Pulse Beetle Research Articles

English

The current research work was conducted for the evaluation of repellent and growth inhibitory potential of Azadirachta indica, Murraya koenigii, Nicotiana tobacum and Liquorice against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Each plant extract was tested with four concentrations viz; 5, 10, 15 & 20 % for bioassay experiments. Repellent potentials of acetone extract of the plants were evaluated by using the area preference method against the pulse beetle. The four dilutions of the extracted plant materials (extract) were used at one half of the filter papers (of each) while remaining halves were solely treated with acetone (used as control experimental unit) for the comparison purposes. Data regarding repellence were taken after 12, 24 and 48 hours of the post treatment. In repellency bioassay, the highest (93.32%) repellence of Callosobruchus chinensis was observed for which against 20% concentration of A. indica extract, whereas lowest repellence (78.87%) was recorded in case of Liquorice. Repellency values of 90.07% and 84.76% were recorded in extracts of M. koenigii and N. tobacum in Faisalabad strain. In case of Lahore strain highest repellence of C. chinensis was observed for which 95.16% at 20% concentration of A. indica extract was whereas relatively lowest value (82.04%) was recorded in case of Liquorice. Repellency values of 87.27% and 91.06% were recorded in extracts of M. koenigii and N. tobacum. The results regarding growth inhibitory effect revealed that highest mean progeny inhibition (78.12%) was noted at 20% dose rate of A. indica extracted plant material after longest exposure time (60 days). Comparatively lowest inhibition (28.21%) was noted after 30 days exposure period at 5% dilution of Liquorice extract in Faisalabad strain. Mean inhibition of progeny was found directly dependent on both time as well as concentration, applied. Results revealed that highest mean progeny inhibition (85.03%) was recorded at 20% concentration of A. indica extract after longest exposure time (60 days). Comparatively, lowest inhibition (35.18%) was recorded at 5% after 30 days of application of Nicotiana tobacum extract in Lahore strain. Hence, use of plant-based materials can be helpful for the ecofriendly management of the stored grains insect pests as a part of IPM program.

Study the germination percentage of chickpea seeds infested by pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition

Effect on germination of seeds of chickpea varieties / genotypes were studied under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) during 2018-19. The germination was affected due to damage of Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Among all the varieties / genotypes, the healthy seeds of JG 11 x RVSSG 1 and JAKI 9218 were reported with germination of 71.33% (minimum) and 91.33% (maximum), while in the damaged seeds of the same cultivars, the germination was 24.67% (minimum) and 76.67% (maximum), respectively.

Effect of mineral supplement on milk production, milk composition, and cost-benefit ratio in lactating Murrah Buffaloes

Effect on germination of seeds of chickpea varieties / genotypes were studied under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) during 2018-19. The germination was affected due to damage of Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Among all the varieties / genotypes, the healthy seeds of JG 11 x RVSSG 1 and JAKI 9218 were reported with germination of 71.33% (minimum) and 91.33% (maximum), while in the damaged seeds of the same cultivars, the germination was 24.67% (minimum) and 76.67% (maximum), respectively.

Studies on the life cycle of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) on chickpea and oviposition preference on different chickpea genotypes/ varieties

Total developmental period from egg to adult of C. chinensis (L.) was studied on chickpea (variety JG 12). It was observed that the average incubation period was 4.67 days which varied from 3 to 7 days in which differences could be due to the impact of temperature and humidity. The larval pupal period varied from 26 to 29 days with an average of 27.0 days during the present studies with the larval period varied from 20 to 22 days and the pupal period from 6 to 7 days. The time taken by the beetle to complete total developmental period varied from 30 to 34 days (average: 31.66 days). Regarding adult orientation and oviposition preference of the pulse beetle (tested on 30 chickpea varieties/ genotypes), the genotype JG 11 X RVSSG 1 was found to be best host and the least preferred host was JAKI 9218.

Potency of Dioscorea sansibarensis (Dioscoreaceae) Leaf Eluates on Callosobruchus chinensis, Linnaeus 1758 (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in the Protection of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae)

Post-harvest losses of stored Phaseolus vulgaris to the bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis have reached levels of significant concern. Governments and health organisations propose the discovery of reliable, healthy and biodegradable pesticides with higher selectivity and a broad spectrum. This study presents investigations on the activities of Dioscorea sansibarensis leaf extracts on the mortality of C. chinensis and reduction of their egg-laying ability. Laboratory experiments under Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were carried out to determine the mortality and anti-oviposition activity of the vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) eluates of n-hexane (HE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EE), n-butanol (BE) and methanol (BE) at different concentrations. Bioassay data were subjected to nonparametric statistical analysis and a generalized linear model at p = 0.05. Statistical results showed that the VLC eluates had a mortality activity of 88.01% (R2 = 0.8801). Treatment by 0.025 g of HE and 0.075 g of CE had 9.60 and 11.50, respectively at p = 0.181. These mortality records were high as to 0.1 g of ME, 0.05 g of EE and 0.075 g of BE that recorded 8.55, 8.45 and 7.80, respectively. Treatments by 0.05 g of CE, 0.025 g of HE, 0.05 g of EE and the positive control recorded mortality of 10.50, 9.60, 8.45 and 8.35, respectively. The highest mortality was observed in the treatment by 0.075 g of HE and 0.1 g of HE with 12.85 and 13.70, respectively at p = 0.377. The VLC eluates had an anti-oviposition activity of 24.98% (R2 = 0.2498) on the C. chinensis. The generalized linear model reported Wald Chi-Square values of 4.363; p = 0.037, 0.711; p = 0.399, 9.125; p = 0.003, 4.363; p = 0.037 on the treatment by 0.025 g of CE, 0.05 g of EE, 0.075 g of BE and 0.1 g of ME, respectively. At p = 0.051, 0.1 g of CE and the positive control attained oviposition of 89.25 and 96.75 respectively. The study presents the first documentation of the lethal activity of D. sansibarensis on the C. chinensis pulse beetle. This could help in the development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and could help in the elimination or suppression of the infestation.
 Keywords: anti-oviposition, Callosobruchus chinensis, Dioscorea sansibarensis leaf, mortality, Phaseolus vulgaris, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) eluates.

​Effect of Modified Atmosphere Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Kabuli Chickpea Varieties

Background: Chickpea is an important pulse crop. The area, production and productivity of Kabuli chickpea are very low as compared to Desi type chickpea. While, worldwide chickpea production is predominated by Desi type (80%) compared to Kabuli type (20%). One of constraints limiting the Kabuli chickpea seed production is the fast seed deterioration process as, they possesses thin and fragile seed coat which makes it more susceptible to infestation of pulse beetle and storage fungi. In addition, the day by day increase in usage of chemical pesticides and increase in health awareness among the people and demand towards organic based products necessitate a new alternative method of seed storage than the routinely used storage methods. Modified atmosphere storage is an alternative method to avoid chemical fumigants, which are said to cause residual effect on seed material and development of resistance by storage pest against insecticides. Methods: The present investigation on modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was carried out at the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during March 2017. Further, its storage and seed quality assessment were conducted at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory of National Seed Project (Crops), Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during March 2017 to May 2018. Result: The results revealed that the Kabuli chickpea seeds stored in the gaseous atmosphere with the combination of CO2 (80%) + N2 (20%) + O2 (0%) [C2] have maintained the maximum germination (92%) followed by Vaccum Packaging [C5] by using 700 gauge polyethylene bag for 14 months under ambient conditions above the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) based Metabolomics of Promising Chickpea Genotypes against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)

Background: The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. is one of the main biotic threats to chickpea in both field and storage in the world. The evaluation of chickpea genotypes for pulse beetle resistance has increased motivation for the identification and application of host plant resistance as a critical component of pest management. Methods: In the present study, different chickpea genotypes were evaluated under laboratory conditions to identify the antixenosis, antibiosis and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics of promising chickpea genotypes to the C. chinensis. Result: Genotype NBeG1004 (36.61 eggs/100 seeds) was less prone to egg laying, while ICCV14872 (180.45 eggs/100 seeds) was the most preferred. However, maximal developmental periods, minimum per cent adult emergence and growth index was observed in ICCV92944 Genotype HC1 showed substantial resistance with maximum phenolic, flavonoid and protease inhibitors content. The results revealed that presence of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) in HC1 conferred resistance to C. chinensis. These results show assurance for incorporation into an IPM program against C. chinensis.

The Attraction of Stored Grain Pests Toward Various Colour Surfaces

Colour vision is common phenomenon in living animals, but varies in insect species, depending on their vision sensitivity and photoreceptors involved. The sensitivity of the photoreceptor is determined through the absorption of visual colour pigments expressed. Photoreceptors are involved in filtering pigments, transverse wavelength, retinal image and colour signals. We have evaluated the colour attraction of two important stored grains insects, Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum H) and Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L) to determine their visual sensitivity toward various colour surfaces. The data was recorded after 24hrs of releasing the insects in a chamber in which various colour surfaces were provided. The results showed that the T. castaneum was highly attracted toward green colour with maximum (17.3%) and (8.7%) of insects observed outside and inside the bags respectively. Whereas, minimum (4.3%) and (3.0%) T. castaneum found outside and inside the blue colour bags respectively. Similarly, C. chinensis was greatly attracted toward blue colour with the maximum (16.0%) and (7.7%) insects found attached outside and inside the bags respectively. Whereas, minimum (9.0%) and (2.0%) C. chinensis were recorded outside and inside the black colour bags respectively.

Potential of cold plasma to control Callosobruchus chinensis (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in chickpea cultivars during four year storage

Cold plasma has proven itself as a promising method of food preservation by controlling food spoilage bacteria at very low temperatures. It is showing potential for insect control. Synthetic pesticides are mostly used to control Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) to which it has developed resistance. The prospective potential of cold plasma treatment to control pulse beetle infestation of chickpea in the storage for about four years of plasma treatment was studied. The four chickpea cultivars were treated with cold plasma at different power 40, 50, and 60 W each for 10, 15, 20 min. Plasma treated and untreated chickpeas were stored in an airtight ziplock pouch. At regular intervals, the grains were observed for infestation. It was found most effective in controlling the pulse beetle infestation of treated chickpea samples. While plasma untreated chickpeas were attacked and damaged mostly by pulse beetle within the first quarter of the storage study. To avoid the problems created by the use of pesticides cold plasma treatment is found to be the best alternative in the protection of chickpea invasion by pulse beetle during a longer storage period. The findings in the present research may be used for the preparation of legumes which may also soak and cook faster like quick-cooking legumes and preserved for years without invasion of pulse beetle.

Bioefficacy of Three Indigenous Plant Extracts Against Callosobruchus Chinensis L. (BRUCHIDAE: COLEOPTERA)

Results of the evaluation on bioefficacy of three indigenous plant extracts for toxicity and residual effects against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) showed that the plant extracts had toxic and residual effects for controlling pulse beetle. Mortality and residual effects were statistically different among the plant extracts and doses applied. Neem extract showed the highest adult mortality (36.78%) whereas eucalyptus extract showed the lowest (22.75%). The order of the toxicity of three plant extracts was found as neem > custard apple > eucalyptus. Mortality was found directly proportional to the hour after treatments which increased with the progress of time. Between two solvents, acetone solvent possessed the highest toxicity (mortality 32.95%) but methanol showed the lowest toxicity (mortality 30.56%). The residual toxicity was evaluated on the basis of egg laid, adult emergence, seed infestation and weight loss caused by the insect. The highest residual toxicity was found in neem extract with acetone while the lowest in eucalyptus extract with acetone. Neem extract with acetone and custard apple extract with methanol solvent were found effective to toxic and residual effects against pulse beetle of three plant extracts applied.
 Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(1): 1-12, June 2020

Insecticidal, Oviposition Deterrent and Antifeedant Property of Certain Plant Extracts against Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Background: The bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is one of the major store grain pest of pulses capable of attacking wide range of legumes viz., green gram, black gram, chick pea and pigeon pea and causes 50 per cent damage during storage within 3 to 4 months. The infestation starts in the field, but heavy damage is done in storage. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate the insecticidal, oviposition deterrent and antifeedant activity of certain plant extracts against pulse beetle, C. chinensis under storage condition.Methods: The aquous extracts (10%) of Vitex negundo, Pongamia glabra, Cassia angustifolia and Calotropis gigantea were evaluated against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. were carried out at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur during 2019-20. The commercial product Azadirachtin was kept as a check and the mortality rate was assessed every 24 Hours after treatment (HAT) for three days.Result: The mortality rate after 72HAT was 85.8-87.5% with V. negundo, followed by C. angustifolia (73.33-80.00%) and P. glabra (70.0-75.0%). Azadirachtin gave 100% mortality of the beetle. The oviposition deterrence percentage for pulse beetle, C. chinensis was found to be highest in Calotropis gigantea (37.66-68.16%) followed by Pongamia glabra (30.91-41.50) and Vitex negundo (7.58-46.75) per cent, respectively. The antifeedant activity for pulse beetle was found to be very high when treated with Azadirachtin where there was no food consumption. This was followed by V. negundo (0.1g) and C. angustifolia (0.2g).

Influence of Morphological Attributes of Cowpea Genotypes on Oviposition of Pulse Beetle (Callasobruchus maculatus F.)

Background: Cowpea is an excellent host for Callasobruchus maculatus (F.). These beetles cause havoc in stored cowpea. They have the habit of cementing their eggs to the surface of the host seeds. Hence, the present study was aimed to the find the influence of morphological characters of cowpea varieties/genotypes on oviposition of the pulse beetle. Methods: The ovipositional preference of C. maculatus on 14 cowpea varieties/genotypes was studied under the free choice condition and the data thus obtained were correlated with the morphological characters like seed shape, colour and texture. Result: Each variety/genotype had a significant effect on egg laying by C. maculatus. Significantly least oviposition was noticed in GC 3 (35.33 eggs), having a rough testa texture and greater number of eggs were found on GC 1612 (117.33 eggs) having smooth texture. The pulse beetle preferred smooth textured seeds for egg laying irrespective of its shape and colour. This was again confirmed by one of the genotypes GC 1702, which belongs to the Holstein group based on the eye pattern of the cowpea, in this genotype the pulse beetle preferred to lay eggs on the smooth brown portion surrounding the hilum than the wrinkled white portion.

Effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell stored and fresh extracts on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell stored and fresh extracts on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. in storage on different mungbean varieties of Bangladesh

Management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. in storage on different mungbean varieties of Bangladesh

Screening of different legumes for the developmental preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera)

Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera), commonly known as Cowpea weevil or Cowpea seed beetle is a pest of stored grain that attacks legumes in the field and stored conditions. An investigation was conducted for screening the developmental preference of Callosobruchus maculatus in different legumes. Five different legumes were used with three replications in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The grains of legumes were obtained from the local market of Dera Ghazi Khan. Two pairs of adult (C. maculatus) were inoculated in 20 g seeds of different legumes. Statistics on egg count, egg-laying preference percentage, hatching percentage, incubation period, larval + pupal period, total developmental period (from egg to adult), male and female population, total adult emergence, No. of holes in seeds and seeds weight loss percentage was recorded. The outcomes of this study represented that red kidney bean grains (22.54%) contained more egg-laying preference for C. maculatus as compared to other tested legumes while desi chickpea grains (14.53%) had a lesser ovipositional preference. Minimum growth period was recorded on mung bean (22.66 days), followed by cowpea (24.33 days), kabuli chickpea (27 days) and desi chickpea (30.33 days). But there was (0.0 days) no growth of C. maculatus on red kidney bean grains. In short, smooth seed coat and well-filled seeds were most preferred by C. maculatus for egg-laying, short developmental time, maximum adult emergence and increased holed seeds.

Effectiveness of various combinations of three main gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen) through modified atmospheres on pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F) population in stored green grams

Pulse beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) are among the most important insect pests of stored green gram or mung bean (Vigna radiata) in India. Control of this pest generally relies on the use of synthetic insecticides. Insecticide usage in long-term storage of green grams has been problematic for years due to health and environmental concerns. The use of modified atmospheres may be an alternative for the control of C. maculatus in stored green grams. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of modified mixtures of three main gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (CO2, N2 and O2) on the population of C. maculatus in stored green grams in laboratory conditions. Experiments with different gas ratios and over different exposure times (3, 5, and 7 days) were evaluated. The results revealed that a 3% O2 + 40% CO2 + 57% N2 combination was the most effective causing 100% mortality and a decrease in oviposition (1.9 eggs/female) compared to the control (20 eggs/female) after an exposure period of 7 days. In general, the effectiveness depended on the rise of CO2 and reduction of N2. The overall results suggest that pulse beetles can be managed through increasing CO2 and reduction of N2 in bean storage facilities. This would allow phasing out insecticides in bean storage, ultimately leading to safe food.

Biorational Management of Pulse Bettle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) on Chickpea Seeds

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major insect pest in stored pulse (i.e. Chickpea seeds) causing 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on mortality of beetle, weight loss of seeds, fecundity and hatchability of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, Neem oil (89.00%) was found the most effective in case of mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (78.00%) and Karanja oil (62.00%). Among different microbial derivatives, Spinosad was found most effective considering mortality followed by Emamectin benzoate and Abamectin. Among botanicals the highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (30.18%) and the lowest (22.43%) was in Neem oil while among microbial derivatives the lowest percentage of seed weight reduction was obtained from Spinosad (11.15%) and the highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Abamectin (20.37%). No. of eggs laid per female was recorded highest in Karanja oil (24.00) and lowest in Spinosad (19.33). The hatchability percentage was highest in Karanza oil (21.73%) and lowest in Neem (12.89%) and in case of chemical treatment lowest in spinosad (6.05%) and highest in Ebamectin (14.42%). Neem oil and Spinosad were found effective against pulse beetle in storage condition. Therefore, Neem oil and Spinosad might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.

Assessment of losses due to pulse beetle in chickpea under stored conditions in Southern Haryana

The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the losses caused by pulse beetle (Callosobruchus spp.) during storage of chickpea grains in various storage structures. It was found that, still farmers are using traditional storage structures (earthen pots, earthen pots + sand, jute bags). Chickpea grain samples (500g each) were collected during August, September and October from different storage structures (metal bins, plastic bags, gunny bags, earthen pots and earthen pots + sand) in 15 villages of Rewari, Hisar and Mahendergarh district in the year 2017 and 2018. The results of analysed samples revealed that the highest infestation was observed in Rewari followed by Hisar and Mahendergarh district. It was found that maximum number of farmers were using metal bins (51.45, 40.11%) followed by gunny bugs (31.79, 31.64%), plastic bags (16.76, 15.82%), Earthen pots (6.51, 7.91%) and Earthen pots + sand (2.35, 4.52%) to store the chickpea grains in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Out of total samples infested with bruchid, 70.91 & 53.63 per cent gunny bag samples were found infested followed by plastic bags (48.28 & 20.29%), metal bins (11.24 & 15.94%) and earthen pots (9.80 & 10.14%) in both the years. There was no infestation of pulse beetle observed in those samples which were stored in earthen pots along with sand. Higher moisture percentage in the grain and infestation of pulse beetle was observed in the month of September followed by October in comparison to August month. Among the storage structures in frequent use, metal bins were found to have less qualitative and quantitative losses of seed/grains.

Ovipositional behaviour of Callosobruchus chinensis (L) in different pulses: A review

Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major stored pests of pulses. There were various factors that influence the ovipositional behaviour of C. chinensis. The preference of host specificity for oviposition by the female pest is very important to lay maximum number of eggs and also for the survival of a species. Bigger size, smooth surface, deep coat and coloured seeds are the most suitable for oviposition. The combination of temperature and humidity also play important role in ovipositional behaviour of the pest. The numbers of egg deposition vary within the period of oviposition and the maximum eggs laid on the first day of oviposition decreases with the enhancement of period. Plant extracts may alter the ovipositional behaviour and could be one of best practical ability to control the destructive stored pest.

Evaluation Of Indigenous Techniques Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) In Black Gram

Indigenous techniques viz., match boxes @ 10 no, lime powder @ 15 g, camphor @ 1 g, common salt @ 200 g, cow dung ash @ 80 g, buffalo dung ash @ 80 g, cow dung powder @ 100 g, buffalo dung powder @ 100 g, goat pellet powder @ 100 g/kg grain, gunny soaked in cow urine, gunny soaked in buffalo urine were evaluated as grain protectants against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored black gram at the Post Harvest Technology Centre, Bapatla. There was no adult emergence and grain damage in the treatments of dung powders besides camphor and ash even after six months. Further, the germination of stored seed kept with camphor, dung ashes and powders were good which ranged between 84.33% and 92.33%. A total of 3622.67 adults emerged from the untreated grain in 180 days of storage and caused 57.67% grain damage which resulted in 4.67% germination only. Besides filling up of inter-grain space, keeping a surface layer of 2.5 cm of powdered materials like ash and cattle dung could prevent pulse beetles successfully.