Heart Rate Monitoring Research Articles

Effects of topical sodium bicarbonate emulsion on exercise exhaustion and training effects following high-intensity interval training in high-level soccer players

Background and Goal: High-level football players’ competitive performance and training efficacy are significantly impacted by sports weariness. Verifying the possible use of external sodium bicarbonate lotion in professional sports and investigating its effects on the training effect and sports fatigue of elite football players following high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are the goals of this study. Methods: 14 male football players competing at the national level were split into two groups, one experimental and one control, each consisting of seven participants. This study was conducted using a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Twenty min prior to training, the experimental group applied external sodium bicarbonate lotion, while the control group applied a placebo lotion. Group antagonistic training and a seven-day HIIT comprise the training regimen. Assess the effects of the intervention using a variety of multifaceted data, including exercise performance, training impact intensity (TRIMP), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), subjective tiredness scale, perceived fatigue level (RPE), blood biochemical indicators, and heart rate monitoring. Result: Following a single HIIT training session, the experimental group’s blood lactate level was significantly lower than the control group’s (P < 0.05); however, no other indicators showed any significant changes. The experimental group’s TRIMP values were considerably greater than the control group’s during the seven-day training period, and their average DOMS and RPE values were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Maximum heart rate and anaerobic training effect were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of maximum EPOC, maximum heart rate, anaerobic training effect, and energy consumption. In conclusion, applying sodium bicarbonate lotion externally can improve athletes’ overall performance, increase training stimulus, and considerably lessen muscle soreness and exercise fatigue during high-intensity interval training.

Excellent Mechanical Performance of Cellulose Composite Papers for Flexible Self-Powered Photodetectors Using the ZnO/PbS Heterojunction.

Cellulose is attracting considerable attention in the field of flexible electronics due to its unique properties and environmental sustainability, particularly as a substrate for flexible devices. Flexible photodetectors are an integral part of cellulose-based devices and have become essential in optical communication, heart rate monitoring, and imaging systems. The performance and adaptability of these photodetectors depend significantly on the quality of the flexible substrates. However, poor bonding with conductive materials results in poor conductivity stability, and limited thermal stability makes cellulose unsuitable for many preparation processes. This study designed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanowires (AgNWs) as conductive materials, integrating them with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The resulting AgNW/CNF composite paper demonstrated high tensile strength (183.9 MPa), low sheet resistance (2.38 Ohm sq-1), and excellent bending durability. Spin-coated PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) films and low-temperature magnetron-sputtered ZnO films were used as functional layers to create a flexible self-powered photodetector. This device features low dark current density (2.35 × 10-9 mA cm-2 @0 V), fast photoresponse (40/24 ms), and stability under bending (up to 180°, 1 mm radius). It shows potential for applications in infrared optical communication and real-time heart rate monitoring, demonstrating the promise of cellulose substrate photodetectors for flexible electronics.

Continuous Radar-based Heart Rate Monitoring using Autocorrelation-based Algorithm in Intensive Care Unit

Continuous Radar-based Heart Rate Monitoring using Autocorrelation-based Algorithm in Intensive Care Unit

In situ fabrication of self-filtered near-infrared Ti3C2Tx/n-Si Schottky-barrier photodiodes for a continuous non-invasive photoplethysmographic system.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have emerged as promising candidates to serve as Schottky contact electrodes for the development of high-performance photodiodes owing to their extraordinary electronic properties. However, it remains a formidable challenge to fabricate a large-area, uniform MXene layer for practical device application. Here, we develop a facile route to produce a large-area Ti3C2Tx layer by post-etching treatment of a pulsed laser-deposited Ti3AlC2 film, enabling the in situ construction of a back-illuminated Ti3C2Tx/n-Si Schottky-barrier photodiode. Significantly, the device exhibits excellent performance with a distinctive self-filtered near-infrared (NIR) photoresponse behavior in the range of 700-1100 nm. By avoiding disturbances caused by ambient light, the NIR photodiode-based transmission-type photoplethysmographic (PPG) measurement system is capable of more reliable detection of PPG waveforms than the commercial PPG sensors for continuously monitoring heart rate. This enables the accurate extraction of blood pressures using a PPG-only method. Our findings not only pave the way for fabrication of a high-quality large-area 2D MXene layer, but also provide a general design principle for developing high-performance MXene/Si photodiodes for health monitoring systems.

Comparative Study of Vital Sign Monitoring Techniques and Methods using Radar Sensor

COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease of 2019) is a global pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This disease has significantly impacted every aspect of people's lives, including their work style, leisure activities, and use of technology. Additionally, due to psychological factors or other reasons, there has been a surge in deaths from cardiovascular failure during the pandemic. As COVID-19 is a silent killer whose symptoms only become visible after significant damage has been done, constant monitoring of heart parameters is crucial to address this issue. This paper explores the emerging trends in monitoring vital signs such as the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, respiration rate (breaths), related sensors, remote sensor organization, and telemedicine innovations. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential application of non-contact radar-based remote monitoring for vital sign monitoring of affected patients.

Transformative Advancements in Fetal Cardiac Health through BILSTM Networks for FPCG Classification

This article unveils a cutting-edge methodology for Fetal Phonocardiogram(FPCG) classification employing Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BILSTM)networks. Acknowledging the pivotal role of fetal heart monitoring inearly anomaly detection, the research delves into the profound insights offeredby FPCG signals concerning fetal cardiac activity. The innovative approachencompasses preprocessing FPCG signals using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC) and spectrogram features, coupled with the strategic applicationof BI-LSTM networks, ensuring a resilient classification framework. The bidirectionalnature of the LSTM architecture elevates the model’s ability to capturetemporal dependencies in both forward and backward directions, facilitating thediscernment of intricate patterns in fetal heart sounds. Remarkably, experimentalfindings demonstrate a remarkable 98% accuracy, reaffirming the effectivenessand precision of the BILSTM approach in fetal PCG classification. This pioneeringresearch significantly advances automated methods for evaluating fetalcardiac health, promising transformative enhancements in prenatal care.

INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE CONTROL OF BODY POSTURE STABILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FIREFIGHTERS

Introduction. Stability of body posture is essential for ensuring safety and achieving highphysical performance. Firefighting, as a high-risk occupation, exposes professionals to factorsthat destabilize balance and posture, increasing the risk of falls and injuries. Extreme thermalenvironments are known to affect postural stability, which relies on dynamic neuromuscularcontrol influenced by vision, body temperature, and psychophysiological state.Objective. This study aims to assess the influence of ambient temperature on the control of bodyposture stability among professional firefighters. Specifically, it examines the role of visual controlin balance maintenance and explores coordination between the nervous and musculoskeletalsystems using posturographic measurements from a force plate (AccuGait). Additionally, thestudy investigates the relationships between posturographic parameters, heart rate (HR), heartrate variability (HRV) and body temperature. The impact of extreme thermal conditions –temperatures exceeding 35C and falling below 0C – on balance maintenance, dizziness, andbalance disorders is also analysed.Material and Methods. Seventeen healthy male volunteers (mean age 35.9 6.1 years, mean workexperience 10.7 5.5 years) were involved in the study. In the first phase, participants completeda survey containing general and detailed questions. They responded with “YES” or “NO” regardingtheir exposure to high temperatures (above 35C) and low temperatures (below 0C). In the secondphase, measurements were taken using the AccuGait force plate (AMTI, USA). Each participantperformed two 30-second trials. The first trial involved standing still on the force plate with openeyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE). Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were monitoredusing a Polar H7 heart rate monitor and the EliteHRV application. Additionally, infrared photos ofall participants were taken using a FLIR C3X Compact thermal camera.Results. The study revealed that 89.7% of respondents reported experiencing dizziness duringexposure to high temperatures. Force plate testing confirmed excellent postural stability amongfirefighters in both open-eye (OE) and closed-eye (CE) trials. In the CE trial, an 18.9% increase in the average COP velocity (Avg Velocity) and a 19.3% increase in COP path length (Length)were observed. The average heart rate (HR) for the 17 participants was 79.9 15 beats per minute.A correlation was identified between HR and the average COP velocity, COP path length, andthe minimal COP deviation along the Y-axis (AP). The average heart rate variability (HRV) was56.4 8.8 ms, and HRV correlated with the maximum COP value on the Y-axis (AP) during theCE trial. The average corneal temperature was 34.4 1.5C. Statistical analysis was conductedusing Spearman’s rank correlation and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Conclusions. The risk of balance disturbances is higher when firefighters operate in hightemperatureenvironments (above 35C) as compared to low temperatures (below 0C). Theabsence of visual control does not compromise the stability of firefighters’ posture, reflecting theirexceptional neuromuscular coordination. The dynamics of muscle force activation in maintainingbody balance are influenced by visual control status and heart rate.

Human Factors and AI in UAV Systems: Enhancing Operational Efficiency Through AHP and Real-Time Physiological Monitoring

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations has advanced efficiency, safety, and decision-making. This study addresses critical gaps in UAV methods, including insufficient integration of human factors, operator variability, and the lack of systematic error analysis. To overcome these challenges, a novel approach combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with three core human factors models: the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) loop, the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), and the SHELL model. An online survey was conducted across diverse UAV operator groups to prioritize critical factors within each model. Additionally, real-time monitoring of heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and respiratory rate (RR) was conducted during UAV operations at various automation levels with different experience levels. Visualization through boxplots and percentage change matrices provided insights into operator stress and workload across automation levels. Integrating AHP findings and physiological data revealed significant differences in operator prioritization, highlighting the need for tailored AI-UAV strategies. This research combines survey data with real-time physiological monitoring, offering visions into optimizing human-AI interaction in UAV operations and providing a foundation for improving AI integration and operator strategies.

Feasibility of volumetric-modulated arc therapy gating for cardiac radioablation using real-time ECG signal acquisition and a dynamic phantom.

Stereotactic arrythmia radioablation (STAR) is a noninvasive technique to treat ventricular tachycardia (VT). Management of cardiorespiratory motion plays an essential role in VT-STAR treatments to improve treatment outcomes by reducing positional uncertainties and increasing dose conformality. Use of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, acquired in real-time, as a surrogate to gate the beam has the potential to fulfil that intent. To investigate the gated delivery of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for STAR on a TrueBeam linear accelerator (linac) using a real-time acquired ECG signal and a dynamic cardiac phantom. Dosimetric characteristics of a 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam from a Varian TrueBeam linac were initially evaluated under high-frequency gating scenarios relevant to cardiac rhythms with respect to dose linearity, beam output, and energy quality. A microcontroller board was used to interface and gate the linac, sending a beam on/off signal. For real-time cardiac gated measurements, an AD8232 Heart Monitor board was used to acquire the ECG signal and synchronize the VMAT delivery to an ArcCHECK detector to a specific phase of the cardiac cycle. Gated dose distributions were compared against those acquired for a non-gated delivery mode. An in-house dynamic cardiac phantom was developed to simulate cardiorespiratory motion that correlates target position with the signal to gate the beam. Measured dose distributions using gafchromic film were also compared against the static (reference) mode in different scenarios with and without gating. Maximum difference in dose per monitor unit (MU) was found to be no greater than 1% as compared to static mode with variation in the chamber response within 0.2% in the range of 50 MUs to 200 MUs. Maximum percentage differences for the beam output and beam qualiy index (TPR20,10) between gated and non-gated modes were 0.91% and -0.44%, respectively. Comparison of delivered dose distributions for the VMAT plan without gating versus ECG synchronized gating modes provided a passing rate 98% for the gamma analysis with 1% relative dose difference, 1mm distance-to-agreement criteria. For the synchronization of dose delivery with target position, passing rates were 98%, 97%, and 99% for the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes, respectively, when gating the beam based on target position for cardiac motion only, for 3%, 3mm tolerance as compared to static mode. Without gating the beam, passing rates of the respective plans are 97%, 94%, and 99% for the cardiac motion only, and 67%, 57%, and 55% when including respiratory component of motion. A 6 MV-FFF TrueBeam is stable for performing gating in STAR under high-frequency gate windows within typical cardiac cycles. Agreement between measured dose distributions for a VMAT plan in static and ECG-synchronized deliveries and between static and target-position gated modes shows that the proposed methodology is feasible and can be implemented on a TrueBeam platform.

Acute psychological and physiological benefits of exercising with virtual reality.

Exercise is a powerful tool for disease prevention and rehabilitation. Commercially available virtual reality (VR) devices and apps offer an immersive platform to gamify exercise and potentially enhance physiological and psychological benefits. However, no work has compared immersive exercise to closely matched 2D screen-based equivalents with the same visual and auditory stimuli. This study aims to compare the acute effects of an exercise session using a commercial immersive VR workout to the same stimuli and workout presented on a screen. 17 healthy participants (male = 7, female = 10; aged 24.18±4.56 years), completed a 12-minute guided VR boxing exercise session in FitXR™ and a screen-based equivalent. Physiological responses were recorded continuously using a heart rate monitor and telemetricmetabolic cart system. Psychological and perceptual responses were measured using their ratings of perceived exertion, the physical activity enjoyment scale, and the physical activity affect scale. In the immersive VR participants chose to engage in more intense exercise (%VO2max; p = 0.044), showed higher levels of all enjoyment subscales (p<0.05) and reported higher positive affect (p = 0.003) and lower negative affect (p = 0.045) following exercise compared to the screen-based equivalent. However, the design here could not determine which elements of immersive VR contributed to the positive effects. Immersive VR may offer a more efficient alternative to other forms of screen based and exergaming workouts and could be offered as a gateway into exercise.

Smart Automatic Anesthesia Regulation Dosage

The system uses a MAX30100 sensor to monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation, enabling real-time adjustments to anesthesia delivery via a servo motor connected to a syringe. The motor's movements are calibrated to heart rate data, ensuring precise dosage control. A manual override button allows health care providers to intervene during emergencies. A DHT11 sensor monitors temperature and humidity for environmental awareness, while an LCD displays real-time patient and environmental data. An Arduino Uno processes sensor inputs, controlling servo angles to administer accurate anesthesia volumes based on pre-set thresholds, ensuring patient safety and stability. Index Terms - Syringe pump, Servomotor, Anesthesia regulation, over dose

Rational approach to fetal heart rate monitoring and management during the second stage of labor.

Second stage of labor is considered to be associated with an increased risk of intrapartum fetal hypoxic injury. This is due to a combination of several risk factors such as -the increased frequency, strength and duration of uterine contractions due to higher number and affinity of myometrial oxytocin receptors; -the Ferguson's reflex which leads to a reflex release of endogenous oxytocin in response of the distension of the cervix by descending fetal head in late stages of labor; maternal expulsive efforts with the Valsalva manoeuvre that may reduce maternal oxygenation, as well as reduce the venous return and maternal cardiac output due to increased intrathoracic pressure, winch may lead to reduced placental oxygenation; - and increased fetal intracranial pressure due to head compression leading to a potential decrease in fetal cerebral oxygenation. In addition, the umbilical cord often forms one or more loops around the fetal neck, which may get tightened as the head descends leading to an acute and intermittent cessation of fetal oxygenation. Operative interventions during the second stage of labor such as vacuum, forceps or emergency caesarean section may increase the risk of maternal and fetal trauma. Therefore, an accurate interpretation of the fetal heart rate changes by applying the knowledge of fetal pathophysiology is essential: to timely recognise the onset of fetal decompensation preventing intrapartum hypoxic-ischaemic brain injuries; to avoid erroneous monitoring of the maternal heart rate as fetal heart rate; and to abstain from unnecessary operative interventions due to misinterpretation of the significance of the observed fetal heart rate changes.

Validation of a Wearable Sensor Prototype for Measuring Heart Rate to Prescribe Physical Activity: Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study.

Wearable sensors are rapidly evolving, particularly in health care, due to their ability to facilitate continuous or on-demand physiological monitoring. This study aimed to design and validate a wearable sensor prototype incorporating photoplethysmography (PPG) and long-range wide area network technology for heart rate (HR) measurement during a functional test. We conducted a transversal exploratory study involving 20 healthy participants aged between 20 and 30 years without contraindications for physical exercise. Initially, our laboratory developed a pulse wearable sensor prototype for HR monitoring. Following this, the participants were instructed to perform the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test while wearing the Polar H10 HR chest strap sensor (the reference for HR measurement) and the wearable sensor. This test allowed for real-time comparison of HR responses between the 2 devices. Agreement between these measurements was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3.1) and Lin concordance correlation coefficient. The mean absolute percentage error was calculated to evaluate reliability or validity. Cohen d was used to calculate the agreement's effect size. The mean differences between the Polar H10 and the wearable sensor during the test were -2.6 (95% CI -3.5 to -1.8) for rest HR, -4.1 (95% CI -5.3 to -3) for maximum HR, -2.4 (95% CI -3.5 to -1.4) for mean test HR, and -2.5 (95% CI -3.6 to -1.5) for mean recovery HR. The mean absolute percentage errors were -3% for rest HR, -2.2% for maximum HR, -1.8% for mean test HR, and -1.6% for recovery HR. Excellent agreement was observed between the Polar H10 and the wearable sensor for rest HR (ICC3.1=0.96), mean test HR (ICC3.1=0.92), and mean recovery HR (ICC3.1=0.96). The agreement for maximum HR (ICC3.1=0.78) was considered good. By the Lin concordance correlation coefficient, the agreement was found to be substantial for rest HR (rc=0.96) and recovery HR (rc=0.96), moderate for mean test HR (rc=0.92), and poor for maximum HR (rc=0.78). The power of agreement between the Polar H10 and the wearable sensor prototype was large for baseline HR (Cohen d=0.97), maximum HR (Cohen d=1.18), and mean recovery HR (Cohen d=0.8) and medium for mean test HR (Cohen d= 0.76). The pulse-wearable sensor prototype tested in this study proves to be a valid tool for monitoring HR at rest, during functional tests, and during recovery compared with the Polar H10 reference device used in the laboratory setting.

Enhancing Heart Rate-Based Estimation of Energy Expenditure and Exercise Intensity in Patients Post Stroke.

Indirect calorimetry is the gold standard field-testing technique for measuring energy expenditure and exercise intensity based on the volume of oxygen consumed (VO2, mL O2/min). Although heart rate is often used as a proxy for VO2, heart rate-based estimates of VO2 may be inaccurate after stroke due to changes in the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Our objective was to evaluate in people post stroke the accuracy of using heart rate to estimate relative walking VO2 (wVO2) and classify exercise intensity. Moreover, we sought to determine if estimation accuracy could be improved by including clinical variables related to patients' function and health in the estimation. Sixteen individuals post stroke completed treadmill walking exercises with concurrent indirect calorimetry and heart rate monitoring. Using 70% of the data, forward selection regression with repeated k-fold cross-validation was used to build wVO2 estimation equations that use heart rate alone and together with clinical variables available at the point-of-care (i.e., BMI, age, sex, and comfortable walking speed). The remaining 30% of the data were used to evaluate accuracy by comparing (1) the estimated and actual wVO2 measurements and (2) the exercise intensity classifications based on metabolic equivalents (METs) calculated using the estimated and actual wVO2 measurements. Heart rate-based wVO2 estimates were inaccurate (MAE = 3.11 mL O2/kg/min) and unreliable (ICC = 0.68). Incorporating BMI, age, and sex in the estimation resulted in improvements in accuracy (MAE Δ: -36.01%, MAE = 1.99 mL O2/kg/min) and reliability (ICC Δ: +20, ICC = 0.88). Improved exercise intensity classifications were also observed, with higher accuracy (Δ: +29.85%, from 0.67 to 0.87), kappa (Δ: +108.33%, from 0.36 to 0.75), sensitivity (Δ: +30.43%, from 0.46 to 0.60), and specificity (Δ: +17.95%, from 0.78 to 0.92). In people post stroke, heart rate-based wVO2 estimations are inaccurate but can be substantially improved by incorporating clinical variables readily available at the point of care.

Fetal death: Expert consensus of the French College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Fetal death is defined as the spontaneous cessation of cardiac activity after 14 weeks gestational age (GA). Regarding prevention of fetal death in the general population, it is not recommended to counsel or prescribe rest, aspirin, vitamin A, vitamin D, or micronutrient supplementation; systematically look for nuchal cord during prenatal screening ultrasound; or perform systematic antepartum monitoring by cardiotocography for the sole purpose of reducing the risk of fetal death. It is recommended to offer vaccination against influenza in epidemic periods and against SARS-CoV-2. Regarding evaluation in the event of fetal death, it is recommended that a fetal autopsy and anatomopathologic examination of the placenta be performed; chromosomal analysis be performed by microarray testing, rather than by conventional karyotype (with postnatal sampling of the fetal placental surface preferred for genetic purposes); testing for antiphospholipid antibodies be performed, with systematic Kleihauer-Betke testing and for irregular agglutinins; and summary consultation to discuss these examination results be offered. Regarding announcement and support, it is recommended that fetal death be announced without ambiguity, using simple words adapted to each situation, after which the couple should be supported with empathy across the different stages of their care. Regarding patient management in cases of fetal death, it is recommended that: in the absence of risks for disseminated intravascular coagulation or maternal demise, the patient's wishes regarding the timing between the fetal death diagnosis and labor induction should be considered; return home is possible, according to the patient's wishes; in all situations except maternal life-threatening emergencies, the preferred mode of delivery is vaginal, regardless of previous cesarean section(s); mifepristone 200 mg be prescribed at least 24 h before induction; and perimedullary analgesia be initiated at the start of induction if requested by the patient, regardless of GA. Of note, there is insufficient evidence to recommend either the administration route (i.e., vaginal or oral) of misoprostol or prostaglandin type. Regarding the risk of recurrence after unexplained fetal death: the incidence does not appear to be increased in subsequent pregnancies; in cases with a history of fetal death due to vascular problems, low-dose aspirin is recommended to reduce perinatal morbidity (otherwise, evidence is insufficient to recommend the prescription of aspirin); no optimal delay in initiating another pregnancy should be recommended based solely on a history of fetal death; fetal heart rate monitoring is not indicated based solely on a history of fetal death; although systematic labor induction is not recommended, induction may be considered depending on the context and parental request, and considering fetal age, benefits, and risks, especially before 39 weeks GA. Note that if the cause of fetal death is identified, management should be adjusted on a case-by-case basis. Regarding fetal death in a twin pregnancy, it is recommended that the surviving twin be examined immediately upon fetal death diagnosis; in a dichorionic twin pregnancy, preterm delivery induction is not recommended; in a monochorionic twin pregnancy, the surviving twin should be immediately evaluated for signs of acute fetal anemia, with weekly ultrasound monitoring for the first month, though immediate labor induction is not recommended.

Role of cannabidiolic acid or the combination of cannabigerol/cannabidiol in pain modulation and welfare improvement in horses with chronic osteoarthritis

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic cannabinoid obtained from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) used for pain management in companion animals including horses. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerol/cannabidiol oil (CBG/CBD) oral administration in alleviating pain in adult horses affected by chronic osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty-four horses (10 geldings and 14 mares), aged between 11 and 18 years old, were equally divided into two groups. One group received CBDA 15% oil and the other group received CBG/CBD oil (CBG20%-CBD10%) for 14 consecutive days. A standard dose of 0.07 mg/kg was chosen based on the mean body weight of 450 ± 28 kg. Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS) and physiological parameters monitoring heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), arterial blood pressure (systolic arterial pressure- SAP, diastolic arterial pressure- DAP) were assessed before (T0) and every day for the entire administration (T1-T14). Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of complete hemogram, Leukocyte subpopulation identification and counting and leukocyte differentiation antigens CD4 and CD8 at the day before the administration (T0) and every 7 days (T7 and T14). A reduction of HCPS pain scale scores and the number of WBC, monocytes and neutrophils and CD8 was observed with both CBDA and CBG/CBD treatment. No statistical differences were found in the physiological parameters. No subject required rescue analgesia or showed any adverse effects. The results of this study showed that oral administration of both CBDA and CBG/CBD oil may promote pain reduction in adult horses affected by chronic OA.

Cardiac function monitoring during marathon training based on smart medical wearable sensor device

In recent years, intelligent wearable sensor devices have developed rapidly and can be seen everywhere in daily life. With the rapid development of electronic components and the continuous improvement of their performance, intelligent wearable intelligent products have gradually become possible and have shown explosive growth. In addition, intelligent wearable electronic devices have many advantages that traditional devices do not have. With the popularity of fitness wearable devices, intelligent wearable devices can also be used for real-time heart rate and dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring during marathon sports. It can effectively prevent sudden death. During marathon training and other health services, it is very important to use intelligent wearable sensor devices to monitor heart function. This paper puts forward a heart function monitoring system for marathon training based on intelligent wearable sensor, expounds the origin of marathon sports and the importance of heart function monitoring for marathon athletes during training. This paper discusses the technology and construction method of heart rate monitoring system based on intelligent wearable sensor device. At the same time, relevant experiments are carried out to verify the relevant performance of the intelligent wearable sensor device in the algorithm. The results show that the R wave detection accuracy of wearable devices based on traditional algorithms is usually between 92% and 93%. The R wave detection accuracy of the intelligent wearable sensor device improved by the algorithm in this paper has been improved to more than 97%, and the R wave detection accuracy of the algorithm in this paper is much higher than that of the traditional algorithm. This also reflects the effectiveness of the intelligent wearable sensor device of the algorithm during the training of marathon athletes.

PyPCG: a Python toolbox specialized for phonocardiography analysis.

Phonocardiography has recently gained popularity in low-cost and remote monitoring, including passive fetal heart monitoring. The development of methods which analyse phonocardiographic data tries to capitalize on this opportunity, and in recent years a multitude of such algorithms and models have been published. In these approaches there is little to no standardization and multiple parts of these models have to be reimplemented on a case-by-case basis. Datasets containing heart sound recordings also lack standardization in both data storage and labeling, especially in fetal phonocardiography. We are presenting a toolbox that can serve as a basis for a future standard framework for heart sound analysis. This toolbox contains some of the most widely used processing steps and with these, complex analysis pipelines can be created. These functions can be tested individually. Due to the interdependence of the steps, we validated the current segmentation stage using two phonocardiogram datasets, a fetal dataset comprising 50 one-minute abdominal PCG recordings, which include 6758 S1 and 6729 S2 labels and a filtered version of the dataset used in the 2022 PhysioNet Challenge, containing 413 records with 9795 S1 and 9761 S2 labels. Our results were compared to other common and publicly available segmentation methods, such as peak detection with the Neurokit2 library, and the Hidden Semi-Markov Model by Springer et al. Our best model achieved a 96.1% F1 score and 11.7 ms mean absolute error for fetal S1 detection, and 81.3% F1 score and 50.5 ms mean absolute error for PhysioNet S1 detection. Our detection method outperformed all other tested methods on the fetal dataset and&#xD;achieved results comparable to the state of the art on the PhysioNet dataset. Accurate segmentation of signals is critical for the calculation of accurate statistical measures and the creation of classification models. Our toolbox contains functions for both feature extraction and calculation of statistics which are compatible with the previous steps. All of our methods can be fine tuned for specific datasets. pyPCG is available on https://pypcg-toolbox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/.

A novel approach for contactless heart rate monitoring from pet facial videos.

Monitoring the heart rate (HR) of pets is challenging when contact with a conscious pet is inconvenient, difficult, injurious, distressing, or dangerous for veterinarians or pet owners. However, few established, simple, and non-invasive techniques for HR measurement in pets exist. To address this gap, we propose a novel, contactless approach for HR monitoring in pet dogs and cats, utilizing facial videos and imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG). This method involves recording a video of the pet's face and extracting the iPPG signal from the video data, offering a simple, non-invasive, and stress-free alternative to conventional HR monitoring techniques. We validated the accuracy of the proposed method by comparing it to electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in a controlled laboratory setting. Experimental results indicated that the average absolute errors between the reference ECG monitor and iPPG estimates were 2.94 beats per minute (BPM) for dogs and 3.33 BPM for cats under natural light, and 2.94 BPM for dogs and 2.33 BPM for cats under artificial light. These findings confirm the reliability and accuracy of our iPPG-based method for HR measurement in pets. This approach can be applied to resting animals for real-time monitoring of their health and welfare status, which is of significant interest to both veterinarians and families seeking to improve care for their pets.

Retraction Note: Advanced artificial intelligence in heart rate and blood pressure monitoring for stress management

Retraction Note: Advanced artificial intelligence in heart rate and blood pressure monitoring for stress management