Pulse Beetle Research Articles

Chemical Composition, Insecticidal, Persistence and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oil of Artemisia maritima against the Pulse Beetle.

Pulse beetle is the major pests of pulses that cause significant loss to grains leads to unfit for consumption and marketing. Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides for the control of pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus) led to insect resistance, pesticide residues on grains which affect consumer’s health and environment. Essential oils (EOs) are good alternatives to synthetics due to their safety to the environment and consumers’ health. The main objective of the present study was to explore the chemical composition, fumigant, repellency, ovipositional deterrence, persistence, and detoxification enzyme inhibition of Artemisia maritima essential oil against pulse beetle. Results showed that primary components of the EO were 1,8-Cineole and bornyl acetate. EO showed promising fumigant toxicity to C. chinensis and C. maculatus (LC50 = 1.17 and 0.56 mg/L, respectively) after 48 h. In the repellent assay, EO at 8 mg/L showed 92–96% repellence after 1 h. In ovipositional deterrence assay, EO showed more ovipositional deterrence against C. chinensis (OD50 = 3.30 mg/L) than C. maculatus (OD50 = 4.01 mg/L). Higher concentrations of oil (8 and 6 mg/L) in C. maculatus showed significant inhibition of the glutathione-S-transferase enzyme (7.14 and 5.61 n mol/min/mL, respectively).

Dual Effect of Plant Materials Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) on Chickpea

The laboratory studies were undertaken to evaluate the repellent effect of different plant materials i.e. lemon, neem, nerium, Acacia, Eucalyptus at 6% concentration (w/w) against Callosobruchus maculatus on chickpea. In addition, the corrected mortality and seed characteristics (seed germination %, root length and seed vigor Index) were also observed. The results showed a repellent effect with an index value of RI=0.8 for lemon and Eucalyptus at 24 h. The overall corrected mortality showed the highest (24.73%) at neem and the lowest (4.30%) at Eucalyptus. The seed characteristics showed that storage of chickpea seeds until two months was ideal. The best results were recorded after one month of preservation in Acacia and control with maximum germination (100%), root length (2.18±0.06 and 3.25±0.11 cm) and V.I (219.0 and 326.0) followed by neem with germination of 96.67% and lemon with root length of 2.37±0.18 cm and V.I 222.13. Thus, it is concluded that all plant materials were not good repellent for pulse beetle, whereas, neem extract displayed an efficient efficacy to kill the pest and lemon showed an ideal repellent effect.
 

Evaluation of Some Botanicals, Thermal Treatment and Packing Materials Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. in Chickpea

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a major pest of stored chickpea. In the present study, efficacy of neem (0.5 and 1.0%) and turmeric powders (0.5 and 1.0%) has been evaluated against this pest, in combination with mustard oil (0.3%), thermal treatment @ 60oC for 20 min and packing materials including open, PP (polypropylene) and LD (low density polyethylene). The results revealed increased efficacy with concentration of neem and turmeric powder. Use of neem oil @ 1.0%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% kept in open packing, proved to be significantly superior at four months of storage. Turmeric powder @ 0.5%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% treated grains showed a significantly better germination. Moisture content differed significantly with treated samples. The colour change and myroflora incidence were comparatively minimum with neem leaf powder @ 0.5%+ mustard oil @ 0.3% treated samples. Thermal treated grains proved superior compared to botanicals, whereas, colour change led to significantly lesser effect. Among the packings, PP and LD packed samples significantly influenced the infestation and germination irrespective of the botanicals.

Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oils against the Pulse Beetle.

Pulse beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus, are essential pests of cowpea, gram, soybean and pulses. Application of synthetic insecticides against the pulse beetle has led to insect resistance; insecticide residues on grains affect human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are the best alternatives to synthetics due to their safety to the environment and health. The main objective of the investigation was to study the chemical composition and insecticidal activities of EOs, their combinations and compounds against the pulse beetle under laboratory. Neo-isomenthol, carvone and β-ocimene are the significant components of tested oils using GC-MS. Mentha spicata showed promising fumigant toxicity against C. chinensis (LC50 = 0.94 µL/mL) and was followed by M. piperita (LC50 = 0.98 µL/mL), whereas M. piperita (LC50 = 0.92 µL/mL) against C. maculatus. A combination of Tagetes minuta + M. piperita showed more toxicity against C. chinensis after 48 h (LC50 = 0.87 µL/mL) than T. minuta + M. spicata (LC50 = 1.07 µL/mL). L-Carvone showed fumigant toxicity against C. chinensis after 48 h (LC50 = 1.19 µL/mL). Binary mixtures of T. minuta +M. piperita and M. spicata showed promising toxicity and synergistic activity. EOs also exhibited repellence and ovipositional inhibition. The application of M. piperita can be recommended for the control of the pulse beetle.

Study the screen the green gram varieties against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.)

The screening of green gram varieties against the pulse beetle viz. Virat, Shikha, Pusa Ratna, Pusa Vishal, Pusa 1431, TJM 3, PDM 139, IPM 99-125, IPM 2-14, IPM 2-3 and MH 421 were studied against the pulse beetle. The varieties, Pusa Vishal and TJM 3 was the most preferred host for egg-laying, while the least preferred variety was MH 421. The maximum mean adult emergence was in Pusa Vishal and the minimum in MH 421. The maximum seed damage up to (68.33%) was observed in Pusa Vishal, while minimum (33.33%) damage occurred in MH 421. The weight loss was highest in Pusa Vishal with 27.03 percent and was lowest in MH 421 and IPM 2-3 with 12.90 and 16.23 percent. Germination percent recorded in varieties MH 421 showed the average highest infected seed germination (17.77%), while variety Pusa Vishal showed the lowest infected seed germination (5.33%). And Germination percent was recorded in varieties Virat showed the average highest Healthy seed germination (93.33%), while variety IPM 2-3 showed the lowest Healthy seed germination (78.67%).

Study the evaluate the efficacy of botanicals and inert dusts for pulse beetle management

Custard apple leaf powder (10g/kg) showed the maximum (18.33%) mortality of pulse beetle after 7 days. The minimum mortality (5.00%) was observed in grains treated with cow dung ash. All the plant powders and inert dusts at their application rates of 5g/kg and 10g/kg reduced the number of eggs laid by pulse beetle when compared with the control, which had the maximum (60.33, 64.33 and 66.33) eggs after 3, 7 and 10 days. The lowest (19.67, 21.33 and 23.00) number of eggs was recorded on grain treated with custard apple leaf powder (10 g/kg). The cow dung dust was least effective at the dose level of 10 g/kg. The plant powders and inert dusts even at their lowest application rate reduced the emergence of adults when compared with control, where the maximum (44.00, 51.33 and 58.67%) adults emerged after 30, 60 and 90 days of intervals. The minimum (20.67, 23.33 and 27.33 %) adults emerged in seeds treated with custard apple leaf powder (10g/kg). The minimum seed damage of 26.67 per cent was recorded in custard apple leaf powder treated seeds, while maximum seed damage (63.33 %) was recorded in the control. The minimum weight loss of 7.17 per cent was recorded in custard apple leaf powder treated seeds, while maximum weight loss (23.40%) was recorded in the control. The maximum germination (52.67 %) was recorded in custard apple leaf powder treated seeds of green gram, while and minimum germination (31.33%) was recorded in control.

Bio-efficacy of botanicals against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) in stored chickpea

The laboratory trial revealed that neem leaf powder (6%) followed by melia (6%) and datura leaf powder (8%), recording 31.86, 40.17 and 46.06 per cent mean seed damage and 6.27, 8.61 and 10.84 per cent mean weight loss, respectively proved the best in protecting chickpea from pulse beetle under storage. Neem leaf powder also registered highest Cost-Benefit Ratio (1:2.09) followed by melia leaf powder (1:1.97). Although the synthetic insecticide showed the highest C: B ratio (1:6.17), the botanicals being cheap, locally available, biodegradable, non-hazardous to human as well as animal life and the environment could be considered as seed protectants against storage pests.

Effect of botanicals on number of egg laid by Callosobruchus chinensis in stored chickpea

An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of botanicals against pulse beetle in stored chickpea. Eight treatment including untreated control comprising of Cinnamon powder (3 g/kg), Clove powder(3 g/kg), Black pepper seed powder(3 g/kg), Turmeric rhizome powder(5 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (2 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder(4 g/kg), Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (8 g/kg) were used against adult pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis on chickpea grains. All botanicals recorded minimum eggs laid by the pulse beetles on the grain treated with than the untreated control. Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (8 g/kg) and Acorus calamus rhizome (Vekhand) powder (4 g/kg) were found most effective in inhibiting egg laying even up to 6 month of storage after release of insect.

Optimization of CO2 Concentration on Mortality of Various Stages of Callosobruchus maculatus and Development of Controlled Atmosphere Storage Structure for Black Gram Grains

Pulse beetle ( Callosobruchus maculatus) is a common weevil that is responsible for up to 24% of stored pulse losses. Using black gram grain storage, the efficiency of carbon dioxide gas against all life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus insects was tested at various concentrations and exposure times. The trials were carried out in pilot bins with a capacity of 25 kg. At a CO2 concentration of 50%, complete mortality of the egg stage of Callosobruchus maculatus was attained after 72 h of continuous exposure. At a CO2 concentration of 60% for 48 h, 100% larva mortality was achieved. At the most tolerant stage of pupa, recorded complete mortality is at a CO2 concentration of 70% for 96 hours of the exposure period. Adult insects are especially vulnerable to the high CO2 concentration. Adult mortality was achieved at a concentration of 20% with an exposure period of 48 h. The CO2-treated black grams were then stored for three months with the optimized CO2 concentration and exposure period, while physiochemical parameters such as water retention capacity and physiological loss in weight were determined. Grain stored in the silo showing significant 100% mortality of egg was measured after 20-25 days of observation. The use of a controlled atmosphere storage bin increased the mortality of the insect C. maculatus at all developmental stages, by means of increasing CO2 concentration and exposure time. Grain stored in a controlled atmosphere silo showed minimum losses of grain (4.10%) compared to the gunny bag storage (22.56%).

Management of Biopesticides to Control Infestation of Insect Stored Grain Pest Triboloium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrioide): A Review

Pulses and Cereals have great nutritional value in the daily human diet. Infestation of Stored grain is a serious issue since different life stages of several types of insects can cause it. Insect degrade the quality of stored grains and product, resulting in economic losses. The storage of grains has been linked to a high number of insect infestations. Almost all stored grain insect pests have remarkably high multiplication rates and may destroy 10-15 % of grains. The major pest of stored grains includes Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Sitophilus granaries), Tribolium species (Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum), Khapra beetles (Trogoderma granarium), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), Pulse beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus), Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica), etc. Continuous and indiscriminate over use of insecticides are responsible for the development of resistance against these insect pesticides. Accumulation of synthetic chemical pesticide residues on pulses and cereals are unfortunately consumed by human. Recently, in agricultural practices in different areas of the world, attention has been given towards the exploitation of plant biochemical as a new approach in stored grain protection. Various scientific literature already documented the efficacy of plant derivatives against storage grain pests. Biopesticides kill and repel the insect pests, affect insect growth, development and metamorphosis. Farmers have used higher plants, medicinal plants, various herbs and traditional spices for stored grain insect pest management, but majority of farmer use chemical insecticide to increase productivity but it causes adverse effect on environment and non-target animal including human also, so there is more need for scientific research regarding the plant Biopesticides efficacy against stored grain pests.

Screening of chickpea varieties against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infestation in storage condition

The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at Department of Entomology Lab, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during 2019–20. The screening of chickpea varieties viz. JG 63, JG 16, JG 12, JG 14, JG 24, JG 36, JG 11, JAKI 9218 and RVG 201 were studied against the pulse beetle infestation. The varieties, JG 36 and JG 12 were most preferred host for egg laying, while least preferred varieties were JG 11 and JAKI 9218.The maximum mean adult emergence was in JG 36 and minimum in JAKI 9218. The maximum seed damage up to (69.33%) was observed in JG 36, while minimum (43.33%) damage occurred in JAKI 9218. The weight loss was highest in JG 36 with (63.33) per cent and was lowest in JAKI 9218 (38.67%). Germination per cent was recorded in varieties JAKI 9218 showed the average highest infected seed germination (24.67%), while variety JG 36 showed lowest infected seed germination (7.33%). And Germination per cent was recorded in varieties JG 14 showed the average highest Healthy seed germination (92.67%), while variety RVG 201 showed lowest Healthy seed germination (74.67%). Overall on the basis of above parameters JAKI 9218 was most tolerant variety and JG 36 was most susceptible variety.

Pulse beetle diversity in Sub Himalayan West Bengal

Pulse beetle diversity in Sub Himalayan West Bengal

Study the biology of Callosobruchus chinensis L. on green gram

Investigation was carried out at Department of Entomology, JNKVV, Jabalpur during 2018-19. The biology of pulse beetle was studied on virat variety of green gram. Female beetles laid on an average 87.33 eggs with mean incubation period of 4.33 days, larval period took on average of 22.67. Pupal period took on average of 6.33 days. The mean developmental period was 32.67 days.

EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC PESTICIDES AGAINST STORED GRAIN INSECT PESTS

The insect pests cause substantial loss of grains in the field and during storage of food grains that worth millions of rupees. Hence, in order to manage stored grain insect pests a combination of organic and inorganic pesticide control materials was selected to check the efficiency against red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Total 10 treatments were used, eight different organic bio-pesticides (neem seed, neem leaves, naswar, tobacco, eucalyptus, citrus, dhatura and mint) and one inorganic (naphthalene balls) and control used at 32 ± 2°C and 70 ± 5% RH. The results indicated that three doses of all treatments were used as 5, 10 and 20gm in 50gm grains. Overall, maximum (4.33 ± 1.00%) mortality of red flour beetle was observed using neem seed powder and no (0.0 0 ± 00%) mortality was observed in minte leaves powder. In case of pulse beetle, the maximum (5.07 ± 0.87%) mortality was observed using neem seed powder and minimum (0.66±0.22%) using citrus leaves powder. Maximum (16.26 ± 0.03) antifeedant efficiency of red flour beetle was observed in control group and minimum (6.46±0.65) antifeedant efficiency of red flour beetle was found in dhatura leaves powder at all tested concentrations. Maximum (14.23 ± 0.13) antifeedant efficiency of pulse beetle was determined in control group and and minimum (1.00 ± 0.04) was observed for naphthalene balls at all tested concentrations. Maximum (94.67%) repellency against red flour beetle was observed using neem seed powder and minimum (62.00%) was found in naphathalene balls as compared with their controls. Maximum (81.32%) repellency against pulse beetle was observed using naswar powder and minimum (63.34%) repellency was determined using neem leaves powder as compared with their control group. We concluded that 20% of neem seed powder concentration proved effective to suppress the population of both red flour beetle and pulse beetle.

Efficacy of Extracts of <i>Shorea robusta</i> and <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> Against <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i> (L.)

The present study evaluates the efficacy of methanolic plant extracts of Shorea robusta and Oroxylum indicum against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Various phytoactive compounds like alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, glycoside, phenols and tannins were found in them. The plant extract of S. robuta shows 90% repellency followed by 81.5% with O. indicum at 12%. It was observed that S. robusta shows a potent effect in controlling C. chinensis with 78.30% mortality at 12% followed by O. indicum with 68.30% mortality at 12% concentration.

Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Biology, life table parameters, host preferences, and evaluation of green gram germplasm for resistance

Pulse beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a notable insect pest of green grams, garden peas, chickpeas, cowpeas, lentils, black grams, and pigeon peas. Callosobruchus chinensis L. can cause huge quantitative and qualitative losses and also decrease the nutritional values of stored grains/pulses. The biology, life table parameters, and host preference of C. chinensis were studied in three pulses - green grams, lentils, and cowpeas. We also evaluated the green gram germplasms for resistance to C. chinensis. Cowpea was the most appropriate host for the culturing of C. chinensis under laboratory conditions among the three pulses. C. chinensis exhibited higher fecundity, shorter development period, and longer female longevity in cowpeas than green grams and lentils. The relative growth rate of C. chinensis was 0.101 ± 0.006 mg/day. The finite growth rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and net reproduction rate demonstrated a faster increase in the C. chinensis population in cowpeas than green grams and lentils. We observed the overlapping patterns in the life expectancy, survival rate, and reproductive results of C. chinensis on cowpea, green gram, and lentil; this universal pattern is important in assessing the life table parameters. Based on growth index, we graded 20 green gram germplasms as resistant (6), moderately resistant (7), moderately susceptible (2), susceptible (3), and highly susceptible (2). The green gram germplasms resistant to C. chinensis, EC920900, IC616111, IC616247, IC616161, IC616258, and IC616138 have the potential in reducing the loss of green grams during storage. To summarize, cowpeas can be utilized for continuous mass rearing of C. chinensis in the laboratory and the resistant germplasms can be used as donor in future breeding programmes.

Performance of hermetic bags in green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] storage for managing pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis)

Green gram is extremely vulnerable to insect attack during storage. Hermetic storage provides an important insect management strategy. We have conducted laboratory studies using hermetic bags like PICS®, Grain Pro®(GPB), SaveGrain®(SGB), Ecotact bags®(EHB), and conventional storage bags like White Polypropylene (WPB) and Jute Bags (JB). The insect used for the study was Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Variables like moisture content, damaged grains, weight loss, and grain color were observed to assess the impact of storage for six months in the said bags. There is reduction in oxygen level for all hermetic bags under infested condition (6.4%) and non-infested (7.0%) condition from initial level of 20%. The grain moisture content and grain weight loss due to damaged caused by insects increased in WPB and Jute bags, but remains unchanged in hermetic bags. There was a significant (F6,14 = 2164; p < 0.001); (F6,14 = 111.8; p < 0.001) grain damage observed in artificially infested samples in hermetic bags than the un infested seeds stored, where natural infestation was not observed. Over the six months storage period, the seed germination was not significantly affected in all hermetic bags; however, germination decreased significantly after four months in WPB and JBs stored with infested samples. There was significant (F6, 14 = 3.86; p < 0.05) changes in ΔE under infested storage conditions. Hermetic bags maintained the consistency and viability of stored green gram and shielded them against the insects especially pulse beetles. The use of hermetic bags for grain storage may be prescribed to farmers for safe storage, without applying any insecticides.

Cloning, expression and characterization of arcelin and its impact on digestive enzymes of the stored product insect pest, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus causes potential damage to legume crops by infesting the seeds, leading to a reduction of total protein content. Arcelin found in the wild accessions of the common bean, is an insecticidal protein that has the potency to hamper the metabolism of the bruchid beetle. The arcelin gene from the wild accession of Phaseolus lunatus was isolated and the ORF encoding 158 amino acids was cloned in pET-45b (+) vector. The recombinant clones were transformed in BL21 STAR (DE3) pLysS cells, and the expressed arcelin was purified using Ni-NTA column. The recombinant protein was used in preparing an artificial diet, and the insecticidal activity was elucidated against the bruchid pest C. maculatus. Adult emergence and seed damage were drastically reduced in the treated groups. The response towards ingested diet by digestive enzymes involved in metabolism was elucidated through quantitative gene expression. The highest expression was observed in the aminopeptidase, followed by upregulation of alpha-amylase, glycoside hydrolase family 31 and cathepsin D-like aspartic protease, and downregulation of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease. The recombinant arcelin demonstrates effective insecticidal activity against the bruchid beetle. The changes in digestive enzymes to counteract the anti-nutritional nature of the protein were the strategies of the insect defense mechanism.

Eco-friendly Techniques Against Pulse Beetle in Seeds Under Storage: An Insight

Eco-friendly Techniques Against Pulse Beetle in Seeds Under Storage: An Insight

Desiccant drying prior to hermetic storage extends viability and reduces bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) infestation of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) seeds

Seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) are subject to loss of viability due to aging and damage from pulse beetles (or bruchids; Callosobruchus spp.) infestation during storage. We investigated whether seed drying using desiccants and hermetic packaging would prevent or ameliorate these consequences of storage. Sun-dried mung bean seeds at a moisture content of 10% were subjected to further drying for 72 h using five different desiccants: Drying Beads® (a zeolite-based desiccant), silica gel, sodium aluminum silicate, activated alumina, and cow-dung ash (a traditional desiccant). Seeds were subsequently stored in hermetic plastic containers in the presence of these desiccants under ambient conditions along with sun-dried seeds stored in cloth bags or in hermetic containers. In addition, parallel samples of each treatment were inoculated with one pair of bruchid beetles (C. chinensis L.) and stored under the same conditions. The seed drying treatments did not affect initial seed quality (germination percentage and seedling vigor) significantly. After storage for 9 months at ambient temperatures, seeds dried using Drying Beads, silica gel, sodium aluminum silicate and activated alumina had higher germination percentages, seedling vigor indices and soil emergence, and lower electrical conductivity (leakage upon imbibition) and fungal infestation compared to other conditions. In addition, the mung bean seeds inoculated with bruchids and stored with these effective desiccants had less damage, oviposition, and insect respiratory activity in the hermetic containers and maintained higher seed germination and seedling vigor after six months of storage compared to other treatments and controls. The results demonstrate the superior ability of desiccants to quickly and safely dry seeds prior to and during storage and the benefits of such drying and hermetic storage conditions for preventing seed deterioration and insect damage during storage.