Pulsed Power Capacitors Research Articles

A Broad-High Temperature Ceramic Capacitor with Local Polymorphic Heterogeneous Structures.

Crafting high-performance dielectrics tailored for pulsed power capacitors, in response to the escalating demands of practical applications, presents a formidable challenge. Herein, this work introduces a novel lineup of lead-free ceramics with local polymorphic heterogeneous structures, defined by the formula (1-x)[0.92BaTiO3-0.08Sr(Mg1/2Ti3/4)O3]-x(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 (BT-SMT-xNBT). This innovative multi-scale synergistic strategy, spanning from the atomic to grain scale, yields materials with a giant recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 10.1 J·cm-3 and an impressive energy efficiency (η) of 95.0%. The integration of linear end elements SMT can significantly mitigate the polarization hysteresis while concurrently boosting the breakdown strength, thus enhancing overall energy efficiency. Furthermore, the inclusion of NBT with high polarization serves to amplify domain size, thereby reinforcing the electric field-induced polarization. This addition also stimulates the creation of polymorphic heterostructures, where tetragonal and rhombohedral nanodomains coexist, as validated by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Notably, the BT-SMT-0.2NBT ceramics have demonstrated outstanding high-temperature energy storage capabilities, with a Wrec of 7.2 J·cm-3 and an η of 92.2% at 150 °C, along with remarkable broad-temperature stability (ΔWrec, Δη ≤ 4.0%, ≈20-150 °C). These achievements in this work propel the field toward more practical and durable solutions of energy storage dielectrics.

Effect of thermal shock on energy density of biaxially oriented polypropylene films for pulsed power capacitors

In this paper, thermal shock experiments are performed on the biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films, and the changes in dielectric and energy storage properties before and after the experiments are explored. The experimental results show that the films have reduced comprehensive performance with the thermal shock time and frequency increasing. After the thermal shock, both the permittivity and the dielectric loss increase slightly. And, the direct current (DC) conductivity has risen by 73.6%–714.2%. The lowest DC breakdown strength of film is 604.4 kV mm−1, showing a 13.5% reduction compared to that of pristine film. In addition, energy storage performance has also deteriorated. The maximum discharge energy density decreased from 4.62 J cm−3 of pristine film to 3.26 J cm−3 of treated film. There is a decrease in charge and discharge efficiency under the same electric field. The metallization layer of the film receives less influence; the capacitance is reduced by only 0.37%. The causes and mechanisms of performance changes are analyzed and discussed. The disruption of molecular chains during thermal shock is the most important factor leading to the degradation of films. This paper provides a powerful perspective and reference for studying the performance degradation and failure of polymer dielectrics under extreme operating conditions.

An Antiferroelectric‐Coated Metal Foam Infiltrated with Liquid Metal as a Dielectric Capacitor

Nickel metal foams serve as both a substrate and bottom electrode for a dielectric capacitor using atomic‐layer deposition (ALD) and a eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) liquid metal (LQM) counter electrode. The conformal dielectric has a composition of 6.25% Al–HfO2 in the antiferroelectric phase, confirmed with polarization versus electric field measurements. Liquid EGaIn is pressure‐infiltrated within the coated foams to form the dielectric capacitor. Capacitances up to 4 μF are realized. Calorimetry of the infiltrated capacitor shows a 60 J g−1 latent heat upon melting a frozen EGaIn electrode, suggesting that the phase change can alleviate thermal deviations from pulsed power capacitor operation. Infiltrated capacitors are also shown to survive bending and freeze–thaw cycles. The metal foam–ALD dielectric–LQM capacitor shows a combined set of thermal and electrical properties not available in other classes of capacitors.

Combinatorial Optimization of Grain Size and Domain Morphology Boosts the Energy Storage Performance in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-Based Dielectric Ceramics.

Lead-free dielectric ceramics exhibiting excellent energy storage capacity, long service life, and good safety have been considered to have immense prospects in next-generation pulsed power capacitors. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously achieve large recoverable energy density (Wrec), high efficiency (η), and excellent charge-discharge performance. Herein, we fabricated lead-free (1 - x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-x(Sr0.7Bi0.1La0.1)TiO3 ((1 - x)BNT-xSBLT) dielectric ceramics, and a good balance between Wrec ∼ 4.15 J/cm3 and η ∼ 93.89% under 333 kV/cm, as well as superior charge-discharge properties (power density PD ∼ 185.42 MW/cm3, discharge energy density Wd ∼ 2.2 J/cm3, and discharge time t0.9 ∼ 53.8 ns under 250 kV/cm), was achieved in 0.6BNT-0.4SBLT ceramics. The good energy storage performance can be attributed to the synergistic contributions of significantly enhanced Eb caused by grain refinement and the large ΔP values induced by polar nanoregions (PNRs) under a high external electric field. Moreover, the 0.6BNT-0.4SBLT ceramics also present excellent temperature stability of energy storage properties (the variations of Wrec and η less than 0.45% and 0.14%, respectively) over a temperature range of 25-185 °C. These figures of merit make 0.6BNT-0.4SBLT ceramics the most promising candidate for energy storage capacitors in advanced pulse power systems.

Remarkable energy storage performance of BiFeO3-based high-entropy lead-free ceramics and multilayers

Electrostatic energy storage capacitors featuring fast charge–discharge capability play an indispensable role in pulsed power capacitors. However, the inverse correlation between polarization and dielectric breakdown strength (Eb) is the main obstacle limiting the access to high recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) and high efficiency (η). In this work, we designed a series of novel (1-x)BiFeO3-x(Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2Bi0.2Na0.2)TiO3 (BF-xBSCBNT, x = 0.4–1.0) high-entropy lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. The synergy of refined grain size, broadened band gap, and core–shell microstructure is well-investigated by experimental results and phase-field simulations. High polarization difference is achieved by the strengthened relaxation behavior and the dominated polar nanoregions (PNRs). Both high Wrec of 6.0 J/cm3 and η of 81.1 % are achieved in the BF–0.8BSCBNT ceramics. In particular, a remarkable Wrec of 12.1 J/cm3 with a η of 86.1 % are obtained in the multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) fabricated from the x = 0.8 composition. Excellent temperature stability (<4.0 % in the range of 25–140 °C) and frequency stability (<6.2 % in the range of 1–500 Hz) are also achieved in MLCCs. The excellent energy storage performance demonstrates that high-entropy strategy is effective to develop novel lead-fee ceramics and devices for energy storage applications.

Enhanced energy storage and mechanical properties in niobate-based glass-ceramics

The advancement of energy storage glass-ceramics, serving as quintessential elements within pulse power capacitors, is deemed essential for the progression of sophisticated electronic systems, attributable to their ultrafast discharge rate and elevated dielectric breakdown strength (DBS). In this study, the incorporation of 1.2 mol% Nd2O3 into SiO2-Na2O-K2O-BaO-Nb2O5-Nd2O3 (SNKBNN) glass-ceramics has significantly enhanced the material performance. Specifically, a high recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) of 2.06 J/cm3 can be achieved, alongside an ultrahigh efficiency (η) of 92.3 % under an electric field of 630 kV/cm. Additionally, this glass-ceramics also exhibit a high discharge energy density (Wd) of 0.97 J/cm3, an ultrafast discharge rate of 7 ns, and an exceptionally high hardness (Hv) of 10.51 GPa. Additionally, these glass-ceramics exhibit exceptional stability across a range of temperatures (25 to 150 ℃), frequencies (10 to 1000 Hz), and cycling durability (up to 104 cycles). The research has corroborated the structural interdependence between energy storage and mechanical properties, establishing a foundational understanding of their synergistic relationship. The synthesized glass-ceramics demonstrate significant potential for use in high-power dielectric capacitors.

Outstanding comprehensive energy storage performances in multiscale synergistic regulation-engineered (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based multilayer ceramics

Environmentally friendly dielectric ceramics with superior energy storage performances (ESP) are strongly demanded in pulsed power capacitor applications. Unfortunately, it is challenging to achieve simultaneously large recoverable energy density (Wrec), high Wrec/E (E as electric field) and broad operating temperature range in those ceramics. Herein we propose a multiscale synergistic regulation strategy to enhance comprehensive ESP of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based ceramics. We introduce Ca(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3 (CZT) into the BNT to increase atomic chaos and lattice distortion, which enhances relaxor behavior and lowers domain-switching barriers, thus effectively reducing remanent polarization. Besides, both suppressed oxygen vacancy and refined submicron grains improve extrinsic resistivity, which works synergistically with the enlarged intrinsic bandgap and multilayer structure design, producing substantially enhanced breakdown strength. Encouragingly, a very large Wrec of 13.4 J/cm3, an ultrahigh Wrec/E of 160 J/(kV∙m2), and a high efficiency η of 90.2 % are simultaneously achieved in the novel (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-Ca(Zr0.8Ti0.2)O3 (BNT-CZT) multilayer ceramics, together with outstanding energy storage stability over a broad working temperature range (20–180 °C). The comprehensive ESP of our multilayer ceramics are superior to most of previously reported lead-free ones. This work provides a feasible pathway for substantially improving comprehensive ESP of lead-free ceramics, and also highlights advanced energy storage potential of the BNT-CZT for high-performance pulsed power applications.

High energy-storage properties of Sr0.7Bi0.2-xLaxTiO3 lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics for pulsed power capacitors

Ceramic capacitors are very promising to be commercialize with ease for high pulse power technology owing to their fast charging/discharging rate, high bending strength and as well as their high energy density. Small, fine, and compacted grains in conjunction with slim P-E loops, and high breakdown electric field strength (Eb) play crucial role in the improvement of recoverable energy storage density. In this work, the microstructure and electrical properties of La2O3 modified Sr0.7Bi0.2-xLaxTiO3 ceramics (SBLTO, x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05, and short for SBTO, SBLTO-0.01, SBLTO-0.02, and SBLTO-0.05, respectively) were investigated in details. Furthermore, introducing La2O3 into SBTO ceramics not only refined grains and increased insulation resistance, but also resulted in significantly better energy-storage characteristics, as compared with the pure SBTO ceramics. Recoverable energy-storage density (Wrec) was obtained up to 5.8 J/cm3 in SBLTO-0.01 lead-free ceramic, which is better than that of other reported SBTO-based ceramics. Moreover, the Wrec of the SBLTO-0.01 ceramic also presents good frequency (2–500 Hz) and thermal (25–120 °C) stabilities under an electric field strength of 150 kV/cm. Furthermore, the charge-discharge results demonstrated a high power density∼92 MW/cm3 and a short discharging speed time∼39 ns. As a result, our work offers SBTO-based ceramics with a feasible method for enhancing the energy-storage characteristic.

Effects of CaTiO3 size on the electrical properties of NBT-based ceramics

Relaxor ferroelectrics are the most promising materials for dielectric capacitors because of their rapid charge/discharge capability and outstanding thermal stability. However, to satisfy the advanced requirements of pulsed power capacitors, these electrical properties need substantial enhancement. In this paper, the breakdown strength of the ceramic is improved by constructing a barrier layer with CaTiO3 filler in the system, and it optimizes the ceramic's electrical characteristics by regulating the size of the filler. Subsequently, the relaxor behavior is enhanced, achieving a dispersion coefficient of 1.75, and the band gap (Eg) increases to 2.67 eV, raising the breakdown strength from 140 kV/cm to 220 kV/cm, maintaining relatively good temperature stability. The recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) achieved is 0.73 J/cm3 using CaTiO3 with dimensions of 5.80×2.10×2.20 μm. This paper proposes a novel strategy to boost the electrical performance of dielectric materials.

Advancements and challenges in BaTiO3-Based materials for enhanced energy storage

Numerous researchers worldwide have been motivated to develop highly effective, environmentally acceptable green energy sources as a result of the recent sharp increase in energy use and the need for low emission levels. The energy generated from various renewable sources can be stored efficiently with a system that has a high energy density and high energy efficiency. Due to their enhanced dielectric, ferroelectric, and breakdown strength characteristics, BaTiO3 based dielectric/ferroelectric ceramic materials have received a lot of interest for energy storage applications in the past tw decades. In the present work, a thorough analysis of recent advancements in composites and single-phase BaTiO3 materials with enhanced energy storage performance. This review's main focus is on the crucial tactics and theoretical frameworks for improving the energy efficiency and recovered energy storage density of various BaTiO3-based materials. A thorough summary has been provided with the most recent developments in BaTiO3 based materials for multi-layered ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), pulse power capacitors, piezoelectric transducers, energy harvesting, electric vehicle batteries, and high-power electronic devices in order to confirm the commercial applications of BaTiO3 based single phase as well as multi-phase layered structures and composites.

Enhanced energy-storage properties in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramics by doping linear perovskite materials Ca0.85Bi0.1(Sn0.5Ti0.5)O3

For energy storage applications in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT)-based materials, the key challenges are the premature polarization saturation and low breakdown electric field (Eb), which confine the energy storage capacity of BNT and significantly restrict progress in advancing pulsed power capacitors. Hence, the cooperative optimization strategy of band structure and defect engineering was proposed, which successfully obtained a high recoverable energy density of 3.83 J/cm3 and an energy efficiency of 77.9 % in the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.12Ca0.85Bi0.1(Sn0.5Ti0.5)O3 (BNT-0.12CBST) ceramics. Doping the BNT matrix with CBST has been shown to not only reduce grain size but also enhance relaxor behavior, which collectively improves breakdown strength and delays polarization saturation. Furthermore, the x = 0.12 ceramic also exhibits a commendable discharge power density of 91.9 MW/cm3 and a transient discharge time of 40 ns. The higher resistivity and lower oxygen vacancy concentration are conductive to acquire superior breakdown electric field and energy storage performance. We determine the crystal structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the studied ceramics in a wide range of temperatures and concentrations, and a phase diagram is constructed, which illustrates the complex phases present and their transformation behavior. Our work provides an effective strategy to optimize the energy-storage of dielectric ceramics, and shows great potential for practical applications in pulse power systems.

Design, synthesis and Characterization of a novel antiferroelectric solid solution (1-x)PbHfO3-xBiAlO3

Antiferroelectric (AFE) materials are potentially useful for energy storage applications. Lead hafnate (PbHfO3) is one of the prototypical AFE materials. However, its critical field (Ecr) which is needed to induce the AFE to ferroelectric phase transition is close to the dielectric breakdown strength. To reduce Ecr, we prepare the solid solutions of (1-x)PbHfO3–xBiAlO3 (x = 0.00–0.04) via solid state synthesis. The crystal structures, dielectric behaviour, ferroelectric properties, and energy storage properties are investigated. A temperature-composition phase diagram is established. At room temperature, the crystal symmetry of all compositions is orthorhombic with the Pbam space group. Upon heating, the transition to the AFE orthorhombic Imma phase is observed at the temperature TC1, which slightly decreases with increasing x, followed by the transition to the cubic phase at the temperature TC2, which does not depend on x. Distinct dielectric anomalies are observed at TC1 and TC2. It is found that BiAlO3 substitution reduces Ecr and the polarization–electric field relations display characteristic double hysteresis loops. For x = 0.04, at a comparatively small applied field of 130 kV/cm, the values of recoverable energy density (Wrec) and efficiency of 0.24 J/cm3 and 84 %, respectively, are obtained. At 190 °C, a Wrec = 0.75 J/cm3 and a very high efficiency of 92 % are obtained at the field of 50 kV/cm. Thus, the prepared material can potentially be used in high-temperature pulsed power capacitors for energy storage applications within the temperature range from room temperature up to 190 °C.

Enhanced energy storage performance of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics by synergistic optimization strategies

Despite the fact that Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) based lead-free ceramics have attracted widespread interest due to their various advantages, their lower recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) and energy storage efficiency (η) limit their development in pulsed power capacitors. In this work, we propose a synergistic optimization strategy to enhance the energy storage performance of 0.65Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.35SrTiO3(NBST) based lead-free ceramics by introducing Bi0.8La0.2(Ni0.5Zr0.5)O3 (BLNZ) and employing viscous polymer process (VPP). The former converts the macroscopic domains into microscopic domains, limiting the polarization response hysteresis to give a large Pm–Pr. The latter reduces the thickness and porosity of the samples, resulting in a substantial increase in breakdown strength. Ultimately, by stepwise optimization of this strategy, the x = 0.15 ceramic by VPP (0.15VPP) achieves excellent energy storage performance (Wrec = 7.6 J/cm3, η = 92%) under 620 kV/cm and reliable temperature stability from 20-140 °C. The combined excellent results of this study show that our synergistic optimization strategy can effectively enhance the energy storage performance of NBT-based dielectric ceramics and could be further extended to other ceramic materials for pulsed power capacitors.

Dielectric properties and excellent energy storage density under low electric fields for high entropy relaxor ferroelectric (Li0.2Ca0.2Sr0.2Ba0.2La0.2)TiO3 ceramic

High entropy relaxor ferroelectrics, are a representative type of dielectric with exceptional properties and play an indispensable role in the next-generation pulsed power capacitor market. In this paper, a high-entropy relaxor ferroelectric ceramic (Li0.2Ca0.2Sr0.2Ba0.2La0.2)TiO3 successfully designed and synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method. The microstructure, dielectric properties, and energy storage characteristics of the ceramics were systematically investigated. The ceramic exhibited a dense microstructure with a single-phase perovskite structure and small grain size. The unique microstructure and high insulation not only wides the band gap, but also minimizes residual polarization and resulting in higher energy density (Eb) 1.51 J/cm3 and efficiency (η) of 89.6% at a low field strength of 260 kV/cm. Furthermore, the observed anomalous behavior in dielectric relaxation was explained within the context of high entropy ceramics. The material also exhibited excellent temperature/frequency stability and fast charging-discharging speed (∼35 ns). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of high entropy strategy to develop high-performance energy storage capacitors.

Enhanced energy storage properties in BNST-based lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics achieved via a high-entropy strategy

The 0.65(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.35SrTiO3-based materials are essential for the development of pulse power capacitors. However, their low recoverable energy storage density and breakdown field strength have hindered further improvement. To address this, a high-entropy strategy based on multiscale regulation is proposed, which involves synergistically manipulating the activation energy and microstructure evolution in BNST-based ceramics through the introduction of Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2)O3. The inclusion of high-insulating oxides can significantly raise the activation energy of the entire system. Furthermore, the high-entropy material can significantly increase the atomic disorder and lattice distortion, resulting in strong local polar fluctuations on several nanoscales and excellent energy storage characteristics. As a result, this approach yields an impressive Wrec of ∼ 4.89 J/cm3 and a high efficiency of ∼92.1 % at 351 kV/cm, and the outstanding thermal endurance (20∼150 °C), frequency stability (5∼1000 Hz) and fatigue (100∼105 cycles). This study provides an effective strategy for achieving excellent comprehensive performances in high-entropy ceramics.

Breaking the Mutual Constraint between Polarization and Voltage Resistance with Nanograined High-Entropy Ceramic.

Dielectric ceramics with a high energy storage capacity are key to advanced pulsed power capacitors. However, conventional materials face a mutual constraint between polarization strength and the breakdown strength bottleneck. To address this limitation, the concept of nanograined high-entropy ceramics is introduced in this work. By introducing a large number of constituent elements into the A-site of perovskite material lattice, high-entropy (Bi0.2K0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)TiO3-0.2 'CuO relaxor ceramic with nanoscale grains have been successfully prepared, which breaks the mutual constraint between polarization strength and breakdown strength bottleneck and results a recoverable energy density (Wrec ∼ 6.86 J/cm3) and an efficiency (η ∼ 87.7%) at 670 kV/cm. Moreover, its excellent stability makes it potentially useful under a variety of extreme conditions, including at high temperatures and high/low frequencies. These obtained results demonstrate that this nanograined high-entropy lead-free perovskite ceramic has great potential for energy storage applications.

A-site disorder induced ferroelectric to relaxor phase transition of Na(Nb0.75Ti0.25)O3 ceramics by Bi3+ for ultra-high energy storage properties

The present work introduces a new insight into effect of A-site disorder to develop the energy storage properties of Na(Nb0.75Ti0.25)O3 ceramic. Lead-free (Na1-xBix)(Nb0.75Ti0.25)O3 (x = 0.0, 0.05 and 0.1) (abbreviated as NNTBx) ceramics were synthesized using solid-state reaction technique. The introduction of Bi3+ shown a significant effect into the crystal structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of NNT ceramics. The addition of Bi2O3 induced ferroelectric to relaxor phase transition with psedu-cubic crystal structure at 0.1. Significant inhibits of grain size to sub-micrometer has been achieved at 0.1 sample due to lower ionic radius of Bi+3 (1.34 Å, CN=12) to the ionic radius of Na1+ (1.39 Å, CN=12). Meanwhile, the dielectric constant increased from 300 to 1500 when the Bi3+-content increased from 0.0 to 0.1. Effectively increasing in maximum polarization (Pmax) and significant reducing in remnant polarization (Pr) resulting in increasing ΔP (Pmax – Pr) has been obtained at 0.1 content of Bi2O3. This enhancement is attributed to hybridization between Bi3+ 6Pand O2− 2P instead of Na1+ 2S and O2− 3S orbitals. On the other hand, the substitution of monovalent (Na1+) by trivalent (Bi3+) lead to create sodium vacancies into the A-sites of NNT lattice subsequently reducing the Pr value. The tolerance factor (τ) decreased from 0.955 to 0.953 when Bi2O3 increases from 0.0 to 0.1 indicate increasing the cations disorder, charge misfit and relaxor degree of NNT ceramics. The sample with 0.1 of Bi2O3 demonstrate remarkably high energy storage density (Wrec = 17.5 J/cm3), and high relatively energy storage efficiency (n = 80 %) at ultra-high dielectric breakdown strength (Eb = 700 kV/cm). Partially, (NNTB0.1) exhibit an outstanding stability of energy storage properties in terms of temperature (25 to 150 °C) and frequency (2–50 Hz). The variation of Wrec and n were observed about 1 % within the whole range of applied temperature and frequency. These results imply the high potential of (Na0.9Bi0.1)(Nb0.75Ti0.25)O3 ceramic in temperature-stable advanced pulsed power capacitor applications.

Temperature stability lock of high-performance lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics

Lead-free dielectric ceramics are considered a highly promising material for pulse power capacitors due to their excellent energy storage performance. However, it is challenging to achieve high-temperature energy storage performance of dielectric ceramics to meet the needs of practical applications. Here, an effective strategy for constructing temperature stability lock is designed to regulate the phase composition and temperature stability based on the polymorphic polarization structure. By realizing the ergodic-state-dominated metastable relaxation structure, high energy storage performance and temperature-insensitive structure can be achieved in relaxor ferroelectric ceramics. Taking the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based solid solution as an example, we demonstrate the metastable relaxation structure induced by the proportion of phase composition. This leads to a large recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 10.7 J cm−3 and a high efficiency (η) of 91 %. Together with the good thermal stability of Wrec (7.1 ± 0.1 J cm−3) and η (86 ± 5 %) values at 500 kV cm−1 in the temperature range from 20 °C to 200 °C, outperforming all reported Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based energy storage ceramics. Our work provides a method for obtaining lead-free dielectric ceramics with high-temperature energy storage performance through temperature stability lock.

Enhanced energy storage performance with excellent thermal stability of BNT-based ceramics via the multiphase engineering strategy for pulsed power capacitor

High-temperature resistance and ultra-fast discharging of materials is one of the hot topics in the development of pulsed power systems. It is still a great challenge for dielectric materials to...

Multistep synergistic modified NaNbO3-based ceramics for high-performance electrostatic capacitors

NaNbO3-based lead-free energy storage ceramics are highlighted as essential components for the next-generation pulsed power capacitors, especially in the context of eco-friendly renewable energy sources.