Pulse Area Research Articles

An analysis of area and production growth rate along with price forecasting of major pulses in Bangladesh

Pulses are the most significant crops in the world, as well as in Bangladesh, for their commer-cial and nutritional importance. The study was carried out to determine the rate of expansion in area and production for several types of pulses such as Mosur, Mung, Mashkalai, Gram, and Khesari in Bangladesh, as well as to anticipate wholesale prices for those pulses. Secondary data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and the Department of Agricultural Marketing were used in this study. Following a diagnostic check, such as R2, Adjusted R2, RMSE, AIC, BIC, MAE, and MAPPE, it was discovered that the Cubic growth model was the best for specified pulses. The data over the entire time revealed that total output in the area rose in the case of all pulses. Mosur and Mung had positive average production growth rates of 2.02 and 6.919 percent, respectively. Mashkalai, Gram, and Khesari experienced negative growth rates of -0.541, -8.894, and -0.854 percent, respectively. After computing the average percentage change for Area growth rate Mosur, Mung, and Mashkalai showed positive growth rates of 1.229, 4.631, and 1.152 percent, respectively. In contrast, Gram and Khesari both had negative average values of -7.719 and -1.987 percent. This study applied the ARIMA (0,1,0) (1,0,1) model for Mosur, ARIMA (0,1,2) model for Mung, ARIMA (2,1,2) model for Mashkalai, ARIMA (2,1,4) model for Gram, and ARIMA (0,1,0) model for Khesari since those models passed the diagnostic test. Forecasting findings revealed that Mosur, Gram, and Khesari wholesale prices would be marginally modified, while Mung and Mashkalai wholesale prices would be raised in 2025. Thus, analyzing the growth rates of area and output of key pulses may help farmers allocate their land more wisely and price forecasts will help farmers in identifying the best crops for their production, which will improve the output of these crops in Bangladesh.

Excitation and control of level populations in rectangular quantum wells by unipolar half-cycle attosecond pulses

Unipolar and quasi-unipolar half-cycle pulses represent the limit of the pulse shortening in a given spectral range. So far such pulses have become a subject of active research due to their potential in the ultrafast optics and study of new regimes of light–matter interactions with subcycle resolution. Here, we show the possibility of the effective ultrafast control of the level populations in 1D rectangular quantum wells (such a model is used for modeling semiconductor nanostructures and nanoparticles) by the half-cycle unipolar attosecond light pulses in comparison to the single-cycle ones. It is shown that the population dynamics is determined by the electric pulse area divided into its characteristic “scale,” which is given by the quantum well width when pulse duration is smaller than the orbital period of electrons in the ground state. Both the selective excitation of quantum states and the feasibility of the population inversion by subcycle unipolar pulses are demonstrated.

Optical and scintillation characteristics of Tb-doped SrY2O4 single crystals

The optical and X-and γ-ray induced scintillation characteristics of Tb-doped SrY2O4 single crystals using the floating zone technique were evaluated. Under UV and X-rays, several lines in the range of 350 to 650 nm were observed in all the prepared crystals, which were attributed to the Tb3+ ions. In the pulse area spectra of a 137Cs γ-ray source, the full-energy absorption peak was confirmed using a 1.0% Tb-doped crystal, and the light yield was estimated to be 12,000 photons/MeV.

Optical and scintillation properties of Lumilass-G and -R glasses

Commercial phosphor glasses, namely, Lumilas-G9 and -R7 were investigated on their optical and scintillation characteristics. In transmittance, close to 90% transmission was achieved in both glasses at visible wavelength, and some specific absorption lines due to 4f-4f transitions of Tb3+ and Eu3+ were detected in Lumilass-G9 and -R7, respectively. In photoluminescence and scintillation, several sharp emission lines were observed in both glasses, and the emission origins of them were attributed to 4f-4f transitions of Tb3+ and Eu3+. Under pulse X-ray irradiation, the scintillation decay time of both Lumilas-G9 and -R7 resulted in 1.3 ms. To determine the scintillation light yield, α-rays from 241Am were irradiated to these samples, and the light yields of Lumilas-G9 and -R7 estimated by pulse area measurements turned out to be 700 and 1800 ph MeV−1, respectively.

Pulse area compensation approach for ballistic deficits correction in perovskite CsPbBr3 semiconductor detector

Halide perovskite CsPbBr3 semiconductor has exhibited extraordinary performance on ionizing radiation detection at room temperature in the light of excellent photoelectric properties. However, signals from the CsPbBr3 planar detector usually comprises the long rising edge due to its low hole carrier mobility, subsequently leading to severe ballistic deficits in pulse amplitudes (over 10 %) when the shaping time is inferior to rise time. To overcome this issue, the integrated pulse area approach is proposed and implemented herein to compensate the amplitudes underestimation of pulses particularly with varied rise times. It was verified that the pulse area extracted by this approach was insensitive to the rise time (when varying from 1 to 130 μs) while manifesting the relative variance below 1.49 × 10−5. Accordingly, the bivariate distribution between the integrated pulse area and rise time regarded as unaffected by ballistic deficits was finally accomplished which reflected the actual depth of individual event interactions. The approach is computationally feasible in eliminating the ballistic deficit, and is anticipated to foster the deployment of perovskite detector in radiation detection.

Pulse selection algorithm for NM64 neutron detector

We propose an algorithm to sepearate pile-up pulses in neutron detectors by utilizing a standard pulse. For this method to be effective, the data must consist mostly of isolated pulses. First, we define a reference pulse by averaging a sample of clearly isolated pulses. Then, for an arbitrary signal, we calculate a shape deviation by summing up the squared residuals between it and the reference pulse. The pulse with the greatest shape deviation is removed from the process. We then recalculate the reference pulse and repeat until the remaining pulses have shape deviation within a threshold. These remaining pulses exhibit a very good linear trend between area and height, allowing us to screen those suspected as pile-ups. A pulse much higher than the final reference pulse, despite being in the area-height-trend and having low shape deviation, is considered a pile-up of two identical pulses. The final reference pulse is fitted to a function defined by two pieces of Gaussian-multiplied polynomial, normalized, and called the standard pulse. We attempted to fit the pile-up pulse with one standard pulse to separate pile-up pulses. If the sum of squared normalized residuals is higher than some threshold, we add one more pulse, try fitting again, and repeat up to three pulses. We apply this algorithm to the pulses collected from one counter at the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor station at the summit of Doi Inthanon Mountain, Chiang Mai, Thailand, measured by an oscilloscope. The algorithm correctly separates obvious pile-up cases, allowing to record individual pulse timing with improved accuracy. However, we found small pulses, usually belong to gamma rays, that blend with neutron pulse and pass 100 mV output filtration. After removing those under 100 mV, the pulse area distribution of the separated pile-up is consistent with that of single pulses except at very small pulse sizes.

Dynamics of Foodgrains Production and Decomposition of Output Components of Foodgrains in Bihar

"Bihar stands in seventh place in foodgrain production in the country. It produced 15.38 million tonnes in 2020-21 from an area of 6.36 million hectares. Production of cereals was 15 million tonnes, from which rice accounts for 6.74 million tonnes and maize accounts for 2.08 million tonnes of production, but pulses contribute only 0.38 million tonnes. This paper calculated the growth rate, instability index, and decomposition analysis of the area, production, and yield of food grains in Bihar. The study period was from 1991-92 to 2020-21. It was divided into three decades. The area under foodgrains was showing a negative growth rate every decade. Production showed an increasing growth rate in the first and third decades, but in the second decade, it showed a negative growth rate. The yield of foodgrains showed a positive growth rate every decade, which was the main source of production growth. Cereals followed a similar trend as food grains, but the scenario was somewhat different for pulses. Pulse area and production showed a negative growth rate every decade, but its yield showed a positive growth rate in the first two decades and a negative growth rate in the last decade. In cereals, the rice area showed a negative growth rate in all the decades, but production and yield showed a positive growth rate in the first and third decades and a negative growth rate in the second decade. The area under maize showed a negative growth rate in every decade except in the second decade, where it was found a positive growth rate. Production of maize showed a positive growth rate in all the decades though its yield also had a positive growth rate in the first and third decades and a negative growth rate in the second decade. The highest instability in the area of foodgrains was observed in the first decade, but production and yield of foodgrains showed the highest instability in the second decade. Yield effects of crops were contributing more than area effect in increasing foodgrains production. Net cropped area and gross cropped area in Bihar had decreased. Due to more intensive cultivation, the cropping intensity in Bihar has increased from 138% in 2001-02 to 143% in 2018-19. More effective production methods are used, fallow land is used for the production of pulses, short-duration varieties may be encouraged, and focused efforts from various line departments be made in order to ensure that Bihar is both food and nutritionally secure."

A Review: Pulses Production, Productivity, Status and Way Forward for Enhancing Farmers Income of Bundelkhand Region, India

Total pulses area in Uttar Pradesh, contributes of pulses through the Bundelkhand region, more than half but the productivity is low because lack of technological approaches for pulse growing area. This review paper assessed the cultivation of pulses production, productivity and area, of Bundelkhand and in India also. The technologies and infrastructure need to be accepted pulses cultivation and accurate policies for the farmers through government. Pulses are next to cereals regarding their nutritional and economic significance to human health. The pulses crop highly water sensitive like chickpea, lentil, mung bean and black gram are dominant in drought prone areas and improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Rainfed Agriculture has emerged as an opportunity in raising pulse production which is depend on amount and distribution of rainfall growing area. The cropping system of pulses cultivation year-after-year has observed that incidence of disease, insect-pests and weeds increase in Bundelkhand region. In pigeon pea, chickpea and lentil crops, important biotic agent for affecting production. United Nations declared 2016 ' "International Year of Pulses" was to increase production and consumption of pulses 10% by 2025 and raise public awareness towards health through social media. The many initiatives schemes govern by government of India for increase the pulses growing area and production such as ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize) (2004-05 to 2009-10), NFSM Pulses (National Food Security Mission, 2007-08), for Technology demonstration. The Bundelkhand regions as 5 lakhs farmers of 14 districts of two states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh should be linked with Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University (RLBCAU) and benefited from this university to produce pulses.

Comment on “On the Electric Area of an Electromagnetic Pulse” (JETP Letters 118, 296 (2023))

Comment on “On the Electric Area of an Electromagnetic Pulse” (JETP Letters 118, 296 (2023))

Interference of the Electric and Envelope Areas of Ultrashort Light Pulses in Quantum Systems

Interference of the Electric and Envelope Areas of Ultrashort Light Pulses in Quantum Systems

Accounting for gradient non-uniformity in spatially-encoded diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy

Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) is a powerful tool for the analysis of mixtures. Spatially-encoded (SPEN) DOSY makes it possible to collect a complete DOSY data set in a single scan, through spatial parallelisation of the gradient dimension. One limitation of current SPEN DOSY experiments is that the data is analysed assuming that the field gradient is uniform over the sample. This is usually not the case for high resolution NMR probes, and even less for triple-axis gradient probes. In this work, we have developed methods to account for gradient non-uniformity in the processing of SPEN DOSY experiment. We have first mapped the field gradient, using a stimulated echo (STE) NMR sequence with a weak readout gradient. We have then modified the calculation of the position-dependent effective gradient pulse area that is used in the analysis of SPEN DOSY data. The resulting model was validated through numerical simulations. A comparison of results obtained with and without inclusion of the effect of non-uniform gradients shows that the proposed approach increases the accuracy of SPEN DOSY experiments.

On the Electric Area of an Electromagnetic Pulse

On the Electric Area of an Electromagnetic Pulse

Robust atom optics for Bragg atom interferometry

Multi-photon Bragg diffraction is a powerful method for fast, coherent momentum transfer of atom waves. However, laser noise, Doppler detunings, and cloud expansion limit its efficiency in large momentum transfer (LMT) pulse sequences. We present simulation studies of robust Bragg pulses developed through numerical quantum optimal control. Optimized pulse performance under noise and cloud inhomogeneities is analyzed and compared to analogous Gaussian and adiabatic rapid passage pulses in simulated LMT Mach–Zehnder interferometry sequences. The optimized pulses maintain robust population transfer and phase response over a broader range of noise, resulting in superior contrast in LMT sequences with thermal atom clouds and intensity inhomogeneities. Large optimized LMT sequences use lower pulse area than Gaussian pulses, making them less susceptible to spontaneous emission loss. The optimized sequences maintain over five times better contrast with tens of momentum separation and offer more improvement with greater LMT. Such pulses could allow operation of Bragg atom interferometers with unprecedented sensitivity, improved contrast, and hotter atom sources.

Approaching pixel-level readout of SNSPD array by inductor-shaping pulse

Although many multiplexed arrays of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) have been reported, it is still a major challenge to develop pixel-level readout arrays with high efficiency, parallel detection, and fast processing for real-time imaging. Here, we report a SNSPD array with inductor-shaping pulses for approaching the pixel-level readout. Optimized inductors are introduced to shape the output pulses of each pixel, and the response pulses of all pixels are synthesized in a series-connected structure. Then, the on/off states of all pixels can be encoded to the widths, amplitudes, and areas of the output pulses by the single-channel readout. This proposal is verified by a 4-pixel SNSPD array and a 16-pixel SNSPD array. It shows that the array not only inherits the features of the single-pixel SNSPD, such as photosensitive area, filling factor, quantum efficiency, and dark count rate, but also implements parallel operation of all pixels, which is always confused in traditional multiplexed SNSPD arrays. At the same time, the single-channel readout simplifies the system, and the serial digital signal converted from the shaped pulse enabled an easy and fast readout process, paving the way for high performance and real-time imaging.

Self-induced transparency in a semiconductor quantum dot medium at ultracold temperatures

We investigate the feasibility of minimum absorption and minimum broadening of pulse propagation in an inhomogeneously broadened semiconductor quantum dot medium. The phonon interaction is inevitable in studying any semiconductor quantum dot system. We have used the polaron transformation technique to deal with quantum dot phonon interaction in solving system dynamics. We demonstrate that a short pulse can propagate inside the medium with minimal absorption and broadening in pulse shape. The stable pulse area becomes slightly higher than the prediction of the pulse area theorem and is also dependent on the environment temperature. The change in the final pulse shape is explained very well by numerically solving the propagation equation supported by the susceptibility of the medium. Our system also exhibits the pulse breakup phenomena for higher input pulse areas. Therefore, the considered scheme can have important applications in quantum communication, quantum information, and mode-locking with the advantage of scalability and controllability.

Robust two-qubit gates using pulsed dynamical decoupling

We present the experimental implementation of a two-qubit phase gate, using a radio frequency (RF) controlled trapped-ion quantum processor. The RF-driven gate is generated by a pulsed dynamical decoupling sequence applied to the ions’ carrier transitions only. It allows for a tunable phase shift with high-fidelity results. The conditional phase shift is measured using a Ramsey-type measurement with an inferred fringe contrast of up to . We also prepare a Bell state using this laser-free gate. The phase gate is robust against common sources of error. We investigate the effect of the excitation of the center-of-mass (COM) mode, errors in the axial trap frequency, pulse area errors and errors in sequence timing. The contrast of the phase gate is not significantly reduced up to a COM mode excitation 20 phonons, trap frequency errors of +10%, and pulse area errors of −8%. The phase shift is not significantly affected up to 10 phonons and pulse area errors of −2%. Both, contrast and phase shift are robust to timing errors up to −30% and +15%. The gate implementation is resource efficient, since only a single driving field is required per ion. Furthermore, it holds the potential for fast gate speeds (gate times on the order of 100 µs) by using two axial motional modes of a two-ion crystal through improved setups.

Formation of the stopped polarization pulse in a rectangular quantum well

The induced polarization oscillations in a one-dimensional rectangular quantum well are modeled by a numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The finite-difference discretization over time is realized in the framework of the Crank-Nicolson algorithm, whereas over the spatial coordinate it is combined with the exterior complex-scaling technique. A formation of the harmonic oscillations of the dipole moment by an incident short unipolar pulse is shown. It is obtained that the frequency of oscillations is solely defined by the energy of the main resonant transition. Moreover, if two such short unipolar pulses are delayed by a half-period of the oscillation, then these oscillations can be abruptly induced and stopped. Thus, the so-called stopped polarization pulse is obtained. It is shown that both the amplitude and the duration of the incident unipolar pulse, contributing to the so-called electric pulse area, define the impact of the incident pulse on the quantum system.

Model of a New Peripheral Near-Surface Magmanic Chamber of the Elbrus Volcanic Center

Intracrustal magmatic structures have pronounced resonant properties, due to which these structures are able to generate secondary seismic waves at their own frequencies. Based on strain data obtained with a 75-meter laser interferometer ‒ strainmeter, resonance modes are identified and parameters of magmatic structures of the Elbrus volcanic center are estimated. Such resonant modes are unique for each magmatic formation and determine the size and physical-mechanical properties of this magmatic structure. This paper analyzes the local formation, which manifested itself as a some compact area of numerous weak seismic pulses registered in the Elbrus region by the seismometers of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2011. The results of studies based on seismic and strain data, as well as the results of microseismic sounding, showed the presence of a new peripheral near-surface magmatic chamber in the Elbrus volcanic center. The characteristic size of this new magmatic chamber is 2.5‒3 km.

Restoring the saturation response of a PMT using pulse shape and artificial neural networks

Abstract The linear response of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a required property for photon counting and reconstruction of the neutrino energy. The linearity valid region and the saturation response of a PMT were investigated using a linear-alkylbenzene (LAB)-based liquid scintillator. A correlation was observed between the two different saturation responses, with pulse-shape distortion and pulse-area decrease. The observed pulse shape provides useful information for the estimation of the linearity region relative to the pulse area. This correlation-based diagnosis allows an in situ estimation of the linearity range, which was previously challenging. The measured correlation between the two saturation responses was employed to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the decrease in pulse area from the observed pulse shape. The ANN-predicted pulse-area decrease enables a prediction of the ideal number of photoelectrons regardless of the saturation behavior. This pulse-shape-based machine-learning technique offers a novel method for restoring the saturation response of PMTs.

Performance of Seed-cum-fertilizer Drill, Zero Till Drill and Broadcasting Method for Sowing Greengram

Pulses provide the required protein supplement to the vegetarian people. Pulse is the most important food crop in India and from all integral part of the cropping system farmers all over the country. Greengram or mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is the major pulse crop of the state Odisha covering total area of 8.36 lakh ha with average productivity 434 kg per ha, which is about 40 percent of the total pulse area of the state. Present study was conducted for zero-till drill and seed- cum- fertilizer drill for sowing on the yield of greengram in the year 2016-17 in village Niladeipur and Achyutpur village of Jajpur district in Rabi season. It is found that zero-till drill is having highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.07 as compared to 1.90 with seed drill and 1.77 with broadcasting. Use of zero till drill for sowing of green gram was economical as the costs of fuel, labour and inputs are saved. It can save around Rs. 1750/- per hectare required for field preparation.