Pulses Production In India Research Articles

A Study of Trends in Wheat and Pulses Production in India: Post Millennium

This study is primarily dedicated to investigating the production of Wheat and Pulses yield in India. By scrutinizing these pivotal crops, we aim to gain insights into agricultural productivity dynamics, market trends, and their ramifications for both food security and economic development. Through a comprehensive examination of Wheat coupled with an evaluation of Pulses production, area and yield, this study endeavors to elucidate the agricultural output in terms of wheat and pulses in total along with suggestions to broaden the food supply chain.

Impact of seed hub on quality pulse seed production and productivity in Solapur district of Maharashtra

To ensure the availability of location specific high yielding varieties and quality seed, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers welfare, Government of India implemented the project entitled ‘Creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India’ during 2016-17 and provided funds for seed multiplication and infrastructure facilities across the country. Under this project pulses seed hub has been sanctioned to Krishi Vigyan Kendra Mohol, Solapur. The objective of this programme was to increase indigenous production of pulses and to make available quality seed of improved high yielding and climate resilient varieties to farmers to achieve self-sufficiency in respect of seeds at village level. Farmers of selected village for seed hub are working under the technical support and guidance of KVK scientists. They were trained technically and made more sound by adopting good agronomic practices to fulfil the objective. Each year, a target of 200 q for kharif and 800 q for rabi season was given to KVK, Mohol. With respect to the target received, KVK Mohol produced 355.34, 567.59, 784.88, 528.50, 752.00 q seed during the year 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2021-22, respectively. Pigeonpea varieties BDN - 711 and Phule Rajeshwari perform well and gave higher seed yield as compared to local and old varieties. Due to wide acceptance by farmer there is huge horizontal expansion of chickpea variety Phule Vikram in the district. All procured seed of pigeonpea and chickpea were sold to the farmers.Chickpe

Importance of Zinc and Molybdenum for Sustainable Pulse Production in India

Pulses are of paramount importance in Indian agriculture next to cereals and oilseeds in terms of acreage, production and economic value. Pulses are important sources of protein in a vegetarian diet, especially in India, where a large part of population is vegetarian and protein malnutrition is rampant and has not yet received adequate attention for micronutrient fertilization. To reduce the demand and supply gap, government of India launched various programs in pulses. Still, prime attention is required to meet the food security challenges, especially in case of pulse sector. In order to increase the pulse productivity while sustaining at high levels, greater attention on nutrient managements including micronutrients are among the promising technologies in pulse production. Among those micronutrients, zinc (zn) and molybdenum (Mo) are of major concerns. Mo acts as a cofactor for the enzymes namely nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, which take lead roles in bio-logical fixation and subsequent assimilation of nitrogen in legumes. Thus, Mo plays an important role in metabolism and biosynthesis of nitrogen into protein. Besides this, it facilitates the various physiological and biochemical process in pulses. Application of Mo enhances the bioavailability of other essential nutrients to crops. Plants subjected to zinc deficiency display alterations in the activity of many enzymes and decreased protein synthesis. Foliar spray of nutrient fertilizers at the critical stages of rainfed condition, application of micronutrients and secondary nutrients has been great focus in boosting up pulses productivity in India. Thus, this article represents critical review on constraints of low pulse productivity, role of Zn and Mo fertilization to gear up the present pulses productivity to larger extent while sustaining the productivity of pulses in India.

Organic nitrogen sources’ effects on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp] productivity

Pulses are an important source of protein for the poor as well as for the vegetarians which constitute major population of the country. Presently about 24 to 25 million hectares of land is under pulses producing about 19 million tons annually. Pulses production in India is characterized by diversity of crops and their regional specificity based on adaptation to prevailing agro climatic conditions. At the Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, SK Nagar Gujarat, a field experiment was done in the Kharif season of 2015. Cowpea, variety GC5 was used for the present experimentation. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications during Kharif 2015. Application of T9 (PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake) + 50% N (Vermicompost) and T10 (RDF: 20+40+00 kg ha-1 through fertilizer) increased plant height at 30 DAS, while treatment T9 PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake)+ 50% N vermicompost) recorded higher plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest. Under treatment T9 (PSB+ 50%N (Castor cake) + 50% N (Vermicompost), there was a noticeable improvement in the number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, dry matter per plant, branches per plant, and dry weight of root nodules per plant and seed yield. Significant improvement in stover yield were noted with application of 50% N through FYM + 50% N through vermicompost + PSB (T8).

An Overview of Pulses Production in India: Retrospect and Prospects of the Future Food with an Application of Hybrid Models.

Forecasts are valuable to countries to make informed business decisions and develop data-driven strategies. The production of pulses is an integral part of agricultural diversification initiatives because it offers promising economic opportunities to reduce rural poverty and unemployment in developing countries. Pulses are the cheapest source of protein needed for human health. India's pulses production guidelines must be based on accurate and best forecast models. Comparing classical statistical and machine learning models based on different scientific data series is the subject of high-level research today. This study focused on the forecasting behaviour of pulses production for India, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The data series was split into a training dataset (1950-2014) and a testing dataset (2015-2019) for model building and validation purposes, respectively. ARIMA, NNAR and hybrid models were used and compared on training and validation datasets based on goodness of fit (RMSE, MAE and MASE). This research demonstrates that due to the diverse agricultural conditions across different provinces in India, there is no single model that can accurately predict pulse production in all regions. This study's highest accuracy model is ARIMA. ARIMA outperforms NNAR, a machine learning model. Pulse production in India, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh will expand by 26.11%, 12.62%, and 0.51% from 2020 to 2030, whereas it would decline by -6.5%, -6.21%, and -6.76 per cent in Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh, respectively. The current forecast results could allow policymakers to develop more aggressive food security and sustainability plans and better Indian pulses production policies in the future.

A research study on creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India

KVK, Palem, Nagarkurnool district Telangana state was allotted with the seed hub project entitled with Creation of seed hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India. With the project buy back policy KVK was procured 284 quintals of Greengram (WGG 42), 571 quintals of Redgram (PRG 176), 234 quintals of Blackgram (PU 31) and 2.2 quintals of Horsegram (CHRG 19) from the farmers and INR 13, 49,989 was earned by the 51 farmers as additional income from seed production. Total 1,091 quintals of pulses seed was procured by KVK, Palem, during 2016 to 2020. (4years).Seed production was implemented on farmers’ fields across different villages of Nagarkurnool and Jogulamba Gadwal districts based on farmers experience in pulse seed production through bye back agreement. These quality seeds covered through our intervention nearly 7,690 hectares, contributing 16 to 18 per cent of total cropped area under cultivation of pulses in Nagarkurnool district. The total gross amount realized from pulses seed production programme in the four years (2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20) was INR 1.24 crores. The net profit to KVK, Palem, is INR 41, 92,086. The profit generated out of seed sale has been utilized by Seed-Hub for development of additional facilities/workforce as needed for scaling quality seed production of pulses. It is noteworthy that this programme generated employment opportunities for rural youth, farm workers and farm women as seed production is a skill oriented work. Regular and timely management practices reduce additional expenditure while producing seeds, so that no additional labour and special input costs were incurred. Socio-economic status of the farmers has improved due to generation of additional income through seed production as compared to general cultivation.

Weed Management in Pulse Crops: Challenges and Opportunities

Pulses are known for their role in nutritional security, and sustainability of agricultural production systems and agro-ecology. It is a main source of protein to the vegetarian population of the country. India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. But, the productivity of pulses in India is far below than several countries of the world. The low productivity of pulses in India is mainly due to several biotic and abiotic factors among which weeds are major ones since they severely affect the pulse crops yield. An estimate shows yield losses due to weeds are more than any other pests. The intensity and diversity of weed flora in pulses depends on climatic, edaphic and crop management practices. It has been observed that sedges population in cereal-cereal systems can be minimized through diversification or intensification of cropping systems with pulse crops as components. In addition, most of the pulses are grown as rainfed crops with no or minimal inputs and inadequate weed management. Limited attention was paid in the past by researchers also on development of effective strategies to manage weeds in pulses. Only a few herbicides are registered in India for use in pulses and most of the weed management recommendations in pulses are of pre-emergence herbicide application followed by manual weeding. But, due to shortage of labor for intercultural operations, the need was recognized for development of alternate methods involving post-emergence herbicides too for effective weed management in pulses. The conservation agriculture (CA) adopted acreage is increasing in India with a focus on inclusion of pulses in crop diversification component of CA. Hence, there is need to develop long-term strategies of weed management by inclusion of modern technologies in pulse crops.

Area, Output and Productivity of Pulses in India

India’s produce of cereal has been growing year by year and its one of the top manufacturers of different crops like rice, wheat, pulses, sugarcane and cotton. In 2019 India’s pulses production is 23.15 million tonnes which contribute about 24 percent of world pulses output. In the present paper area, output and productivity of pulses in India are investigated. The study is descriptive in nature and used secondary data from different government publications. The paper concludes that the increase in output is much higher than the area of pulses, whereas total pulses production is always affected by the size of holding.

​​Estimation of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Major Pulse Crops in Rajasthan, India

Background: Pulses, supplemented with cereals, provide a perfect mix of vegetarian protein of high biological value. The productivity of pulses in India is less than half of the productivity levels in the USA and Canada. Present investigation was aimed to Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth in three pulse crops in the state of Rajasthan from 2000-01 to 2017-18. Methods: In the current study, the Tornqvist Theil Index was used to compute the total output index, total input index and total factor productivity index. The Tornqvist Index is exact for the homogenous translog production function that can deliver a second order approximation to an arbitrary twice differentiable homogenous production function. The translog function does not require perfect substitutes for inputs. If the relative price of input increases, the producer decreases its use (substituting other inputs) until all marginal productivities are proportional to the new prices. Result: The results of this study has indicates low TFP in Gram (0.98%) despite a 59.23 per cent share in the total pulse output of the state. The annual compound growth rate of TFP of black gram increased at the rate of 1.11 per cent per annum (moderate growth) and the contribution of TFP to output growth was low; at about 41.63. Whereas, the compound growth rate of TFP of annual green gram crop increased at the 2.38 per cent per annum (high growth) while its TFP to output growth was about 66.43 per cent. The real cost of production of gram, black gram and green gram crop increased by 0.77, 1.49 and 1.57 per cent per annum, respectively.

Weed Management in Pulses: A Review

Pulses are the important crop after cereals and is the cheapest source of dietary protein. After the Green revolution, the production of pulses in India remain stagnant over the years due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the various biotic stresses, weeds are the major one which causes severe yield loss in pulses. Due to initial slow growth of pulses, weeds emerge first and gain competitive advantage over the crop and exhibit smothering effect on crop. Moreover, major area of pulses (84 per cent) are under rainfed condition and grown in combination with non-legume crop. As a result, pulses are subjected to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Weeds besides causing direct loss in yield also hinder farm activities and serve as alternate host to many pests. Weed management in pulses is essential to bring the weeds below the threshold level to maximize the seed yield and quality. The literature regarding the importance of weed management in pulses, weed flora, critical period of crop weed competition and different weed management methods of weed control are collected and presented in this paper.Weeds are the predominant biological constraint in pulse production due to the slow initial growth of the crop. Strategies’ of weed management depends on the weed competition, types of weeds present and weed control method adopted. In general, critical period of weed competition for short duration pulses is up to 30 days and for long duration pulse crops it is up to 60 days. The major three types of weeds viz., grasses, broad leaved weeds and sedges were found in association with pulses. Intensity of weed infestation varies with agroecological conditions and crop management practices followed. A system approach is necessary to maintain the weed population below the economic threshold level thereby reducing the yield loss. Integrated weed management (IWM) which has been proved to be more effective than any single method in alleviating the buildup of weeds in pulse crop.

New Prediction Models of Innovative Technologies for Maximising the Production of Greengram and Blackgram in Coastal Areas of India

Pulse crops are having rich source of proteins and its plays major role in giving nutritionally balanced diet for vegetarian’s humans. India is the major consumer, producer and highest importer of pulses. However, pulses yields are mostly affected input limits particularly fertilizers, quality seeds and lifesaving irrigation was not sufficient associated to cereal crops such as rice and wheat. In India green revolution was achieved only in rice and wheat with maximum yield, whereas yield and production of pulses is poorly increased and population is increased rapidly. In current situation, enhancing the pulse production with various new prediction models of innovative technologies for maximising the production of green gram and black gram in coastal areas is highly essential. This paper analyses status of pulses growth, production and productivity strategies of pulses, constrains and possibilities of pulse production in India and coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. Additionally, this paper also discusses maximizing the pulse production through system of pulse intensification (SPI), Ideotype concept and various innovative technologies. In future, using innovative technologies to develop the varieties with higher yield as well as biofortified micronutrients such as Iron and Zinc could be helps to prevent malnutrition deficiencies in peoples from India and South East Asia. Moreover, this paper also suggests that continuous and effective efforts are required to enhance the yield as well as costal area under cultivation of pulses. Keywords: Black gram; Green gram; Ideotype concept; Innovative technologies; Pulses; Production

Impact of front line demonstrations on integrated crop management in rice fallow black gram in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh

The productivity of pulses in India is lower than most of the major pulse producing countries. As pulses are the major protein source in Indian diet, India has become the largest importer of pulses. The aim of demonstrations in general is to raise production through transfer of technology to the farming community to increase the yields. Thus, front line demonstrations (FLD) were conducted on ICM in rice fallow black gram in various locations in Srikakulam district in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2017-18 to 2019-20 to evaluate the difference between demonstrated technologies vis-a-vis practices followed by the local farmers in rice fallow black gram. Foliar nutrient sprays and timely use of appropriate pesticides along with other low-cost technologies has greatly increased the yields (600 kg/ha) of rice fallow black gram recording pod yield of 14 pods per plant over the local check plots on an average. These results have influenced the 110 peer farmers of the same as well as farmers of the neighboring villages from the FLD farmers which have resulted in the adoption of this technology in the district.

Screening of fungicides and bio-control agents against Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) causing collar rot in Lentil

Lentil is an important pulse crop, contributes about 8-9% of the total pulse production in India and is also a major source of protein, minerals and vitamins. Collar rot of lentil is an important seedling disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. In this study, twenty isolates (Th1-Th20) of Trichoderma harzianum, one isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescence and nine commercially available fungicides were tested in vitro for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Trichoderma harzianum isolate Th16 and Th14 were found to inhibit maximum mycelial growth of the pathogen. The complete inhibition of mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii was found with Propiconazole, Tabuconazole, Hexaconazole, Ridomil and Carbendazim+ Mancozeb at all (0.03%, 0.05% and 0.1%) concentrations. Other fungicides (Captan, Mancozeb and Carbendazim) also showed significant inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen. No inhibition was recorded in the treatment with copper oxychloride even at 0.2% concentration.

Impact of irrigation on pulses production in India: A time-series study

Pulses are source of protein for Indians, production of which has not kept with increasing demand of the nation. Among efforts to enhance pulses production, role of irrigation as a critical input has not been given due importance. In present investigation attempt is to find out importance and contribution of irrigation in growth of pulses production in India. The time series data on area, production, productivity and area irrigated of pulses was obtained from DES Official website. The regression analysis and linear decomposition analysis were used as tools to carry out analysis. It was found that yield and area not-irrigated effect accounts for 52 per cent of growth of pulses which is not suitable for sustainability of pulses production system. Area not-irrigated effect contribution was 13.69 percent on pulses production. This also shows that irrigation has not been able to influence the production of pulses to desired level. The area irrigated accounted for 69 percent of variation in pulses yield. The result of present investigation is helpful to researcher as well as policymaker in attaining sustainable increases in pulses production in India.

Time series change in pulse scenario in India with special reference to Haryana

Pulses are an important ingredient of the vegetarian diet of Indian masses. Pulses are a major source of protein predominantly among Indian vegetarian people making their diets more balanced and nutritive. In this study, analysis has been done to help out the researcher and policy makers to take decisions regarding future initiatives and programmes. In India during 2016-17 pulses were grown over an area of 29.27 million hectare producing 22.4 million tones with yield of 765 kg / per hectare. The cropping area of pulses in Haryana as compared to India is almost decreasing. The trend of contribution of pulses by Haryana at national level is also decreasing which reduces from 0.81 million tons in 1970-71 to 0.06 million tons in 2016-17. In India, about 5.63 to 10.90 percent share of food grains production is pulses. The percentage growth rate in the cropped area as well as in production of total pulses in India shows much fluctuation but serious downfall Haryana. The cropped area, production and productivity of total pulses in India shows positive trend from 10th Five Year Plan, however it is found reverse in Haryana. The highest per capita availability of pulses in a 1971-72 which was 51.22 grams per day and the lowest per capita availability of pulses in 2003-04 i.e. 10.6 grams per day in India.

Growth and instability in agriculture - A case of pulses production in India

Pulses are an important commodity group of crops that provide high quality protein complementing cereal proteins for pre-dominantly substantial vegetarian population of the country. In India, pulses can be produced with a minimum use of resources and hence, it becomes less costly even than animal protein. Although this crop group is more important from the nutritional point of view, there has not been any significant development both in area and production during the last 50 years. In recent years, commercial and major millets are replacing the area under pulses and has led to several issues requiring attention of all the concerned. The study is based on time-series data for 60 years (1950-51 to 2009-10) on area, production and productivity of pulses in India. Exponential growth rate, instability index and Hazel’s decomposition analysis was used and it was found that, the growth rate of area under pulses during the study period was non-significant, while production growth rate was just 0.59. The variation around the trend (instability index 10.56) and the variation around mean (CV 14.45 %) was more in case of production. Increase in mean yield accounted for 99 per cent of the increase in production. Variance in production of pulses was mainly due to residual factors.

Present scenario, bottlenecks and expansion of pulse production in India: A review

India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world, accounting for about 25% of global production, 27% of consumption and 34% of food use. More than two-third area and production has been obtained from the six states of India viz., Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. India is leading importer and about 20% of the total pulses demands are met by imports only due to the stagnant production over the years. To reduce the demand-supply gap, government of India launched various programmes in pulses. However, prime attention is required to meet the food security challenges, especially in case of pulse production. These crops are only the option to cure the sick land which is ill by chemical based modern cultivation. In order to enhance and sustain the pulse productivity at high levels, the development and promotion of pulse production technology need greater attention so that technology is widely adopted by the majority of farmers. The paper addresses the present scenario, bottleneck and focus on the way forward for sustaining/improving pulses production in India.

Production and Productivity of Pulses in India: Role of Combined Quality Inputs Usage

Production and Productivity of Pulses in India: Role of Combined Quality Inputs Usage

Hierarchical time-series models for forecasting oilseeds and pulses production in India

Hierarchical time-series, which are multiple time-series that are hierarchically organized and can be aggregated at several different levels in groups based on geographical locations or some other features, has many practical importance. There are certain specialized strategies, viz. top-down, bottom-up, middle-out and optimal approaches which take care of predicting future values for such multi-level data. The top-down approach at first provides forecasting for the aggregated series at the top most level of the hierarchy, then disaggregating the forecasts in the lower levels based on historical and forecasted proportions. The bottom-up method provides forecasting for the most disaggregated series at the bottom level of the hierarchy and then aggregates these forecasts to obtain the forecasts at the top level of the hierarchy. The middle-out approach is a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches. The optimal combination approach involves forecasting all series at all levels in the hierarchy, and then using a regression model to obtain the optimally combined forecasts. As an example, forecasting of oilseeds as well as pulses production in India is attempted using hierarchical time-series models.

An Assessment on Effect of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) on Growth and Stability of Major Pulses Production in India and Karnataka

This paper has analysed the impact of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) on Growth and Stability in Pulse production in major states of India and exclusively in Karnataka State. In order to study the effect of NFSM on the production of major pulses, the data were collected for the period 1997–98 to 2013–14 which was divided into two periods that is, Pre NFSM (1997–98 to 2006–07) and Post NFSM (2007–08 to 2013–14). The findings convey that, an increasing trend in area, production and productivity was found in case of redgram and Bengal gram after introduction of NFSM at both all India and Karnataka level. In case of green gram, at all India level growth in area was negative during post NFSM period while in pre-NFSM period, it was positive and significant at 1per cent level. The average productivity of Redgram, Green gram and Bengal gram for all India was 682, 350 and 804 kg per hectare during pre NFSM period which has increased to 730, 406 and 913Kg per hectare during post NFSM period respectively. Conversely, in case of Karnataka State for H-K region, the overall growth of green gram production was negative (−5.42 per cent) and nonsignificant during pre-NFSM period while, it was positive (11.22per cent) and non-significant during post NFSM period. However, the productivity of H-K region was negative during both pre-NFSM and Overall period during the study. With respect to Bengal gram the significant positive growth in production and productivity was noticed during post-NFSM period. Thus, NFSM was found to be effective in increasing the production and productivity of pulses and thereby help in providing nutritional security of the population.