Pulse Oximetry Sensor Research Articles

Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Fiber Toward All-In-One Clothing-Type Health Monitoring.

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as the connection between objects and people becomes increasingly important, interest in wearable optoelectronic device-based medical diagnosis is on the rise. Pulse oximetry sensors based on a fiber platform, which is the smallest unit of clothing, could be considered an attractive candidate for this application. In this study, red and green quantum-dot light-emitting fibers (QDLEFs) based on a 250 μm-diameter 1-dimensional fiber were successfully implemented, achieving high current efficiencies of approximately 22.46 mW/sr/A and 23.6 mW/sr/A and narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 33 nm, respectively. In addition, its omnidirectional flexibility was confirmed through a vertical and lateral bending test with 0.92% strain. By employing a transparent and flexible elastomer, a wearable pulse oximeter incorporating QDLEFs was successfully demonstrated for oxygen saturation level (SpO2) monitoring on finger and wrist. It was demonstrated to be washable, and could be operated for up to about 18 h. Due to the elastomer and bottom emission, it exhibited excellent wear resistance characteristics in a 50 cycle reciprocating test conducted at about 2180.43 kPa with 220-grit abrasive paper sheet. A theoretical investigation based on modified photon diffusion analysis (MPDA) modeling also determined that using narrow FWHM light sources, such as QDLEFs, improves the resolution and accuracy of SpO2 monitoring. Accordingly, the proposed QDLEF showed distinguished potential as an all-in-one clothing type pulse oximetry.

Evaluating the Accuracy of Off-Label Placement of Pulse Oximetry Sensors in Comparison to On-Label Placement in the Adult Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patient Population.

Continuous pulse oximetry (Spo2) is a commonly utilized tool to obtain an indirect, noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Difficulty obtaining measurement with Spo2 sensors can lead nurses to try off-label sites until they find placement that provides a signal. Currently, there is limited evidence to support this application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of off-label placement of pulse oximetry sensors in comparison to on-label placement in adult cardiac intensive care patients. Data were collected on 24 participants. At the time of a medically necessary arterial blood gas laboratory draws, 4 Spo2 measurements were gathered from an on-label finger sensor, an off-label finger sensor, an on-label ear sensor, and an off-label ear sensor. Results were analyzed using 4 Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots, and 2 linear mixed-effect models. Our study found that while both our on-label finger and off-label finger pulse oximetry sensor overestimated when compared to the arterial hemoglobin saturation (gold standard), there was greater overestimation found with the off-label placement. Though there was not a significant difference observed between the ear probe on the nose and the gold standard, figures examining off-label ear probe and gold standard measures show that, in lower ranges of oxygen saturation, the off-site probe substantially overestimates true oxygen saturation, while in higher ranges of oxygen saturation, the off-site ear probe underestimates true oxygen saturation. No changes should be made to the current practice of using pulse oximetry sensor placement.

An intelligent Health Monitoring System for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease based on Internet of Things

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an important cause of global mortality. These patients are in dire need of treatments to maintain lung function and reduce consecutive visits and hospital stays. IoT acts as a specialized assistant in healthcare, providing a wide range of potential applications such as remote monitoring. Therefore, this study has been compiled with the aim of designing a care system based on the Internet of Things for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this project, we designed a system for monitoring chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients using an Arduino board and embedding three air quality sensors, heart rate and pulse oximetry, temperature sensor and Bluetooth module, and then implemented it on a patient with obstructive pulmonary disease. . The information obtained from the sensors is sent via Bluetooth to the mobile application that has the ability to share and store information and informs the doctor and the person about the changes. By using the pulse oximetry sensor, the patient increases the monitoring and part of his pulmonary rehabilitation, and by using the temperature and air quality sensor, he identifies the undesirable and harmful air and by informing the doctor and the person, he prevents the exacerbation of the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This system increases the rehabilitation and self-care of patients, and by providing suitable environmental conditions, prevents unnecessary medical interventions and consecutive visits, and increases the quality of life of patients and reduces costs.

Elderly People Health Care Monitoring System Using Internet of Things (IOT) For Exploratory Data Analysis

The majority of senior persons are suffering a loss of physical condition their health is vital, the prevalence of illnesses has increased in the current age compared to previous generations, making health management in hospital sector. One of the concepts that can harness the advantages of the Internet of Things to better the older lifestyle is health monitoring for active and aided functioning. This approach aims to create a wireless communication system designed to remotely monitor patients. Each patient is wirelessly monitored based on Body temperature is measured via a temperature sensor, which gives an accuracy of around some certain value. The sensor carries a heart rate monitor with a pulse oximetry sensor. There are two light-emitting in it; one produces red light and the other infrared light. For tracking the amount of oxygen in the blood, two infrared LEDs are needed, but only one is needed to calculate the heart rate. The ESP 8266 (Node MCU) controller gathers the data and sends it to the specific application and Communication will be sent again to the consumers based on the data examination. The outcome results manage each patient's data separately and are used in hospitals, old age homes, and physically challenged people. Every sensor of data, such as temperature, heart rate, and abnormal heartbeat, will be managed in the database processed with GPS coordinates and data analyses using Think Speak Web Application is for informing about personal health data.

Designing a Care System based on the Internet of Things for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is a major health problem. This issue requires the development of new tools to control patients' activity and reduce care costs. The monitoring system based on the Internet of things is a suitable solution for this concern. In this study, the researchers developed a tool that uses an Arduino board and four accelerometer sensors, heart rate and pulse oximetry sensors, temperature sensors, and Bluetooth modules to monitor the factors related to the health of multiple sclerosis patients. In this method, the information obtained from the sensors connected to the patient's body is placed on the memory board and displayed with the help of an LCD. In the next step, the Bluetooth module transmits the information obtained from these sensors to a mobile application. This application has the ability to share and store information. This information, together with the date display on the LCD, in addition to notifying the person of the resulting changes; it is also sent periodically to the doctor. In general, this tool, together with a mobile device, helps to increase the selfcare of patients, increases the interaction between the patient and the doctor, reduces the frequeI. nt visits of patients to care centers, and helps to improve the quality of life of patients..

A Cost and Waste-Savings Comparison Between Single-Use and Reusable Pulse Oximetry Sensors Across US Operating Rooms.

Operating room (OR) expenditures and waste generation are a priority, with several professional societies recommending the use of reprocessed or reusable equipment where feasible. The aim of this analysis was to compare single-use pulse oximetry sensor stickers ("single-use stickers") versus reusable pulse oximetry sensor clips ("reusable clips") in terms of annual cost savings and waste generation across all ORs nationally. This study did not involve patient data or research on human subjects. As such, it did not meet the requirements for institutional review board approval. An economic model was used to compare the relative costs and waste generation from using single-use stickers versus reusable clips. This model took into account: (1) the relative prices of single-use stickers and reusable clips, (2) the number of surgeries and ORs nationwide, (3) the workload burden of cleaning the reusable clips, and (4) the costs of capital for single-use stickers and reusable clips. In addition, we also estimated differences in waste production based on the raw weight plus unit packaging of single-use stickers and reusable clips that would be disposed of over the course of the year, without any recycling interventions. Estimated savings were rounded to the nearest $0.1 million. The national net annual savings of transitioning from single-use stickers to reusable clips in all ORs ranged from $510.5 million (conservative state) to $519.3 million (favorable state). Variability in savings estimates is driven by scenario planning for replacement rate of reusable clips, workload burden of cleaning (ranging from an additional expense of $618k versus a cost savings of $309k), and cost of capital-interest gained on investment of capital that is freed up by the monetary savings of a transition to reusable clips contributes between $541k (low-interest rates of 2.85%) and $1.3 million (high-interest rates of 7.08%). The annual waste that could be diverted from landfill by transitioning to reusable clips was found to be between 587 tons (conservative state) up to 589 tons (favorable state). If institutions need to purchase new vendor monitors or cables to make the transition, that may increase the 1-time capital disbursement. Using reusable clips versus single-use stickers across all ORs nationally would result in appreciable annual cost savings and waste generation reduction impact. As both single-use stickers and reusable clips are equally accurate and reliable, this cost and waste savings could be instituted without a compromise in clinical care.

Recent Progress in Flexible and Wearable All Organic Photoplethysmography Sensors for SpO2 Monitoring.

Flexible and wearable biosensors are the next-generation healthcare devices that can efficiently monitor human health conditions in day-to-day life. Moreover, the rapid growth and technological advancements in wearable optoelectronics have promoted the development of flexible organic photoplethysmography (PPG) biosensor systems that can be implanted directly onto the human body without any additional interface for efficient bio-signal monitoring. As an example, the pulse oximeter utilizes PPG signals to monitor the oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in the blood volume using two distinct wavelengths with organic light emitting diode (OLED) as light source and an organic photodiode (OPD) as light sensor. Utilizing the flexible and soft properties of organic semiconductors, pulse oximeter can be both flexible and conformal when fabricated on thin polymeric substrates. It can also provide highly efficient human-machine interface systems that can allow for long-time biological integration and flawless measurement of signal data. In this work, a clear and systematic overview of the latest progress and updates in flexible and wearable all-organic pulse oximetry sensors for SpO2 monitoring, including design and geometry, processing techniques and materials, encapsulation and various factors affecting the device performance, and limitations are provided. Finally, some of the research challenges and future opportunities in the field are mentioned.

Data for characterization of the optical properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) blood.

Photoplethysmography is a recent addition to physio-logging in Atlantic salmon which can be used for pulse oximetry provided that the properties for light propagation in salmon tissues are known. In this work, optical properties of three constituents of Atlantic salmon blood have been characterized using a photo spectrometer in the VIS-NIR range (450-920 nm). Furthermore, Atlantic salmon blood cell size has been measured using a Coulter counter as part of light scattering property evaluations. Results indicate that plasma contributes little to scattering and absorption for wavelengths typically used in pulse oximetry as opposed to blood cells which are highly scattering. Extinction spectra for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin indicate that Atlantic salmon hemoglobin is similar to that in humans. Pulse oximetry sensors originally intended for human applications may thus be used to estimate blood oxygenation levels for this species.

Highly Sensitive Tin-Lead Perovskite Photodetectors with Over 450 Days Stability Enabled by Synergistic Engineering for Pulse Oximetry System.

Low-bandgap tin (Sn)-lead (Pb) halide perovskites can achieve near-infrared response for photodetectors. However, the Sn-based devices suffer from notorious instability and high defect densities due to the oxidation propensity of Sn2+ . Herein, a multifunctional additive 4-amino-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid (ATFBA) is presented, which can passivate surface defects and inhibit the oxidation of Sn2+ through hydrogen bonds and chelation coordination from the terminal amino and carboxyl groups. The perfluorinated benzene ring structure of ATFBA affords the passivator assembled at the grain boundaries to enhance the water resistance. With the synergistical passivation of these functional groups, the Sn-Pb perovskite photodetector exhibits a remarkable responsivity of 0.52AW-1 and an excellent specific detectivity of 5.34×1012 Jones at 850nm, along with remaining 97% of its initial responsivity over 450 days. Benefitting from high sensitivity, the photodetector is integrated into a pulse oximetry sensor visualization system, yielding accurate blood oxygen saturation and heart rate with less than 2% error. This work paves the avenue toward constructing high-performance and stable Sn-Pb perovskite photodetectors for practical applications.

Self-Driven Photo-Polarized Water Molecule-Triggered Graphene-Based Photodetector.

Flowing water can be used as an energy source for generators, providing a major part of the energy for daily life. However, water is rarely used for information or electronic devices. Herein, we present the feasibility of a polarized liquid-triggered photodetector in which polarized water is sandwiched between graphene and a semiconductor. Due to the polarization and depolarization processes of water molecules driven by photogenerated carriers, a photo-sensitive current can be repeatedly produced, resulting in a high-performance photodetector. The response wavelength of the photodetector can be fine-tuned as a result of the free choice of semiconductors as there is no requirement of lattice match between graphene and the semiconductors. Under zero voltage bias, the responsivity and specific detectivity of Gr/NaCl (0.5 M)W/N-GaN reach values of 130.7 mA/W and 2.3 × 109 Jones under 350 nm illumination, respectively. Meanwhile, using a polar liquid photodetector can successfully read the photoplethysmography signals to produce accurate oxygen blood saturation and heart rate. Compared with the commercial pulse oximetry sensor, the average errors of oxygen saturation and heart rate in the designed photoplethysmography sensor are ~1.9% and ~2.1%, respectively. This study reveals that water can be used as a high-performance photodetector in informative industries.

Improving Patient Safety by Increasing Staff Knowledge of Evidence-Based Pulse Oximetry Practices.

Pulse oximetry is commonly used in critical care settings to monitor oxygenation status and assist with decision-making regarding oxygen therapy. Although it is imperative that nurses follow manufacturer guidelines, off-label use is common and could affect patient safety. To increase staff members' knowledge and reduce the frequency of off-label pulse oximeter placement in the critical care setting. A preintervention audit was completed to assess the frequency of off-label use, and a preintervention survey was given to staff. Health care staff in the critical care units received an educational intervention. A postintervention survey for health care staff and a postintervention audit were completed to assess outcomes. With the support of hospital management, 90 ear probes were purchased for critical care settings to address supply barriers to the use of appropriate pulse oximetry sensors. In the preintervention audit (508 observations), a finger probe was used off label on the ear in 77 patients (15.2%). In the postintervention audit (365 observations), a finger probe was used on the ear in only 3 patients (0.8%). Providing a brief educational session and making ear pulse oximeter probes readily available in the critical care setting increased compliance with manufacturer guidelines and helped ensure safe pulse oximetry monitoring.

Anti-Theft System for Two Wheelers

This project presents a smart bike with monitoring system for cyclist via internet of things (IoT). The system is designed for real time monitoring of cyclist in terms of health condition and cyclist's performance. The whole system consists of various sensors such as heart rate sensor, pulse oximetry sensor, magnet reed sensor and GPS module. The sensors are connected to the microcontroller and Wi-Fi module that can be accessed through an IoT platform which is blink application. The data of the cyclist in terms of health condition and cyclist's performance can be monitored by the cyclist as well as their coach. First, heart rate sensor was used to monitor the heart rate of the cyclist within time whereas pulse oximetry sensor was used to measure the oxygen saturation inside the cyclist's body. Meanwhile, magnet reed sensor was mounted to the frame of the bike to measure the speed and distance travelled by the cyclist. Plus, GPS module was used to track and trace the position of the cyclist. The data that have been transmitted can be synchronized or displayed on smartphone via blink application. Therefore, GUI interface of blink application displayed the parameter such as heart rate, pulse oximetry, speed, distance travelled and position for the cyclist and coach to monitor their health condition and cyclist's while in training or tournament. IoT is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles, and other devices embedded with the electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity that enable to get data of those objects. Confiscating details from their own vehicle without making any physical touch is a hardly possible one. Augmentation of Smartphone makes a large impact in society by diminishing their toil. A surge movement of applications in the Smartphone may cutback the human’s accent. In India transportation is a booming field where the count of vehicles increasing day by day. Security and maintenance of those vehicles is a risky one. Monitoring vehicle parameters like fuel, engine oil, tyre pressure is an ideal to know without making any physical touch of the vehicle. Digital locking system is a much needed one in this digital domain. Tracking of our vehicle is also a vital one when your vehicle is not with you. IoT based vehicle parameter monitoring system is a capable one which leads to monitor our vehicle’s parameters such as fuel level, tyre pressure, engine oil level through an Android App. It’s Smart RFID digital key secure your vehicle more than by accessing by keys. In this app we can save our vehicle documents, user driving license, insurance copy and other documents. Notification for engine oil, battery rejuvenation is also done. Message and share’s location to trusted persons whenever ensue accidents..

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Approach to Pulse Oximetry Sensors with Reliability and Low Power Consumption

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Approach to Pulse Oximetry Sensors with Reliability and Low Power Consumption

22‐4: Invited Paper: OLEDs for Wearables: From Form Factor Engineering to Healthcare Applications

OLEDs have been established as key light sources for high‐end displays. In addition to their ideal optical characteristics, the inherent compatibility with various form factors gives OLEDs a competitive edge with respect to conventional technologies. Such versatility in form factors makes OLEDs attractive not only for displays but also for wearable devices. In this respect, this talk explores OLEDs from the perspectives of wearable applications. The first part describes engineering required for highly flexible and stretchable OLEDs adopting non‐conventional electrodes. The second part then introduces OLEDs used in wearable healthcare applications such as pulse oximetry sensors.

Impact of Innovative Pulse Oximeter Sensor Management Strategy

Following a merger of two children's hospitals, leadership discovered a considerable utilization volume of single-use sensors that was associated with declining hospital reimbursements. This discovery resulted in the establishment of a new sensor management strategy, the goal of which was to decrease costs and waste associated with disposable pulse oximetry sensors. The sensor management strategy involved using replacement tapes with single-patient-use pulse oximeter sensors instead of the current practice of reprobing with a new sensor. A 60% utilization goal was set, with the focus shifted from sensors used per patient to replacement tapes per sensor. The implementation of a new sensor management strategy between the years 2006 and 2019 in a hospital system decreased sensor volume by more than 780,000 sensors and realized a cost avoidance of more than 7 million dollars. A sensor management strategy can substantially reduce the cost and medical waste commonly associated with the use of disposable, single-patient pulse oximetry sensors.

Impact of Innovative Pulse Oximeter Sensor Management Strategy

Following a merger of two children's hospitals, leadership discovered a considerable utilization volume of single-use sensors that was associated with declining hospital reimbursements. This discovery resulted in the establishment of a new sensor management strategy, the goal of which was to decrease costs and waste associated with disposable pulse oximetry sensors. The sensor management strategy involved using replacement tapes with single-patient-use pulse oximeter sensors instead of the current practice of reprobing with a new sensor. A 60% utilization goal was set, with the focus shifted from sensors used per patient to replacement tapes per sensor. The implementation of a new sensor management strategy between the years 2006 and 2019 in a hospital system decreased sensor volume by more than 780,000 sensors and realized a cost avoidance of more than 7 million dollars. A sensor management strategy can substantially reduce the cost and medical waste commonly associated with the use of disposable, single-patient pulse oximetry sensors.

Impact of Innovative Pulse Oximeter Sensor Management Strategy.

Following a merger of two children's hospitals, leadership discovered a considerable utilization volume of single-use sensors that was associated with declining hospital reimbursements. This discovery resulted in the establishment of a new sensor management strategy, the goal of which was to decrease costs and waste associated with disposable pulse oximetry sensors. The sensor management strategy involved using replacement tapes with single-patient-use pulse oximeter sensors instead of the current practice of reprobing with a new sensor. A 60% utilization goal was set, with the focus shifted from sensors used per patient to replacement tapes per sensor. The implementation of a new sensor management strategy between the years 2006 and 2019 in a hospital system decreased sensor volume by more than 780,000 sensors and realized a cost avoidance of more than 7 million dollars. A sensor management strategy can substantially reduce the cost and medical waste commonly associated with the use of disposable, single-patient pulse oximetry sensors.

Assessment of Prehospital Monitor/Defibrillators for Clostridioides difficile Contamination.

The purpose of this study was to determine if Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) was present on the electrocardiogram (ECG) right arm leads, blood pressure cuffs, and fingertip pulse oximetry sensors of monitor/defibrillators used in the prehospital setting. On March 22, 2019, a total of 20 prehospital monitor/defibrillators located at an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) station in Alabama (USA) were assessed for C. diff. The inside area of the fingertip pulse oximetry sensor, patient contact side of the blood pressure cuff, and right arm ECG lead of monitor/defibrillators (n = 60) were swabbed using a sterile cotton-tipped applicator saturated in a 0.85% Sodium Chloride solution. These cotton-tipped applicators were then inserted, scored, and released into Banana Broth vials. The vials were then sealed tightly and immediately transported to the laboratory, where they were incubated at 36°C for 72 hours. Colorimetric change from red to yellow was considered a positive indication for the presence of C. diff. Of 20 blood pressure cuffs, 15 had C. diff contamination (75%); C. diff was also present on 19 of 20 fingertip pulse oximeter sensors (95%) and 20 of 20 ECG right arm monitor leads (100%). Prehospital monitor/defibrillators may represent a significant reservoir of C. diff and other pathogenic bacteria. Improved disinfection protocols for reusable monitoring equipment and transition to disposable monitoring equipment used in the prehospital setting may reduce the risk of patient and EMS provider infection.

Indicators of individual hypoxia resistance — a way to optimize hypoxic training for children

Objective. To develop a protocol for a normobaric hypoxic test and criteria of resistance assessment — normobaric hypoxia sensitivity in children. Characteristics of children and research methods . 56 healthy children aged from 8 to 12 years underwent a hypoxic test inhaling gas mixture with 10—11% of O 2 through mask to create hypoxemia conditions (SpO 2 = 80%). The authors used a normobaric hypoxic device (certified in the Russian Federation) to produce hypoxic and hyperoxic gas mixtures — ReOxy Cardio (S.A. Aimediq, Luxembourg) with an integrated pulse oximetry sensor (Masimo Rad-5, USA). During hypoxic test they monitored the arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and heart rate (HR, bpm), and there were automatically recorded the individual minimum values of SpO 2 level (SpO 2 min) and maximum heart rate (HR max). A “hypoxic phase” was terminated in case of decrease in SpO2 to 80% or lower, or breathing with a hypoxic gas mixture during 9 minutes. An additional criterion for termination was an increase in HR by 30% and higher over the initial level. After reaching one of the described criteria, the teenagers began to breathe ambient air and the authors determined the recovery time of SpO 2 to 97%. In addition, the authors calculated the hypoxic index as desaturation/reoxygenation time ratio. Results. The authors developed a protocol for conductance and assessment of hypoxic resistance in children and adolescents. There were determined three types (phenotypes) of response to dosed normobaric hypoxia in adolescents: low, medium and high levels of dosed hypoxic stimulus resistance. Conclusion . The proposed hypoxic test protocol reflects the individual hypoxia tolerance and can be used to individualize hypoxic therapy courses, as well as additional diagnostic tool in assessing the adaptive capabilities and non-specific reactivity in children.

Motion Artifact Reduction for Respiratory Monitoring: A Multichannel Ultrasound Sensor for Diaphragm Tracking

The ability to assess the respiratory rate reliably is vital in the application of remote health monitoring. A newly developed pulmonary monitoring system based on diaphragm wall motion tracking is evaluated under human physical activity. Diaphragm excursions are tracked by a designed ultrasound sensory system utilizing three ultrasound PZT5 piezo transducers. We assess the accuracy and reliability of this system in monitoring the diaphragmatic function and its contribution to the respiratory workload. We also examine inertial and pulse-oximetry sensors as two alternative methods. Measurements are compared to a spirometer as the gold standard. The tests are designed in this study to investigate the performance of employed sensors in both the stationary and non-stationary human body situations. We conclude that by the direct tracking of the diaphragm motion, the proposed ultrasound system is fundamentally robust to motion artifacts. Outstanding results were obtained for the proposed system from six subjects in six different test models with an average sensitivity, specificity and false alarm of 89.7%, 93.1%, and 6.3%, respectively.