Composition Of Pulp Research Articles

Chemometric discrimination of Hylocereus undulatus from different geographical origins via their metabolic profiling and antidiabetic activity

Hylocereus spp. known as dragon fruit is an exotic fruit that belongs to the Cactaceae family. LC-QTOF-MS and multivariate statistical tools were established to analyze differences in the composition of dragon fruit peel and pulp from Egypt, Germany, Philippines, and China. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of different extracts were carried out along with the anti-glycation end products (AGE) using BSA-fructose, BSA-methylglyoxal, and arginine-methylglyoxal assays. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity was investigated as a complementary mechanism to AGE formation. Principal component analysis revealed that dragon fruits from China and Egypt were the most distinct among all samples due to betalains content. Orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis identified 16 compounds highly correlated to the antiglycation activity such as betanin, γ-aminobutyric acid, neobetanin, and portulacaxanthin II. Pulp extracts were more active than peels as inhibitors of α-glucosidase. While peels were more active as AGE formation inhibitors and as antioxidants.

From the President andIFSTNews

From the President and<scp>IFST</scp>News

Nutritional Properties of Baobab Pulp from Different Angolan Origins.

The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.) is found widely in the forests and savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. The baobab fruit has a sour and slightly sweet taste and is widely consumed by the natives, thus containing a high nutritional value and providing a source of income for rural people. This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition of baobab fruit pulp from different localities in the Namibe province (Angola). Twenty samples of baobab pulp were collected in markets of the four municipalities of Namibe. The results obtained showed that there is some geographic location dependence on nutritional and functional composition. The municipality of Camucuio showed samples with higher fibre content (56.62 g/100 g) and vitamin C (288.9 mg/100 g). Samples from the Virei municipality stood out for their antioxidant activity (1936 mmol TE/100 g), high K content (42.4 mg/g) and higher values of protein (2.42 g/100 g). The samples collected in the municipality of Bibala stood out for their high contents of carbohydrates (28.1 g/100 g), total phenolic compounds (972 mg GAE/100 g) and Ca (3.80 mg/g). Despite the differences in origin, the high nutritional value of baobab fruit has the potential to improve the diet of thousands of people in Africa qualitatively.

Effect of Sugar, Pectin, and Processing Temperature on the Qualities of Pineapple Jam

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sugar, pectin, and processing temperature on the qualities of jam developed from pineapple (smooth cayenne). The physico-chemical, and proximate composition of pineapple fruit pulp and jam were studied and the results were reported. The jam quality depended highly on the concentration of sugars, pectin, and the processing temperature. Processing of pineapple fruit pulp into jam resulted in a substantial increase in physicochemical properties such as TSS and TA and showed some loss in the nutritional, vitamin C, and mineral composition of the products compared to fresh fruits. The processing methods showed significant effects on the phytochemical contents of the produced jam. Jam formulated with (45%) sugar, and (5%) pectin and processed at (90°C) temperature are proven as best products in terms of their nutritional composition, color, phytochemicals, and vitamin C. In conclusion, these results indicate that converting fresh pineapple into jam has an enormous potential to reduce the post-harvest loss of fresh pineapple fruits, and value-added product jam provides health-promoting compounds to human health.

Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction of Different Parts of Camu-camu Fruit from Different Geographic Regions.

Phenolic compounds in camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) have received interest due to their health-promoting effects. However, these compounds have been poorly investigated in the different parts of the camu-camu fruit (pulp, peel, and seeds). This study aimed to optimize the solvent composition for extraction of phenolic compounds from pulp, peels, and seeds of camu-camu through a simplex-centroid mixture design. Then, the profile of phenolic compounds in samples of camu-camu pulp, peels, and seeds from different regions in Brazil and South America was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) yielded the highest extraction for the pulp and peel, while aqueous methanol (50%, v/v) was selected for the seed. Camu-camu parts had p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, luteolin, rutin, and quercetin, with catechin as the major compound in the pulp, peels, and seeds of all the evaluated samples. The peel showed lower concentrations of these compounds compared with the pulp and the seed; the content of phenolic compounds also differed according to the geographic region. These results broaden the knowledge on phytochemical extraction and composition of camu-camu pulp, peel, and seed and may guide future applications of their extracts in the food industry.

Effect of high shear homogenisation on physicochemical, microstructure, particle size and volatile composition of residual pineapple pulp

SummaryWaste or by‐product utilisation is on focus to reduce the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. This study was planned to understand the effect of high shear homogenisation (SH) on physicochemical, microstructural, particle size, dietary fibre and volatile composition of residual pineapple pulp (RPP) for its utilisation. Shear homogenisation with three levels of rotor speed, that is 5000, 15 000 and 30 000 rpm, was employed for 5, 10 and 15 min. These responses reveal that the shear speed of 15 000 rpm for 10 min was relatively better in colour retention and enhanced soluble dietary fibre (SDF) by 48%. Increased levels of SDF after treatment help in the utilisation of RPP and its suitability for food supplementation. A gradual reduction in particle size from 40 to 400 μm was observed with shear homogenisation. Optical microscopy images revealed that larger cell fragments, fibrous nature and dense hairy mass of pomace were disrupted at 15 000 rpm. Moderate shear speed triggers the release of additional aroma volatiles, whereas higher rpm and time resulted in degradation of volatiles. The shear homogenised RPP is used for the development of fibre‐enriched yoghurt and incorporation at a 5% level resulted in high acceptable sensory scores.

Long preharvest deficit irrigation as a tool to reduce purple spot incidence in ‘Algerie’ loquat

• Purple spot is a physiological disorder of loquat that strongly depreciates crop value. • Season and block effects on purple spot incidence were confirmed. • Early and midday oriented fruit were more affected. • Long preharvest deficit irrigation attenuated purple spot incidence. • Calcium and nitrogen fruit content did not differ between spotted and healthy fruit. Loquat is a subtropical pome fruit of high economic value, since it is the earliest spring fruit reaching the markets. Different agricultural techniques may advance loquat fruit ripening and increase therefore its crop value. Unfortunately, a technique of great interest in this regard such as preflowering deficit irrigation (DI) has been found to increase the incidence of a specific loquat physiopathy known as purple spot. In order to clarify the environmental and cultural factors involved in purple spot appearance, we have compared its incidence in three consecutive years, determining the physiological stage and the size of the fruit at which the physiopathy appears, the amount of damaged fruit growing in different sections of the canopy, and compared fruit size and mineral composition of pulp and skin of fruit in damaged and undamaged fruit. We also compared purple spot incidence among five irrigation treatments (full irrigation, preflowering DI, and three different combinations of preflowering plus preharvest DI) in order to select DI treatments that reduce purple spot incidence while maintaining the benefits of harvest advancement. Our results show that purple spot was first detected at color break, when fruit had almost reached its final diameter. Late and earlier purple spot appearance was very rare. Damaged fruits were only slightly larger than healthy fruit. Significant variations in the incidence of purple spot were found among experimental blocks and years, with a low incidence in 2008/09 and 2009/10, and much larger in 2010/11. In all years, early maturing fruit and fruit growing in the canopy sections receiving more sunlight (South oriented) were more damaged by purple spot. In addition, DI treatments advancing fruit ripening provoked a higher incidence of purple spot. In spite of this response, the irrigation treatments in which water stress was also imposed at preharvest reduced the damage suggesting that altering pulp/skin water status and fruit growth rate might reduce purple spot. Finally, potassium, magnesium and especially copper were in much higher concentration in damaged fruit, especially in the skin. Nitrogen and calcium seem not to play any role in this physiopathy despite early assumptions and commonly applied preharvest calcium treatments.

Emerging Lipids from Arecaceae Palm Fruits in Brazil.

Arecaceae palm tree fruits (APTFs) with pulp or kernel rich in oil are widely distributed in six Brazilian biomes. APTFs represent a great potential for the sustainable exploitation of products with high added value, but few literature studies have reported their properties and industrial applications. The lack of information leads to underutilization, low consumption, commercialization, and processing of these fruit species. This review presents and discusses the occurrence of 13 APTFs and the composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and potential applications of their 25 oils and fats. The reported studies showed that the species present different lipid profiles. Multivariate analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a correlation between the composition of pulp and kernel oils. Myristic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids are the main saturated fatty acids, while oleic acid is the main unsaturated. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds are the main bioactive compounds in APTFs, contributing to their high oxidative stability. The APTFs oils have a potential for use as foods and ingredients in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. However, more studies are still necessary to better understand and exploit these species.

Pomological evaluation of some genotypes of figs (Ficus carica L.)

In order to enhance some cultivars of fig widespread in the Oasis of Gafsa located in the south of Tunisia (arid bioclimatic stage). Four cultivars of Fig (Ficus Carica L.) were evaluated 'Sawoudi', 'Bayoudhi', ' Mlouki ',' Assal '. The phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of skin, pulp and whole fruit were determinate. In this study the results showed that the total polyphenol contents of Assal cultivar were the highest in the various tissues (190.98-697.94 mg/100g FW). In all cultivars and whatever the tissue examined (whole fruit, peel, and flesh), the flavonoid content varied from 14.71 to 63.92 mg/100gFW). Also, Assal cultivar was the richest with flavonoids in comparison to other cultivars. The ortho-diphenol content varied from 8.21 to 118.62 mg/100g FW. Indeed, the flesh of Sawoudi and Bayoudhi cultivars had the higher ortho-diphenol content. On the other hand, Bayoudhi (flesh) was the more concentrated in anthocyanins which was around 2.8 mg/100g FW. However, the highest anthocyanin content in the peel was registrated in Sawoudi cultivar (0.934mg/100g FW). This cultivar had the most important antioxidant activity (p &lt;0.05) evaluated by the four test DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and phosphomolybdenum. The comparison between the different cultivars has shown that Assal had the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids as well as potential antioxidant activity. The results of the present study suggest that fig skin may be useful as a viable source of natural antioxidants for agri-food applications.

Influence of Canning and Storage on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Properties, and Bioactive Compounds of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Wholes, Halves, and Pulp

This study aimed to examine the effect of canning and storage on physicochemical, mineral, and antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of apricot wholes, halves, and pulp. The findings for physicochemical properties revealed that the total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugars, and ascorbic acid were found higher in apricot pulp (37.15, 1.39, and 20.74% and 7.21 mg/100 g FW, respectively) followed by apricot wholes and halves throughout the storage period. The remarkable contents of potassium, phosphorous, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese were found in the apricot pulp which revealed that canning and storage slightly affected the mineral composition. Bioactive substances were identified and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which indicated a higher presence of chlorogenic acid (34.45 mg/kg FW), quercitin-3-glucoside (16.78 mg/kg FW), neochlorogenic acid (26.52 mg/kg FW), gallic acid (5.37 mg/kg FW), kaempferol (14.22 mg/kg FW), ellagic acid (6.02 mg/kg FW), procyanidin B2 (8.80 mg/kg FW), and epicatechin (9.87 mg/kg FW) in apricot pulp followed by apricot wholes and halves throughout the storage period. The total phenolic content was found highest in apricot pulp (13.76 GAE mg/100 g FW) followed by wholes (8.09 GAE mg/100 g FW) and halves (6.48 GAE mg/100 g FW) which decreased significantly throughout the storage period. Antioxidant properties were assessed by DPPH, ABTS+, MCA, and BCBA, which were found higher in the apricot pulp (92.23 TEAC μg/g DW, 92.33 TEAC μg/g DW, 33.80 TEAC μg/g DW, and 68.40 TEAC μg/g DW, respectively) that is correlated with the higher presence of bioactive compounds. Thus, apricot pulp containing excellent sources of nutrients, minerals, phytochemicals, and antioxidant components could be used for consumption purposes that provide nutraceuticals and antioxidants globally.

Impact of UHT processing on volatile components and chemical composition of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pulp: A prediction of the biochemical pathway underlying aroma compound formation

The effects of ultrahigh-temperature sterilization (UHT) on the volatile components and chemical composition of sea buckthorn pulp (SBP) were evaluated firstly. UHT had significant effects on the volatiles of SBP (mainly occurring at 140 °C for 2 s and 4 s), in which 140 °C for 2 s resulted in a decrease of 3.48% and 14.60% in total volatiles and esters, and an increase of 6.73% in alcohols, while alcohols contents sharply decreased by 6.90% at 140 °C for 4 s. Moreover, 140 °C for 2 s and 4 s decreased the amino acid content by 35.39% and 29.75%, respectively, while UHT significantly promoted the increase of fatty acids, but only a small increase at 140 °C for 4 s. The speculation is that a large number of volatiles were formed during the 140 °C for 2 s and 4 s, mainly from amino acid reactions and lipid oxidation.

Neuroprotective activities of acai berries (Euterpe sp.): A review

Dietary interventions rich in fruits and vegetables in aging people can reverse or mitigate age-related cognitive declines, delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), and provide long-term health dividends. The novel food, popularly known as "Acai", is a berry belonging to the Euterpe genus of tropical palms trees and natively found in South America. Euterpe oleracea has been given much attention among scientists due to its high antioxidant capacity compared to other fruits and berries. Additionally, acai pulp composition analysis found that it contains various biologically active phytochemicals. In this review, we focused on current evidence relating to acai berry neuroprotection mechanisms and its efficacy in preventing or reversing neurodegeneration and age-related cognitive decline. A number of studies have illustrated the potential neuroprotective properties of acai berries. They have shown that their chemical extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and maintain proteins, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. Moreover, acai berry extract offers other neuromodulatory mechanisms, including anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and anti-aging properties. This neuromodulation gives valuable insights into the acai pulp and its considerable pharmacological potential on critical brain areas involved in memory and cognition. The isolated chemical matrix of acai berries could be a new substitute in research for NDD medicine development. However, due to the limited number of investigations, there is a need for further efforts to establish studies that enable progressing to clinical trials to consequently prove and ratify the therapeutic potential of this berry for several incurable NDDs.

A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION OF PROXIMATE, FATTY ACID AND AMINO ACID PROFILE OF TWO SPECIES OF PUMPKIN USING ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita pepo are two popular species of pumpkin being consumed in India. The C. maxima seed is reported to have medicinal and pharmacological value such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-microbial activity. Nutritional composition of pulp, peel and seed of two species of pumpkin C. maxima and C. pepo were analysed. Carbohydrate (20.670.48%), protein (21.220.50%), fat (23.580.72%), fibre (52.380.61%), and energy content (311.550.56 Kcal/100g) were all present in large amounts in the C. maxima seed when compared to the seed of C. pepo species, the seed contains carbohydrate (02.620.01%), protein (20.480.61%), fat (17.850.55%), fibre (46.650.84%), and energy (229.580.75 Kcal/100g), respectively. The peel, pulp and seed of C. maxima had high total sugar and reducing sugar content. Vitamin C was found in the seed and pulp of C. maxima whereas in case of C. pepo it was present only in the pulp. The pulp and peel of C. maxima had significant amount of minerals such as Ca, Fe, Mn, Na, K, Cu, while Zn, Mg, K and P were found in the seed of C. maxima compared to C. pepo. The seed of C. maxima was higher in unsaturated fatty acid while saturated fatty acids were abundant in the seed of C. pepo seed. Essential amino acid profile of C. maxima was higher than C. pepo. Nutritional profile of C. maxima was found to be superior as compared to C. pepo.

Kluai Hin (Musa sapientum Linn.) peel as a source of functional polyphenols identified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and its potential antidiabetic function

To date, information on the polyphenolic composition of Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp and the potential antidiabetic activity of its major active compounds is limited. This study aimed to identify polyphenols in extracts of fresh and freeze-dried Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp (methanol:water; M:W, 80:20 for flavonoids and acetone:water:acetic acid; A:W:A, 50:49:1 for phenolic acids) by RP-HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Additionally, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities was investigated with crude extracts from Kluai Hin banana peel and pulp, and compared with its major polyphenols ((+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin and gallic acid) and the antidiabetic drug acarbose. (−)-Gallocatechin was the most abundant polyphenol and was detected in all fresh and freeze-dried pulp and peel extracts by RP-HPLC-DAD. Furthermore, unidentified polyphenol peaks of Kluai Hin were further explored by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. The A:W:A fresh peel extract contained more total phenolic content (811.56 mg GAE/100 g) than the freeze-dried peel (565.03 mg GAE/100 g). A:W:A extraction of the fresh and freeze-dried peel of exhibited IC50 values for α-amylase activity 2.66 ± 0.07 mg/ml and 2.97 ± 0.00 mg/ml, respectively, but its inhibitory activity was lower than acarbose (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.01 mg/ml). Peel extracts inhibited α-glucosidase activity, whereas pulp extracts had no effect. In addition, all standards, except gallocatechin, activated α-amylase activity, while, gallocatechin inhibited α-glucosidase activity better than acarbose. Therefore, we propose a further investigation into the use of Kluai Hin banana peel as a potential functional food for the management of postprandial glycaemic response to reduce diabetes risk and in the management of diabetes with a commercial drug.

Composition of feathers and pulp of two broiler genotypes

ABSTRACT 1. Cobb and Ross broilers (200 of each sex and breed) were fed four phases of diets ad libitum formulated with balanced protein to match their amino acid requirements throughout growth. Ten birds per genotype were sampled and euthanised at two-weekly intervals from 14 to 112 d of age. All feathers were dry-plucked from each of the seven tracts (specific skin areas) and pulp (the centre of the feather filament) was removed from primary and secondary remiges. 2. Daily losses of feathers were collected from an additional 20 individually-caged broilers of each breed. These feathers were separated into natal down, contour feathers, remiges and rectrices and then pooled by type, sex and genotype to quantify water and protein contents. Only those feathers collected from male Cobb 500 MX broilers were analysed for amino acid content. 3. Amino acid contents of feathers from the seven tracts were measured only in Cobb males on days 1, 28 and 70; for pulp on days 28 and 70; and for the four types of moulted feathers. 4. Protein content on a dry matter basis remained relatively constant over all ages and tracts during growth. Water content decreased with age in both sexes and genotype. Lysine and methionine content in feathers decreased with age while cystine, valine, leucine and serine increased. Lysine, methionine and histidine levels were higher in pulp than in mature feathers whereas cystine and valine were higher in mature feathers than in pulp. 5. These results, together with information about moulting patterns in broilers, enabled the effects of age of the bird and of the type of feather, to be taken into account when determining the rate of deposition of amino acids in feathers.

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of Human Dental Pulp in Sound and Carious Teeth: A Pilot Study

A comprehensive understanding of dental pulp cellular compositions and their molecular responses to infection are crucial for the advancement of regenerative dentistry. Here, we presented a pilot study of single-cell transcriptomic profiles of 6,810 pulpal cells isolated from a sound human maxillary third molar and three carious teeth with enamel and deep dental caries. We observed altered immune cell compositions of the dental pulp in deep, but not enamel ones. Differential expression analysis revealed up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and mineralization-related genes in the immune and stromal cells of the deep dental caries. Making use of an algorithm for predicting cell-to-cell interactions from single-cell transcriptomic profiles, we showed an increase in cell-cell interactions between B cells, plasma cells and macrophages, and other cell types in deep dental caries, including those between TIMP1 (odontoblasts)—CD63 (myeloid cells), and CCL2 (macrophages)—ACKR1 (endothelial cells). Collectively, our work highlighted the single-cell level gene regulations and intercellular interactions in the dental pulps in health and disease.

Thermal and mechanical properties of magnesium AZ91D/Aramid pulp composites

Composites made from aramid pulps and magnesium AZ91D were created under ambient pressure drying to maintain the integrity and improve the mechanical characteristics of fiber/magnesium AZ91D composites without sacrificing thermal insulation qualities. To keep the integrity and adhesion of magnesium AZ91D matrix, the large fibrillated fibres of aramid pulps are plated in the magnesium AZ91D matrix. Compressive strength raised noticeably up to 1.2 MPa as the aramid pulp percentage increased, and the low thermal conductivity increased linearly from 0.0232 to 0.0278 W-1m−1 K. The thermostability of the composites after preparation was roughly 260 °C, according to TG-DTA (Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis), which was mostly in need of thermal stability of pure magnesium AZ91D. Aramid pulps can be used as reinforcements to produce superior magnesium AZ91D composite materials with integral microstructures, enhanced mechanical strength, and customized thermal characteristics.

Chemical composition of caferana (Bunchosia armeniaca) fruit: a rich source of lycopene

The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of the caferana fruit, focusing on the content and profile of carotenoids due to the characteristic coloring of these compounds. The fruits were collected, botanically identified, and evaluated for proximate composition, carotenoid and sugar content and profile, and flavonoid profile. The results of the centesimal composition of the caferana pulp were: 65 g/100g of moisture; 0.72 g/100g of ash; 0.92 g/100g of protein; 0.78 g/100g of ethereal extract; 2.83 g/100g of dietary fiber; 29.73 g/100g of carbohydrates and the caloric value of 129.62 kcal/100g of pulp. As for the content and profile of sugars in the pulp, 19.41 g/100g of fructose and 4.01 g/100g of glucose were obtained. The fruit had a high content of carotenoids (40 mg/100g on a wet basis), of which 89% was lycopene (36 mg/100g), 2.5 mg/100g of β-carotene and 0.3 mg/100g of lutein. Rutin was identified as a flavonoid present in the fruit pulp. The caferana fruit proved to be an excellent source of lycopene, with higher levels than tomato-based products.

Fatty acids composition and antimicrobial activities of Litsea garciae pulp and seed extracts

Fatty acids composition and antimicrobial activities of Litsea garciae pulp and seed extracts

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Proximate Compositions of Peel and Pulp of Unripe Plantain

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Proximate Compositions of Peel and Pulp of Unripe Plantain