Pulsed DC Power Research Articles

Enhanced thermoelectric power factor of magnetron Co-sputtered Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin films

The study on Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin films involved the preparation of these films using the co-magnetron sputtering technique. The process included fixing the Bi:Te (2:3) target at 30 W of pulsed dc-power while varying the Pd target on the sputtering power in a range of 0–12 W. All deposited film thicknesses were maintained at 500 nm. The investigation of the thermoelectric power factor (PF) of thin films with varying Pd-adding contents revealed interesting results. The Pd contents were increased by increasing the sputtering power on the Pd target. The PdTe2 phase was initiated, starting at 4 W of Pd sputtering power, resulting in a heterogeneous alloy of Bi2Te3 and PdTe2 phase. The increase in the Pd content led to a reduction in the electrical resistivity. At the same time, an appropriate Pd-adding concentration could cause the rise of the Seebeck coefficient and power factor. The maximum power factor of 3.06 mW m−1 K−2 (ρ = 14.63 μΩ m, S = −212 μV K−1) at room temperature was achieved on a Pd-added Bi2Te3 thin film (Pd-4W). This finding underscores the potential of Pd's most appropriate adding content into Bi2Te3 thin films for thermoelectric energy harvesting applications.

Analysis of pulsed direct current reactive magnetron sputtering on a silicon target

Reactive sputtering is a very useful technique, particularly, for producing inhomogeneous interference filters, where the refractive index changes smoothly during deposition. In such a context, precise control of deposition parameters is crucial for replicating the desired optical properties. This study employed a pulsed DC power source to investigate the influence of a duty cycle on target poisoning, sputtering plasma characteristics, electric signals, and optical and morphological properties of synthesized films. Reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering was characterized by analyzing the behavior of plasma emission via optical emission spectroscopy and voltage-current signals, while modulating parameters such as the oxygen content within the vacuum chamber. A set of thin films was coated on glass substrates under different system conditions. These films underwent characterization employing spectroscopic ellipsometry to ascertain their optical constants, atomic force microscopy for surface morphology analysis, and x-ray diffraction for the determination of crystalline structures. The results indicate that longer duty cycles required higher oxygen levels to poison the target. Additionally, a detailed analysis of electrical signals revealed nonsquare waveforms, whose characteristics were influenced by both the duty cycle and the oxygen content within the sputtering chamber, resulting in higher effective voltages during the on-time of the voltage pulse. Grown films via reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering were also compared to films grown via conventional DC magnetron sputtering at equivalent conditions of target poisoning.

Mechanical octacalcium phosphate coatings on the plasma electrolytic oxidized pure titanium for bio-implant use

In this study, OCP powder was used for mechanical coating on the plasma electrolytic oxidized (PEO) implant surface to improve bioactivity. PEO treatment was performed on the surface of the implant using a solution mixed with calcium acetate and calcium glycerophosphate, and creates porosity through a pulsed DC power supply. For compositional analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis was employed to calculate OCP content and X-ray diffractometer analysis was used to confirm the crystal structure. Also, wettability, surface roughness, hardness, elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance testing were performed. Significantly, the reduction in OCP particle size decreased, and pore filling with OCP smaller particles increased as mechanical coating time increased from 0 to 12 h. Surface and cross-sectional morphology showed the presence of OCP on the substrate. Also, surface roughness, contact angles, hardness, and elastic modulus were reduced as mechanical coating time increased. Corrosion resistance was found to be the highest for mechanical OCP coating for 6 h surface treatment on the PEO-treated CW-Ti.

Fabrication and Electrical Characterization of p/n PbSe Diodes

Lead selenide (PbSe) diodes were fabricated using a magnetron sputtering process system with a pulsed DC power supply and a 2-inch PbSe target with a purity of 5N. For p-type PbSe thin films, the process variable was the oxygen ratio in the mixed gas of argon and oxygen. The electrical characteristics of the thin films were observed after heat treatment. For the n-type PbSe, nickel (Ni) was used as a doping material. The deposition and doping were performed simultaneously using a co-sputtering method. During co-sputtering, the input power of the Ni sputter gun was adjusted as a process variable. Hall measurement experiments were performed to measure the doping concentration and resistivity of both the p-type and n-type PbSe semiconducting films. The maximum doping concentration was 2.33×10<sup>19</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> for p-type PbSe and 7.55×10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> for n-type PbSe thin films, respectively. The p-n junction IV curve showed that the lowest forward voltage generation point, V<sub>f</sub>, was 1.5 V and the reverse breakdown voltage was -4.3 V. In the photocurrent measurement, the photo sensitivities of the heat-treated samples were higher than that of the non-treated sample, and the maximum value was 5.148. Photo responsivity was also higher in the heat-treated samples. Its maximum was 0.7306 mA / W.

Experimental Investigation on Microsecond Pulsed Plasma Supported Biogas Combustion

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect of a microsecond pulsed plasma (MPP) on the stabilization and emission characteristics of non-premixed biogas/air flames with various CO2 contents. The MPP is generated by a unique DC-pulsed power generator providing high voltage (HV) pulses over a wide range of pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). The burner configuration is made up of two concentric tubes in which a swirler is placed inside the annular part, ensuring the oxidizer's rotation. The central tube delivers the fuel through an injector placed close to the burner exit. Electrical diagnostics, including voltage, were performed. OH* chemiluminescence measurements were done to describe the structure and stability of the flame. Results showed that plasma generated by microsecond HV pulses can improve flame stability. In this regard, the distribution of key active species in the burner was studied via optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The results revealed that the pulsed plasma generates chemically active species such as excited N2*, CH*, OH* molecules, and H* and O* atoms, thereby improving flame stability. The dependence of the emitted species intensities on plasma parameters was investigated in detail. It is demonstrated that MPP can drastically enhance the dynamic flame stability of swirling non-premixed biogas flames, especially at lean operating conditions. In addition, NOx and CO emissions were studied over a wide range of pulse repetition frequencies. It is seen that the pulsed plasma increases NOx emission slightly and significantly reduces CO concentration in the flue gases.

Low-frequency harmonic current suppression for a dc pulsed power supply based on improved ADRC

Low-frequency harmonic current suppression for a dc pulsed power supply based on improved ADRC

Improved creep resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy after the micro arc oxidation process

AZ91 Mg alloy has a wide range of applications in the automotive industry, although its use is restricted to powertrain applications due to its low creep resistance. In this study, the effect of the micro arc oxidation (MAO) coating on the creep resistance of an AZ91 Mg alloy was investigated to take advantage of the coating layer with high thermal insulation properties. In this context, the MAO process was applied to AZ91 Mg alloy using a bipolar pulsed DC power supply. The creep tests were conducted at different temperatures (150–200 °C) and stresses (25–90 MPa) for the bare and coated samples, and the minimum creep rates were determined. It has been shown that the MAO coating reduces the creep rate of the bare alloy by 35%–84% depending on the temperature and the stress due to the stress-reducing effect and thermal barrier properties of the MAO coating. Based on the calculated creep activation energy and stress exponents, creep mechanisms were proposed for the bare and coated alloys. Effective activation energy was also calculated and lattice diffusion-controlled dislocation climb was determined to be the effective creep mechanism for both samples at lower stresses, while pipe diffusion-controlled dislocation climb was effective at higher stresses.

Experimental study of stability and pollutant emissions of turbulent biogas flames under microsecond pulsed plasma

Biogas is a mixture of methane (50–80%.vol), carbon dioxide (20–45%.vol), and in smaller proportions of N2, O2, H2S, and NH3. For a high rate of CO2 in the biogas, the combustion can generate strong instabilities and the flame can be very lifted from the burner and even blown. To overcome these problems of instabilities and flame extinction, the use of a microsecond pulsed plasma is considered for this study. This study aims to characterize the effects of microsecond pulsed discharges on the stabilization and emission characteristics of non-premixed swirling biogas/air flames at different operating conditions of combustion (CO2 rate, power, and equivalence ratio) and plasma (pulse repetition frequency and input electrical voltage). The plasma is performed above a coaxial burner with a swirler of the oxidizer. It is generated by a DC-pulsed power generator with a high voltage (HV) pulse duration of a few microseconds. The burner consists of two concentric tubes and a central metal rod used as a cathode for the plasma. The outer tube contains a swirler and supplies the oxidant flow, and the inner tube delivers the fuel (methane, biogas) around the central metal rod. High voltage pulses are applied on two anode tungsten wires that are symmetrically arranged from either side of the cathode to obtain two plasma zones in the stabilization region of the flame. The burner is placed in a parallelepiped combustion chamber with a volume of 100x48x48 cm3. Mass flow rates of air and fuel are regulated by thermal mass flow controllers (Brooks SLA5851S). OH* chemiluminescence measurements are done to describe the structure and the flame stability throughout the lift-off heights (Hf) variation. Results showed that plasma generated by microsecond HV pulses can improve flame stability by decreasing its Hf especially at low fuel velocities. In this regard, the optical emission spectra (OES) were visualized. The results reveal that the pulsed plasma generates chemically active species such as excited N2*, CH*, OH* molecules, and H* atoms, leading to improved flame stability. Their intensities' dependence on the pulse repetition frequency, the sight position of the OES, the concentration of CO2 in the fuel, and the fuel velocities were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the NOx and CO emissions in the burned gas are investigated over a wide range of repetition pulse frequencies. It is seen that the microsecond pulsed plasma slightly increases the NOx emission and reduces CO concentration in the flue gases.

Effects of pulsed gliding arc plasma on non-premixed CH4/CO2– air flame stability

Effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) addition and pulsed gliding arc (PGA) plasma on methane (CH4) flame stability and pollutant emissions are investigated in this paper. Two main parts are reported: the effects of CO2 addition to the fuel and the impact of PGA plasma on the characteristics of non-premixed CH4/CO2-air flames in a coaxial swirl burner. The burner consists of 2 concentric tubes, the central tube supplies the CH4 flow and the periphery one supplies the airflow. In the central tube, a metal rod is used as a cathode. To produce the PGA plasma, two other electrodes are symmetrically placed around the central one to obtain two PGA plasma zones in the stabilization area of flame. The combustor is a parallelepiped chamber, with a 0.48 m square cross section and 1 m height equipped with six windows on each side. This work primarily focuses on pollutant emissions (NOx and CO), flame structures, and stability. OH* chemiluminescence measurements are used to describe the structure and stability of the flame providing information on the flame lengths and lift-off heights. The lift-off heights and the flame lengths are determined as a function of the CO2 concentrations, ranging from 0% to 50% in the fuel, at a fixed swirl number and equivalence ratio. The results show that CO2 addition to the fuel changes significantly the flame shape and its behavior. The flame becomes more unstable at high CO2 percentages. CO2 addition dilutes reactants, reduces NOx production, and increases CO concentrations in the flue gases. To overcome the instabilities problems due to the addition of CO2, the PGA is used and investigated with different parameters of plasma and flame. PGA plasma is generated by a DC pulsed power generator with HV pulse duration of few microseconds. It is observed that the presence of PGA plasma decreases flame instabilities and reduces CO concentration in the flue gases.

Spectroscopic investigation of atmospheric pressure ‘micro-plasma needle’

Plasma-based sterilization at atmospheric pressure in plasma needle configuration is a recently developing technique that has numerous applications in heat-sensitive materials and enhances biosensor properties. In this study, the capacitively coupled He–O2/Ar and He–N2/Ar mixtures [Formula: see text]-plasma at atmospheric pressure is characterized to find out the optimum condition of plasma-based sterilization for plasma needle. Trace rare gas actinometry based on optical emission spectroscopy has been used to estimate the [O] and [N] atomic densities as a function of discharge parameters i.e., applied pulsing voltage, gases concentration and different flow rates. Ar-1line Ar[Formula: see text] at 750 nm, N-I line [Formula: see text] at 746.8 nm and O-I line [Formula: see text] at 844.6 nm is used to determine the atomic densities of oxygen [O] and nitrogen [N]. Using the Boltzmann plot, the rotational temperature of He–N2/Ar and He–O2/Ar was calculated from the rotational levels of the “first negative system” (FNS) [Formula: see text]. The temperature of the gas increases as the pulsed DC power increases, but it drops as the gas flow rate in the mixture increases. The actinometric results show that both densities increase with applied pulsing voltage and molecular concentration of oxygen and nitrogen. Moreover, it is also observed that emission intensity ratios ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) also increase with an increase in applied pulsing voltage but they decrease with an increase in flow rate. Based on these results, it is suggested that the optimum conditions, in terms of [O] and [N] atomic densities, for plasma-based sterilization in needle configuration are 4% oxygen and nitrogen concentration at 4 kV applied pulsing voltage and 100[Formula: see text]SCCM flow rate.

Contrasting the characteristics of atmospheric pressure plasma jets operated with single and double dielectric material: physicochemical characteristics and application to bacterial killing

This study reports an experimental comparison of two types of atmospheric pressure plasma jets in terms of their fundamental plasma characteristics and efficacy in bacterial sterilization. The plasma jets are fabricated by inserting a high voltage electrode inside a one-end closed (double DBD plasma jet) or both ends open (single DBD plasma jet) quartz tubes which are further enclosed inside a second quartz tube containing a ground electrode. Both plasma jets are operated in contact with water surface by using a unipolar pulsed DC power supply with helium as the working gas. Results from electrical and time-resolved imaging show that the single DBD configuration induces 3–4 times higher accumulation of charges onto the water surface with significantly faster propagation of plasma bullets. These results are accompanied by the higher discharge intensity as well as stronger emissions from short-lived reactive species which were analyzed through optical emission spectroscopy at the plasma-water interface. The rotational temperature for the single DBD configuration was observed to be higher making it unsafe for direct treatments of sensitive biological targets. These characteristics of the single DBD configuration result in the production of more than two times higher concentration of H2O2 in plasma activated water. Shielding of the HV electrode reduces the plasma potential which in turn reduces the electric field & electron energy at the plasma-water interface. The reduced electric field for the double DBD configuration was lower by ≈463 Td than the single DBD configuration. The bactericidal efficacy of the two configurations of the plasma jets were tested against Escherichia coli, a well studied Gram-negative bacterium that can be commensal and pathogenic in human body. Our results demonstrate that although single DBD plasma jet result in stronger antibacterial effects, the double DBD configuration could be safer.

Study of the influence of a gradient gas flow as an alternative to improve the adhesion of Diamond-Like Carbon film in the wear and corrosion resistance on the nitrided AISI 4340 steel

Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) films have been widely studied due to their interesting properties, but this film presents low adhesion on metal surfaces. Interlayers have been performed, between the substrate and the DLC film, combined with previous surface treatment as plasma nitriding to improve film adhesion on the surface. This work aims to develop a multilayer treatment of nitriding, gradient treatment, and DLC film deposition without organosilicon interlayer to determine the synergic influence of treatments on multilayer adhesion, wear, and corrosion resistance of the AISI 4340 steel. Plasma surface treatments such as simple nitriding, simple DLC film deposition, which consists of treatments performed individually, multilayer treatment of nitriding + DLC with and without an organosilicon interlayer, and multilayer treatment of nitriding + gradient treatment + DLC without interlayer using gas flow gradient were carried out using a pulsed-DC power supply. The highest wear and corrosion resistance was obtained by the multilayer treatment with organosilicon interlayer due to the synergic effect of this interlayer with the DLC film and nitriding treatment, but the multilayer treatment without organosilicon interlayer performed with gas flow gradient presents better corrosion and wear properties compared with simple treatment. Results have shown that it is possible to perform multilayer treatments with the presence and the absence of an organosilicon interlayer, keeping wear, corrosion, and adhesion properties of the DLC film on nitrided AISI 4340 steel deposition.

Experimental Investigation into Residual Stress in Ball End Magne-Torheological Finishing

Ball end magnetorheological finishing (BEMRF) is a novel finishing process used to finish variety of surfaces ranging from flat, curved, complex, two dimensional, three di-mensional and non linear. The residual stress and surface finish play an important role in overall efficiency and durability of the components. The present work is aimed to relieve the residual stress of work-piece surface with the improvement in surface finish using pulse DC power supply (PDCPS) in BEMRF process. The preliminary experiments have been conducted on flat EN-31 steel with and without pulse DC power supply (WPDCPS). The process parameters during experiments were considered as magnetiz-ing current (MC) of 2.5A, tool rotational speed (TRS) 500 rpm, and working gap (WG) 1.5 mm with finishing time 35 minutes and 55 mm/minute feed rate given to the work-piece. The responses such as residual stress and surface roughness have been measured before and after experimentation. Residual stress of EN-31 surface was measured with X-ray residual stress analyzer using Cosα method. It has been observed that the residual stress was found reduced from 130 to 66 MPa and surface roughness was reduced drastically wit h the use of pulse DC power supply in BEMRF process. After preliminary experi-mentation, the statistical analysis with design of experiment has been conducted with pulse DC power supply on EN-31 steel to visualize the effect of various process parame-ters on residual stress using RSM technique.

Electrical Properties of Aluminum Nitride Thick Films Magnetron Sputtered on Aluminum Substrates.

The realization of a c-axis oriented aluminum nitride thick film on aluminum substrates is a promising step in the development of transducers for applications with a working temperature up to about 600 °C. The present paper deals with the realization of AlN thick films by means of reactive magnetron sputtering with a pulsed DC power supply, operating in continuous mode for 50 h. Two values (0.4 and 0.8) of nitrogen concentration were used; operative pressure and power were set at 0.3 Pa and 150 W, respectively. The thickness of the obtained aluminum nitride films on the aluminum substrate, assessed with a profilometer, varied from 20 to 30 µm. The preferential orientation of AlN crystals was verified by X-ray diffraction. Finally, as the main focus of the investigation, the films underwent electrical characterization by means of an LCR-meter used on a parallel plate capacitor set-up and a test system based on a cantilever beam configuration. AlN conductivity and ε33 permittivity were derived in the 100 Hz–300 kHz frequency range. Magnetron sputtering operation with nitrogen concentration equal to 0.4 resulted in the preferred operative condition, leading to a d31 piezoelectric coefficient, in magnitude, of 0.52 × 10−12 C/N.

Study on galling behaviour of HiPIMS deposited Mo/DLC multilayer coatings at ambient and elevated temperature

Galling has been a severe concern in oil – gas, automotive, and nuclear sectors. SS 304 steel is used in these industries despite its low galling resistance because it possesses good corrosion resistance properties. The threads of bolt, nut or a tapped hole and fasteners made of SS 304 experience severe damage due to galling or cold working. Therefore, the galling characteristics of the coated SS 304 samples were studied against the uncoated counterpart. A multilayer coating of molybdenum (Mo) and diamond like carbon (DLC) was deposited through dual sputtering using a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) power source for graphite target and pulsed DC power source for Mo target. The Mo/DLC multilayer coating was optimized for antiwear and low friction properties. The evaluation of friction properties was done through a nanotribometer. The galling samples of SS 304 steel were prepared following the ASTM G196 standard, and the optimized coating was deposited on the galling samples. The adhesion strength of the coating was analyzed with the help of a nanoscratch tester. The galling behavior of coated and uncoated samples was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 300 °C. Galling damage was quantified by calculating the galling area on the galled sample. Image processing and computer vision tools were used to calculate the galled area. The tribopair having coated (Mo/DLC multilayer coating on SS 304) and the uncoated sample (SS 304) showed lower galled area than the tribopair containing both uncoated samples in every test conditions. At RT the coated sample failed at 15 MPa, whereas the uncoated samples failed at 5 MPa. Similar type of results were obtained when the samples were tested at 300 °C. The characterization of the coating and the mechanism of galling were studied in detail with the help of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nanoindentation, stereo-zoom optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Precipitation of bone-like apatite on plasma electrolytic oxidized Ti-6Al-4V alloy

In this study, precipitation phenomena of bone-like apatite on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)-treated Ti-6Al-4V alloys with various electrolyte compositions were studied by using various characterization techniques. A Ti-6Al-4V disk was used as a sample for the PEO treatment, which was performed using pulsed DC power for 3 min at 280 V in an electrolyte solution containing calcium acetate, calcium glycerophosphate, manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, strontium acetate hemihydrate, zinc acetate dehydrate, and sodium metasilicate at 25 °C. The PEO-treated samples were immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 24 h to investigate their bioactivity. The surface morphology, composition, and microstructure of these samples were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometry.The surface of the PEO-treated alloy in the electrolyte containing Ca, P, Mn, Sr, Zn, Mg, and Si ions was covered with precipitates that formed a ring pattern around the pores. Furthermore, Mn was detected in the pores rather than on the surface; this Mn played a role in MnO2 and Mn2O3 formation on the PEO-treated alloy surface. Moreover, on the surface treated in SBF solution after PEO treatment in the electrolyte containing Ca, P, Mn, Sr, Zn, Mg, and Si ions, apatite nucleation occurred in the pores, which coalesced and grew into large precipitates. Fewer number of functional elements, including Mn, were detected on the surface when apatite was precipitated, than that in the case of the non-treated surface in the SBF solution.

Electrochemical characteristics of Sr/Si-doped hydroxyapatite coating on the Ti alloy surface via plasma electrolytic oxidation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of Sr/Si-doped hydroxyapatite coating on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface via plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO).Ti-6Al-4V alloy of extra low interstitial grade disk was used as the anode and the carbon rod was used as the cathode. PEO treatment was carried out using pulsed DC power at 280 V for 3 min. The electrolyte used for PEO was prepared by mixing Ca(CH3COO)2•H2O, C3H7NaCaO6P, Sr(CH3COO)2•0.5H2O, and Na2SiO3•9H2O. The potentiodynamic polarization test were performed by potentiostat in a 0.9% NaCl solution at 36.5 ± 1°C. Electrochemical impedance tests were carried out using potentiostat at the open circuit potential in a 0.9% NaCl solution at 36.5 ± 1°C. The PEO-treated surface and corrosion morphology were investigated by field mission scanning microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The number of pores increase and average size of the pores decreased as Sr increase, and area occupied by pore was decreased. In the case of Si and Sr addition to electrolyte, corrosion potential was apparently increased compared to specimen of Sr addition to electrolyte. Polarization resistances of PEO-treated Sr and Sr/Si specimens showed the higher than those of Bulk and CaP specimens from data of electrochemical impedance test.

Study of the Effect of Nitrogen on Corrosion, Wear resistance and Adhesion Properties of DLC Films Deposited on AISI 321H

The deposition of DLC films on 321H stainless steel aims at attributing properties such as high wear resistance and low friction coefficient to the substrate material. Nitrogen added to DLC can improve the film adhesion to metal substrates, but the investigation of its effect on corrosion resistance, an important property for stainless steels, is lacking. The DLC film was deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a pulsed-DC power supply with a gas mixture of Ar and CH4, and to the DLC(N) film deposition was used CH4 and N2 varying the percentage of nitrogen from 10 to 50% in the treatment. DLC films improved both the wear and corrosion resistance of 321H stainless steel. The results show that the 10, 20 and 30% of N2 supply during the deposition increased the adhesion of the film on the substrate, enhancing the wear resistance of the treated material. The addition of 40 and 50% of N2 during the deposition, however, impaired the corrosion resistance compared with the substrate. An improvement of adhesion, wear and corrosion resistance were observed for 30% N2 condition. Thus, the incorporation of suitable concentration of nitrogen modifies the features of the DLC film, obtaining a good combination of high wear resistance and corrosion protection due to a combination of structure, high thickness, and high adhesion of the film to 321H stainless steel.

Generation of high aspect ratio complex micro-features by micro-electrochemical milling employing novel flushing technique

Fabrication of high aspect ratio (HAR) complex micro features on high strength temperature resistant (HSTR) alloys is challenging by any conventional or non-conventional machining methods. In this study blind, HAR and complex micro features have been fabricated by micro electrochemical milling (MEM) on HSTR Cobalt alloy (Haynes-188) introducing a new strategic approach with novel flushing technique which could get rid of the need of pulsed DC power supply. Multiphysics simulation of the rotating micro-tool at different rpm and its impact on effective sludge removal has been analyzed and verified experimentally. In this study, most influencing parameters of MEM like voltage, feed rate, rpm of tool and milling layer depth have been selected to investigate their effects on the machining responses like width overcut, machined depth and surface roughness on Haynes-188 alloy. Comparison has also been made with constant and pulsed DC power source to know the influence of these process parameters on the MEM responses. Finally, several linear and non-linear blind, HAR (AR > 11) and intricate micro features have been fabricated successfully on cobalt alloy at the most suitable parametric combination, i.e., 7.5 V of machining voltage, feed rate of 0.3 mm/min, and tool rotation of 750RPM with 0.5 M of NaNO3 electrolyte.

Analysis of Time-Resolved Plasma Jet Emissions That Drive Methylene Blue Dye Decomposition

Plasma-based water purification uses energetic electrons to induce chemical reactions that break down harmful contaminants into benign components. The chemical reactions needed to decompose organic chemicals and bacteria in water are driven by the production of the hydroxyl radical, OH. In this article, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet was used to produce OH and decompose methylene blue (MB) dye in water samples. The behavior of the plasma and the emission of excited OH* near the plasma-liquid interface were analyzed. Nanosecond-resolved measurements near the plasma-water interface were obtained using ICCD imaging and emissions spectroscopy synchronized to the pulsed dc power that drives plasma formation in the plasma jet. The plasma was observed to form along the front of ionization waves as “bullets” that locally produce reactive species. When the bullet hits the water surface, it rebounds and creates a secondary excitation of species at the water surface. The bouncing phenomenon increases the plasma interactions above the water surface and increases OH* excitation up to 192%. However, this increase in excitation and emission does not necessarily mean increased total OH. Higher discharge frequencies produced more OH* emission but did not change the rate of MB dye removal. Higher voltages do increase dye removal rate but with decreasing effectiveness. The results indicate that in steady state, most of the water in the gas channel has been dissociated to form OH, and each bullet merely re-excites the ground state OH (X) into OH* (A) state. A minimum operational frequency of 1 kHz was thus found to provide the best efficiency while maintaining OH production.