistor-transistor logic (TTL) logics receives only digital signals, a preprocess circuit to convert ac PWM line voltages to equivalent digital signals is proposed. This paper clearly explains the voltage sensing hardware using MCU capture modulator. According to experimental results, a 150-MHz sampling rate for phase voltage measurement is achieved based on the proposed capture-based voltage measurement. Although the physical limitation of back electromotive force estimation still appears, the proposed phase voltage measurement substantially enhances the sensorless drive performance at low speed.

Performance evaluation of Z-source inverter and voltage source inverter for renewable energy applications

There have been a technological advancement in the traditional current source inverter (CSI) and voltage source inverter (VSI), by reducing the number of power processing stages as well as reducing the number of components used in the system; impedance network does it all, whereas in case of traditional inverter complex circuitries are required to buck and boost the input DC voltage. Some modifications have been done in traditional pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses to achieve shoot-through pulses, which is only suitable for the Z-source inverter, (in VSI and CSI, it may destroy the inverter bridge due to short-circuiting) for boosting or bucking of input DC voltage. Impedance network consists of passive elements which help in converting direct current (DC) to alternating current in a single stage. This paper compares conventional as well as the up-coming Z-source inverter and discusses operating modes of the Z-source inverter, mathematical equations, and different pulse width modulation techniques. ZSI is the most suitable configuration for solar photovoltaic applications where sunlight is abundantly available. Simulink modelling is done using software MATLAB. A laboratory prototype is prepared and the results are verified. Spartan-3E is used for giving PWM pulses for voltage source and Z-source inverter.

A compact CMOS DC‐DC buck converter based on a novel complement value leaping PWM technique

SummaryA very compact ultra‐low power DC‐DC buck converter is presented. The proposed buck converter employs a novel complement value leaping pulse‐width modulation (PWM) technique to realize the desired DC mean‐value for various loads. Incorporating just two counters with a simple digital controller to load the repeatedly complemented value of the 4bit up/down counter as the initial value of the least significant bits of the 5bit up counter, a PWM pulse is created to manage the charge/recharge period. The realized PWM signal maintains the same desired output voltage mean value for any load resistance between 80 and 140 Ω. The switching frequency is 160 kHz, and the overall power consumption is 26.9 nW, while the efficiency is 93.4% for current range of 1.7 to 3 mA. The performance of the proposed converter is validated by Cadence post‐layout simulations utilizing TSMC180nm CMOS technology for 1‐V supply voltage providing the output voltage mean value of 0.24 V.