Pulse-width Converter Research Articles

Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Traction Electric Drives of Direct Current

Purpose. The work is aimed at improving the energy efficiency of direct current traction electric drives of electric transport by introducing transistor pulse width converters (PWC) with an optimal switching frequency to minimize total electrical losses in the electric drive. The electrical losses of traction electric drives consist of electrical losses in the armature winding and in the PWC transistors. Methodology. To study the dependence on the switching frequency of transistors, the electrical losses in the armature winding and PWC transistors are divided into two parts: static losses from the direct current component of the current and dynamic losses, i.e., losses in the armature winding from harmonic current components and losses in the transistors from transient switching currents. Since the dynamic electrical losses in transistors increase with increasing frequency and decrease in the armature winding, it is necessary to find the optimal PWC co-mutation frequency at which the total dynamic losses in the traction electric drive will be minimal. The goal of increasing energy efficiency in a traction electric drive is achieved by determining the dependence of dynamic electrical losses in the armature winding on the switching frequency of the PWC and computer modeling of the transistor electric drive. Findings. It is found that the relative dynamic electrical losses in the armature winding in the case of polyharmonic power supply are equal to the square of the armature current ripple coefficient. An algorithm for determining the optimal switching frequency of the PWC is developed: 1) the dependence of dynamic electrical losses on the switching frequency of transistors is determined experimentally on computer models of the motor and PWC; 2) the graph of the dependence of total dynamic electrical losses of the transistor electric drive on the time-tothe point of minimum losses, which corresponds to the optimal frequency value, is determined. Originality. For the first time, the authors obtained an analytical expression for the relative dynamic electrical losses in the armature windings, which are equal to the square of the armature current ripple factor. Practical value. Establishing the optimal switching frequency of the PWC according to the developed methodology reduces electrical losses in traction electric drives, i.e., increases their energy efficiency.

Switching Converters Dynamics Considering Non-Ideality of the Error Amplifier within the Analogue Control System

The paper discusses a pulse voltage converter with a high switching frequency of a switch with an analog control system capable of providing the required conversion frequencies. The pulsed voltage converter under study has a control system with a proportional-integral regulator, implemented on the basis of a general-purpose operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers with such parameters are widely used as part of modern control microcircuits for pulse-width converters. In this work, the influence of the technological spread of the gain of the operational amplifier on the dynamics of the converter is studied. The studies were carried out both using the developed nonlinear dynamic model of the system, and using a small-signal open-loop dynamic model. A technique has been developed for selecting the parameters of the controller, taking into account the technological spread of the gain of the operational amplifier based on a nonlinear dynamic model. An analysis of the results obtained using a nonlinear dynamic model showed a significant influence of the specified spread on the dynamics of the system, even when the cutoff frequency of the open-loop control system is significantly removed from the frequency of the high-frequency pole of the operational amplifier. This must be taken into account when designing pulse voltage converters with analog control systems, namely, when choosing the parameters of regulators. It is shown that with the optimal values of the controller, selected according to the proposed method, the effect of technological gain spread on the frequency characteristics of an open circuit in the low-mid frequency regions is minimal, which indicates the effectiveness of the method.

COMPUTER OPTIMIZATION OF SWITCHING FREQUENCY OF TRANSISTOR PULSE-WIDTH CONVERTERS

The aim of the work is to develop algorithm for determining the optimal switching frequency of a transistor pulse-width converter (PWM) to minimize the total electrical losses in a DC drive. Electrical losses in the armature winding and in PWM transistors are divided into two components: static from the direct current component and dynamic. The latter include losses in the armature winding from the harmonic components of the current and losses in transistors from transient switching currents. Since the dynamic losses in transistors increase with increasing frequency, and in the armature winding from current harmonics they decrease, there is an optimal switching frequency value at which the total dynamic losses in the PWM drive will be minimal. This aim is achieved by solving the problem of determining the analytical dependence of dynamic electrical losses in the armature winding on the PWM switching frequency and computer simulation of a transistor DC drive. As a result of the research, an analytical expression was obtained for calculating the relative dynamic electrical losses in the armature winding with polyharmonic power supply. An algorithm is proposed for determining the optimal switching frequency of the PWM: 1) on computer models of the DC motor and PWM, the dependences of dynamic electrical losses on the switching frequency are determined; 2) build a graph of the dependence of the total dynamic electrical losses, on the which determine the point of minimum losses, which corresponds to the optimal value of the switching frequency. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the theory of electrical losses in the armature windings with polyharmonic power has been further developed.

Высокодинамичная компенсация «мертвого времени» в электрических приводах на базе сигнальной адаптации

The article discusses the analysis and synthesis of a system of highly dynamic "dead time" compensation in the current loop of motors powered from transistor pulse-width converters. The first part of the paper provides a brief analysis of existing technical solutions, whose algorithms do not imply changes or additions to the power part of the drive and therefore are implemented exclusively by software. It is shown that the most modern methods of adaptive compensation can be considered using reference models of the control object. A non-search adaptive dead-time compensation system is proposed in the paper which provides signal self-tuning in the motor current loop, and dead-time compensation is based not on linearization or correction of nonlinear effects and delays of a pulse-width converter, but on parrying disturbing influences caused by the negative effects of “dead time”. Particular attention is paid to the practical orientation of the proposed solution; therefore, the considered algorithm is based solely on the basic principles of the control theory proven by practice. This approach allows us to ensure not only the transparency of the theoretical arguments presented in the article, but also reduce the time spent on the analysis and synthesis of the current loop, the purpose of which, ultimately, is the optimization of high-precision drives. With the absence of iteration methods of mathematics, the resources of microprocessor control units are minimized, which makes this method even more attractive in low-budget drives that do not claim to "exclusivity of integrated circuitry. The proposed algorithm was integrated into the existing current loop of an asynchronous electric drive with vector control, which proved the high efficiency of static and dynamic compensation of not only the “dead time” of the converter, but also of the non-linear effects associated with it that are difficult to analyze. The adaptive "dead time" compensation increased the efficiency of the electric drive at low motor speeds, compared to voltage boost compensation, by approximately four percent, and also reduced the motor torque ripple by about seventeen percent. An oscillogram of the phase current of a real drive with "dead time" compensation is given according to the principle of parametric voltage addition, which is the most common in practice, as well as a waveform of current with adaptive compensation action according to the principle considered in this article.

Simulation Modeling of an Autonomous Power Supply System Based on Solar Panels in Real Time

During the last decade, solar energy showed rapid development. So, in 2021, production volumes increased by 19 percent, which is the highest rate among renewable energy sources, and in the last ten years, by 714. And this growth will continue. And according to forecasts, similar development will continue in the coming years, the projected growth of total capacity over the next five years is from 112 to 188 percent, and the growth of investments until 2050 will be 68 percent. This, as well as the introduction of green tariffs, which encourage the use of renewable energy sources by purchasing surplus energy obtained with their help, increases the number of installed solar power plants and power supply systems based on them. But the use of renewable energy sources obliges users to report on the projected level of production. Computer modeling is one of the methods of analyzing processes in electrical systems in real time and is less complicated than mathematical calculation methods. The work presents a structural diagram of an autonomous power supply system based on solar panels, as well as a description of its main elements. The stability of the solar panel-boosting pulse-width converter system was investigated using the Nyquist criterion. A block diagram of the method of selecting the maximum power from the solar panel based on the current at the output of the solar panel, which is used in the simulation, was also given, a set of positions of the maximum power points depending on the insolation with a discreteness of 50 W/m^2 is shown, the function of the dependence of the current on insolation using the cubic interpolation method, compared the results obtained using this dependence with previous data, estimated the average absolute error of the method. A model of the stand-alone power system is assembled in MATLAB Simulink, which can be used for real-time forecasting. Simulations were carried out using data for a day from a real household and insolation data from the LARES laboratory in Zagreb with a discreteness of 1 min, oscillograms of the output power of the solar panel, power consumption, as well as an oscillogram of the change in the state of battery charge during the day with such data are given. The simulation results were analyzed and recommendations were given regarding the behavior of users of such an autonomous power supply system during certain periods of the day when the generation capacity exceeds consumption or vice versa, affecting the state of battery charge.

Minimization Electric Losses in Transistor DC Drives

This work is devoted to develop the algorithm for determining the optimal switching frequency of a transistor pulse-width converter (PWM) to minimize the total electric losses in a DC drive. Electric losses in the armature winding and in the PWM transistors are divided into two compo-nents: static, from the direct current component, and dynamic. The latter include losses in the armature winding from the harmonic components of the current and losses in transistors from transient switching currents. Since the dynamic losses in transistors increase with increasing frequency, and in the armature winding they decrease from current harmonics, there is an optimal switching frequency value at which the total dynamic losses in the PWM drive will be minimal. This aim is achieved by solving the problem of determining the analytical dependence of dynamic electric losses in the armature winding on the PWM switching frequency and computer simulation of a transistor DC drive. As a result of the research, an analytical expression was obtained for calculating the relative dynamic electric losses in the armature winding with polyharmonic power supply. An algorithm was proposed for determining the optimal switching frequency of the PWM: 1) on computer models of the DC motor and PWM, the dependences of dynamic electrical losses on the switching frequency were determined; 2) the graph was built showing the dependence of the total dynamic electric losses, on which the point was determined of minimum losses, which corresponds to the optimal value of the switching frequency. The novelty of the work was that the theory of electric losses in the armature windings with polyharmonic power was further developed.

Suppression of Ripples of Controllable Rectifiers for Power Supply of Magnetic Systems

A number of requirements are imposed on installations associated with regulated DC sources, including low voltage and current ripple in the load, as well as a wide range of output current variation. Such installations are traditionally made on controlled rectifiers or pulse-width converters in which voltage ripples are always present. The paper considers a method for reducing the voltage ripple of powerful rectifiers for powering magnetic systems based on the insertion of a compensating voltage equal in magnitude and opposite in phase to the ripple voltage into the load circuit. The possibility of using ripple compensators connected in parallel and in series with the load, as well as methods of obtaining a compensating voltage is shown. Methods for obtaining compensating voltage are given. In order to exclude the magnetization of the ripple compensator transformer, it is proposed to use several versions of the compensating transformer and the inclusion of ripple compensators. Practical schemes of passive compensators (with a demagnetizing circuit and a bifilar winding) are analyzed. The problem of developing ripple compensators for multiphase rectifiers, as well as ways to solve it, is considered. Practical recommendations for choosing a core material and calculating a transformer are given. On the basis of the presented theoretical and practical considerations for the design of the ripple compensators, simulation models have been developed in the Simulink pack-age of the MATLAB program. A technique for studying ripple compensators using the simulation models of a symmetrical 12-pulse rectifier that has been developed is presented. The results of simulation of passive ripple compensators, performed in two versions, showed their effectiveness, while the scheme was relatively simple and economic costs were relatively low. Also, the time of setting the set current in the system in the presence of a ripple compensator increases by no more than 3 %, and the accuracy and stability of operation do not change.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЗАМКНУТОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА ПОСТОЯННОГО ТОКА С ШИРОТНО-ИМПУЛЬСНЫМ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЕМ

This article investigates the regulation of the angular speed of an electric drive (ED) with a pulse-width converter (PWC) and a direct current motor (DC motor) of independent excitation (NV) when controlled in a closed-loop system. A proportional-integral (PI) -regulator was used as a regulator of the angular velocity. To analyze the processes in the closed-loop SHIP-DPT system, the methods of simulation are used. The principle of operation of an electric drive with control from a PWM is described. Developed and modeled EP circuits with PWM in the Matlab environment using blocks from the Simulink / SimPowerSystem library. A model block has been modeled that calculates the static and dynamic power losses of the PWP IGBT. To calculate the static and dynamic losses, the method of approximating the loss graphs was used. The obtained mathematical dependences describe quite accurately the graphs of the power losses of the IGBT transistor. It is shown that when using a PI-controller, the angular speed of the electric drive is set according to a given speed reference signal.

ВПЛИВ ПУЛЬСАЦІЙ НАПРУГИ ЖИВЛЕННЯ ЛІНІЙНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОДВИГУНА НА ПАРАМЕТРИ ПЕРЕХІДНОЇ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КОНТУРУ СТРУМУ БОРТОВОЇ АВІАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПОЗИЦІОНУВАННЯ

A comparison of the parameters of the transient characteristics of the module-optimized closed-loop transfer current of the positioning system without taking into account and taking into account the deep pulse-width modulation of the supply voltage of the linear motor. Their essential difference on speed, overregulation, static error is established. A method of optimization according to the criterion of current circuit speed is proposed, which allows to realize its transient characteristic during a finite number of switching intervals of the pulse-width converter. The synthesis of a digital current loop controller is performed, it allows to realize its transient characteristic without over-regulation during a finite number of switching intervals. The results obtained are based on the transfer function of a pulse-width converter, which is a link in the current loop. It is obtained for the case of deep pulse-width modulation based on the statistical linearization of piecewise-linear modulation characteristics of the channels of the pulse-width converter model. The modulation characteristics are obtained as a result of the expansion of the latitude-modular voltage for multiple values of the control coordinate in the Walsh-Fourier series. The number of Walsh functions taken into account depends on the approximation error and the cutoff frequency of the system. References 11, figures 3.

Спектральний аналіз стуму живлення rl-навантаження з регулятором напруги на базі широтно-імпульсного перетворювача

Pulse-width voltage regulators are gaining increasing use in industry, especially in variable speed drives. At the same time, little research has been done in the field of electromagnetic compatibility (spectral composition of current consumption). The aim of the study is to determine, using computer simulation, the nonsinusoidality of the current consumption with an RL-load from a voltage regulator based on a pulse-width conversion. The study of the spectral composition of the supply current of an active-inductive load with a pulse-width voltage regulator was carried out using the provisions of the theory of electrical circuits of sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal periodic current using computer simulation. To analyze the spectral composition of the supply current of the RL-load with the selected voltage regulator, a simulation computer model was created, which consisted of a three-phase power supply and an RL-load, a rectifier with a transistor switch. The regulation of the applied voltage to the consumer was carried out according to the principle of a pulse-width voltage converter. As a result of studying a model of a regulated power supply based on a pulse-width converter and working on an active-inductive load, it was found that even with an initial voltage of the fundamental harmonic regulator of 34 V, the nonsinusoidality of the consumption current is 0.19%, which corresponds to the quality standard for electricity. It is advisable to use this regulator for a controlled electric drive of ventilation systems with an increased slip motor, for example, in "Climate-4M" units. Key words: semiconductor voltage converter, pulse-width converter, higher harmonics, RL-load

Synthesis of the digital regulator of the main contour of the three-circuit system of the linear electric drive of the working body of the mechanism of onboard aviation equipment

Goal The purpose of the article is to further develop analytical methods for calculating and synthesizing power electronics systems with deep pulse width modulation (PWM). A three-circuit linear electric drive system for positioning the working body of the mechanism of onboard aircraft equipment, in which the linear electric motor is controlled from a pulse width converter (PWC), is considered. The power converter is included in the current loop. It has a noticeable effect on the level of current ripple, travel speed and positioning accuracy of the operating mechanism of a linear electric drive. Methodology. To analyze the processes in the current loop, a discrete transfer function of a pulse-width converter for PWM in the final zone and «in the large» is obtained on the basis of the statistical linearization of the modulation characteristics of the multi-loop PWM model. The modulation characteristic of each circuit of the model is obtained as a result of the Fourier series expansion in Walsh functions of the output voltage of the PWM during the PWM process. Statistical linearization of modulation characteristics is performed based on Hermite polynomials. Results. During the analysis, discrete transfer functions of closed current loops, velocity and open loop position were obtained, for which a digital controller was synthesized in the form of a recursive filter. Originality. The parameters of the regulator links are found, which make it possible to complete the transient process in four PWC switching periods with an overshoot of no more than 6 %. The analysis of the speed-optimized positioning process of a linear electric drive based on the LED AT 605TU motor is carried out. Practical significance. The purpose of the analysis was to establish the relationship between the switching period of the PWM and the value of the uncompensated constant, at which the pulsations of the positioning process are minimal while ensuring the minimum overshoot and maximum speed. It was found that the specified requirements are satisfied by the ratio between the switching period, PWC and uncompensated constant in the range of one or two.

Электростанция на базе дизель-генераторной установки переменной частоты вращения и буферного накопителя энергии

The article describes the diesel generator complex which consists of two diesel generators. In order to save fuel, it is advisable to choose one diesel generator of inverter type, i.e. to switch it to a variable speed mode. The buffer storage device is used as a part of the power plant in order to ensure the required parameters of the generated electricity under peak loads, as well as when the generator is operating at the limit of rated power. There has been given the control algorithm and transient processes of the charge / discharge of the buffer storage device in a diesel generator power plant. The power plant that consists of a classic diesel generator and a variable speed diesel generator unit (valved generator) has been chosen as an object research. A block diagram of the power plant conducting is proposed, as well as a power transformer topology of a variable-speed diesel generator based on a step-down pulse-width converter. There has been presented an algorithm for controlling the connection of a buffer storage device depending on its charge and the load power value both in stand-alone mode and in parallel operation of generator sets. In the MatLab Simulink computer environment a simulation model of a power plant was developed and transient processes of load switching, as well as charge / discharge of a buffer energy storage device were studied. An electrical circuit diagram of an experimental bench of a variable-speed diesel generator set is illustrated. The results of experimental studies of dynamic modes of operation on a prototype variable speed diesel generator with a power of 3.2 kW are also presented.

Systems dynamic modeling to analyze the systemic viability of the combined use of regenerative converters and energy storage in a UPS manufacturer

Abstract The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in the world. In this sector, non-energy intensive companies have untapped energy efficiency potential, such as Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) manufacturers. Among the companies classified as non-energy-intensive, the International Energy Agency estimates that the untapped potential for energy efficiency is equivalent to the energy consumption of Japan and South Korea per year, together. In the literature, this unexplored potential is termed as a gap in energy management. The approaches found in the literature present a scenario where most companies exclusively use financial indicators to evaluate investment in energy efficiency. However, even if the results of these indicators are financially attractive, the level of adoption of energy efficiency technologies remains low. Studies on this unexplored potential present technological vies and do not contemplate conjuncture risks and uncertainties that may influence in the adoption of a technological solution. This study aims to analyze through practical application the systemic viability of the combined use of regenerative converters and energy storage in a UPS manufacturer, as well as the use of renewable energy sources for self-generation. The variables were identified through an SLR and combined into a closed loop diagram. A conceptual model was structured by representing the dynamic relationships between variables and the behavior of these variables in decisions related to energy efficiency. Systems Dynamic Modeling (SDM) was used to simulate the behavior of systems in different scenarios considering the use of such technologies and possible variations in energy supply and demand. The estimated financial results of each scenario are presented taking into account the assumptions of a computational model. The results of the model suggest that the use of Regenerative Converter Pulse Width Modulation (RC-PWM) is positive in any context, presenting ROI higher than 4 in the Red Rate Flag scenarios. The option for Distributed Microgeneration (DMG) exerts a negative influence on financial attractiveness, especially in the option of trading energy in a free environment. Government incentives and Peak Shaving (PS) have had a low influence on financial attractiveness for over 10 years. The developed model can be used to visualize alternatives and make decisions in similar situations.

A 95-dBA DR Digital Audio Class-D Amplifier Using a Calibrated Digital-to-Pulse Converter

A digital class-D amplifier (CDA) converts an audio digital stream into sound directly and power-efficiently. It first encodes the pulse-code-modulated audio input into a digital pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal. It needs a digital-to-pulse converter (DPC) to translate this digital PWM signal into a series of analog binary pulses accurately. We report a 5-3 segmented DPC that includes both a counter and a delay line for pulse width conversion. The timing skews along the delay line are detected using a zero-crossing detection scheme and corrected in the digital domain. This calibration can operate continuously in the background. A digital CDA prototype was fabricated using a 65-nm CMOS technology. It includes the aforementioned PWM modulator and DPC. It also integrated an open-loop switching driver to deliver the DPC’s output to a speaker. This digital CDA consumes $875~ {\mu }\text {W}$ under a 1-V supply when the input is zero and no output power is transferred to the external load. It can deliver 13.3 mW to a $32~ {\Omega }$ resistive load in the H-bridge topology with 89% power efficiency. For a 1-kHz sine-wave input, it achieves 95 dBA dynamic range, 93.6 dBA peak SNR, 86.4 dBA peak SNDR, and 0.006% THD at -2-dBFS input level. The core area of the chip is $ {0.87\times 0.5\,\,\text {mm}^{2}}$ .

Performance of Dynamic Voltage Restorer by Using Fuzzy Controller With Battery Energy Storage System

Inthis paper the dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) has as of late been acquainted with shield the touchy mechanical burdens from the impeding impacts of voltage lists/swells and other voltage aggravations. Different injection schemes for DVR are analyzed with particular focus on new method used to minimize the rating of voltage source converter(VSC) used in DVR. Anew control technique is propo sed to control the capacitor-supported DVR. The control of DVR is demonstrated with a reduced-rating VSC. The reference load voltage is estimated using the unit vectors. The synchronous reference frame theory is used for the conversion of voltages from rotating vectors to the stationary frame. In this control scheme fuzzy logic controller is used to activate the Pulse Width Converter. The compensation of the voltage sag,swell and hormonics is demonstrated using a reduced-rating DVR.Results shows that this method can compensate voltage sag, swell and harmonics.

An integrated control and readout circuit for implantable multi-target electrochemical biosensing.

We describe an integrated biosensor capable of sensing multiple molecular targets using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). In particular, we present our custom IC to realize voltage control and current readout of the biosensors. A mixed-signal circuit block generates sub-Hertz triangular waveform for the biosensors by means of a direct-digital-synthesizer to control CV. A current to pulse-width converter is realized to output the data for CA measurement. The IC is fabricated in 0.18 μm technology. It consumes 220 μW from 1.8 V supply voltage, making it suitable for remotely-powered applications. Electrical measurements show excellent linearity in sub- μA current range. Electrochemical measurements including CA measurements of glucose and lactate and CV measurements of the anti-cancer drug Etoposide have been acquired with the fabricated IC and compared with a commercial equipment. The results obtained with the fabricated IC are in good agreement with those of the commercial equipment for both CV and CA measurements.

Nonlinear models of dynamic processes in impulse control systems of brushless DC motors

Nonlinear mathematical and simulation models of the servo system of pulse width control of brushless direct current motors in machine drives are developed. Results of the analysis of the influence in the nonlinear pulse-width converter on time and frequency characteristics of the control system are presented. The analysis is performed using the harmonic balance, slowly varying amplitudes methods, and numerical simulation.

Simple Interface for Resistive Sensors Based on Pulse Width Modulation

A resistance to pulse width converter with improved stability and temperature compensation is described. The converter is therefore suited as a signal conditioner for resistive sensors. The sensor interface is based on a multivibrator in monostable or astable configuration and combines the single point calibration used in direct sensor-to-microcontroller interface. Analyses show that a resolution better than 14.2 b (for 20 MHz time base) with maximal relative error of 0.11% in the range 1000-3000 Ω is achievable. In this paper, a comparative analysis in terms of measuring uncertainty, speed, and resolution between the multivibrator in monostable and astable operation is performed. A method for defining optimal time constant that results in best speed/resolution trade-off is proposed.

Design and Experiment of Full Bridge Single-Input Dual-Output Complementary Pulse Width Converter based on the Reuse of Components

Design and Experiment of Full Bridge Single-Input Dual-Output Complementary Pulse Width Converter based on the Reuse of Components

Fast Charge to Pulse Width Converter for Monolith PET Detector

Currently both preclinical and clinical PET systems are built with pixilated, optically isolated scintillators. The use of optical isolators limits the achievable packing fraction for designs that use small crystals. No optical isolation is necessary in a monolithic scintillation crystal design hence the sensitivity is increased. The light distribution created by a high energy interaction in a monolithic scintillator can be readout by a SiPM-array to determine the 3-D position of the interaction. We have developed a digital pulse width modulation readout circuit that is able to readout many densely packed SiPM-arrays connected to monolithic scintillators. A monolithic scintillation detector requires simultaneous acquisition of the light distribution on multiple sensors unlike in a one-to-one optically isolated pixelated configuration. Therefore, pulse width modulation can reduce the readout complexity of the monolithic scintillation detector. The circuit gives an output signal with a pulse width linear to the incoming charge. Therefore, the circuit provides both timing and intensity information using just one digital line per channel. The charge to pulse-width conversion ratio of the circuit is adjustable (e.g., 33 ns/pC). The trigger jitters σ 41.2 ps between two channels. The PCB offers 8 channels and comes with additional features: The gain variation of a SiPM is compensated over a large temperature range by controlling the bias voltage. We measured from 15°C to 42°C, here it can bring the variation of a SiPM in gain from -21 ns/ °C to +3.8 ns/ °C or stabilizes the variation of the energy resolution between 18 and 20%.