Components Of Pulp Research Articles

Soft sensor model of adsorbable organic halogen based on bleached pulp quality indices

Adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) produced during the bleaching process contains polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To predict AOX in a timely and economical manner during pulp bleaching, a soft sensor model based on pulp quality indices was developed by analyzing the correlation between the AOX in the bleaching effluent and the whiteness, Kappa number, and intrinsic viscosity of the pulp. Variations of the main components during pulp bleaching were considered to determine their effects on wastewater AOX content. The results showed that the models can predict the AOX content of bleaching wastewater precisely and rapidly. The high relevant between pulp components and whiteness, Kappa number, and intrinsic viscosity allows the soft sensor model to predict AOX value without interference of components. The developed model has practical importance for monitoring AOX emissions and controlling pollution, which is essential for the global optimization of bleached pulp production cost, pulp quality, and environmental impact. Additionally, it adapts to the requirement of intelligent control of the bleaching process.

Changes in the Soluble and Insoluble Compounds of Shelf-Stable Orange Juice in Relation to Non-Enzymatic Browning during Storage.

For the first time in literature, this study revealed the participation of polymeric components of orange juice cloud and pulp (such as proteins, arabinogalactan proteins, or protein-pectin complexes) during nonenzymatic browning. In a quest to better understand the nonenzymatic browning of shelf-stable orange juice during storage, the juice was fractionated into different fractions depending on the solubility in water/ethanol and the obtained fractions were characterized. The results showed that brown compounds that were formed during storage of orange juice were distributed over water insoluble (pulp), ethanol insoluble (cloud), and ethanol soluble (serum) fractions. In the ethanol insoluble fraction, the brown compounds are hypothesized to be associated with proteins, arabinogalactan proteins, and/or protein-pectin complexes of this fraction without significantly changing their molecular weight distributions, monosaccharide compositions, and protein contents. The changes in the ethanol soluble fraction including ascorbic acid degradation, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose, and formation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were highly correlated to the browning development of the juice during storage.

Nutritional, chemical and bioactive profiles of different parts of a Portuguese common fig (Ficus carica L.) variety.

This study aims to give an unprecedented contribution on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the most produced and appreciated Portuguese fig variety ("Pingo de Mel") with the view of expanding the knowledge on its potentialities. An advanced characterization of its peel and pulp parts was carried out. Four free sugars (glucose, fructose, trehalose and sucrose), 5 organic acids (oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and succinic acids), tocopherols in all their 4 forms, besides 23 fatty acids were detected in the samples. Fifteen different phenolic components were found in the peel hydroethanolic extract; whereas 12 were detected in the pulp hydroethanolic extract. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) was the major constituent of the peel, accounting for 33.8% of its phenolic content, followed by 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and vanillic acid malonyl di-deoxyhexoside. Caffeic acid derivatives, such as caffeic acid hexosides, were the major components of pulp, followed by vanillic acid derivatives and O-caffeoylquinic acid. Both extracts displayed promising antioxidant capacities in all methods used, namely the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, the reducing power, the inhibition of β-carotene bleaching assays, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and the oxidative haemolysis inhibition assay; however, the peel presented significantly lower IC50 values than pulp. The extracts showed practically identical antibacterial capacities, being effective against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MICs = 2.5 mg/mL), besides methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Morganella morganii (MICs = 5 mg/mL). The obtained results evidence that the fig peel is superior to the corresponding pulp as it relates to nutritional and phenolic profiles as well as bioactivities, endorsing the urgency in valorising and exploiting this usually discarded industrial by-product.

Analysis of Techniques for Improving the Adsorption Capacity of Talc

Mineral adsorbents, such as talc, are materials that are abundant in nature and used as scavengers, binding agents, fillers, etc. Mechanical and physicochemical pretreatment creates new opportunities for the production of highly effective mineral materials with a wide range of destinations. The possibility of using various techniques to enhance the adsorption properties of dispersed talc, namely, enrichment and use in a mixture with another mineral, treatment with various reagents, and changing the temperature and acidity conditions, is demonstrated. Phenomena and trends having an effect on the adsorption ability of talc are considered. Surface modification of talc can significantly increase its technological capability of absorbing resinous components of wood pulp in the manufacture of paper. It is shown that the adsorption and structural characteristics of dispersed talc change significantly after modifying it with organic reagents. The best effect is achieved when pretreating talc with cationic surfactant N-cetylpyridinium chloride. The resulting adsorbent is characterized by a high value of rosin adsorption, reaching 200 mg/g, which is commensurate with the data on the absorption of rosin by talc pretreated with a Penta-416 industrial mixture. Substantial changes in the surface properties due to an increase in the temperature, a change in the acidity, and a shift in the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance occur when using the accessible, affordable, and safe anionic surfactants. The highest value of adsorption of rosin (160–170 mg/g) is typical for samples of talc modified with sodium oleate and enriched with zinc oxide. The importance of pretreatment of talc with solutions of mineral acids and salts that promote settling of suspensions and the formation of a compact precipitate is shown.

The effects of 4-acetamido-TEMPO-mediated oxidation on the extraction components of thermomechanical pulp

4-Acetamido-TEMPO-mediated oxidation was carried out on thermomechanical pulp (TMP) to further investigate the extraction components of the oxidized pulp. Successive extractions on non-oxidized, bleached and oxidized TMP have shown that components were easier to extract from the oxidized pulp. The pulp lignin content demonstrated that the highest content of lignin was removed by sodium hydroxide extraction. Moreover, more than two times the amount lignin was extracted from oxidized pulp compared to non-oxidized pulp. The measured carboxylic groups showed that the highest amounts of the oxidized components were removed after the first extraction. However, after each extraction, reduced but still significant amounts of carboxylic groups were present in the extracted material. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that 4-acetamido-TEMPO oxidation treatment induced a decrease in the fibre degradation temperature caused by a weakening in the fibre structure. The results also demonstrated that some components of the highly oxidized pulp were more easily dissolved because of the critical extraction conditions. Furthermore, the recovered precipitate in the extraction solvent had different XPS characteristics according to the initial pulp treatment. The analysis of the oxidized TMP precipitate showed that the precipitate from hot water extraction was the most highly oxidized, while the precipitate from sodium hydroxide extraction approached pure lignin characteristics.

RECOVERY OF PERFORMED COOKING SOLUTIONS AT OXIDATIVE-ORGAN-SOLVENT WARNES IN NEEDRE PLANT RAW MATERIALS

The possibility of recovering the spent cooking solution with the replacement of the missing amount of lignifying reagents in the oxidative-organic solvent cooking of non-woody plant raw materials (rice husk) with preliminary alkaline treatment and the production of technical pulp with desired properties is shown. Analysis of scientific and patent information revealed that two methods of regeneration are used for regeneration of spent cooking solutions during oxidation-organosolve cooking: azeotropic distillation and return of part of the spent cooking solution for re-cooking with the completion of the missing amount of reagents. For the oxidation-organosolvent cooking non-wood plant materials the most promising is the second option. To avoid the preservation of mineral components in industrial pulp, non-wood plant materials are subjected to alkaline treatment. It has been established that to obtain technical pulp with recovery of the spent cooking solution, it is required two times less acetic acid and 1.7 times fresh water as compared to oxidation-organic solvent cooking under standard conditions with a constant amount of caustic soda.

Characterization of nutraceutical components in tomato pulp, skin and locular gel

Nutraceutical properties of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated, focusing on selected secondary metabolites: glycoalkaloids and polyphenols (hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids). Three tomato varieties were studied: Red Round-Smooth, Cherry, and Camone (as whole fruits), and subsequently, portions of Camone fruits (skin, pulp and locular gel) were characterized. Particular attention was devoted to the locular gel portion, a by-product material from the tomato processing industry. Quantification of α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine was carried out by reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS/MS). The contents of α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine in the Camone locular gel were 38.73 ± 3.32 and 4.90 ± 0.01 mg/kg dw, respectively, resulting about ten times higher than in the skin; just traces were revealed in the pulp. Samples were also assayed for antioxidant activity (TEAC, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) via ABTS and DPPH radical quenching, and selected targeted polyphenols were also quantified via HPLC–ESI-MS/MS. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids were the main hydroxycinnamic acids in all the varieties, while rutin was the most abundant flavonoid.

Mango phenolics increase the serum apolipoprotein A1/B ratio in rats fed high cholesterol and sodium cholate diets.

Serum lipoproteins are in dynamic equilibrium, partially controlled by the apolipoprotein A1 to apolipoprotein B ratio (APOA1/APOB). Freeze-dried mango pulp (FDM) is a rich source of phenolic compounds (MP) and dietary fiber (MF), although their effects on lipoprotein metabolism have not yet been studied. Thirty male Wistar rats were fed with four different isocaloric diets (3.4 kcal g-1 ) for 12 weeks: control diet, high cholesterol (8 g kg-1 ) + sodium cholate (2 g kg-1 ) diet either alone or supplemented with MF (60 g kg-1 ), MP (1 g kg-1 ) or FDM (50 g kg-1 ). MP and FDM reduced food intake, whereas MF and MP tended to increase serum APOA1/APOB ratio, independently of their hepatic gene expression. This suggests that lipoprotein metabolism was favorably altered by mango bioactives, MP also mitigated the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis that resulted from the intake of this diet. We propose that phenolics are the most bioactive components of mango pulp, acting as anti-atherogenic and hepatoprotective agents, with a mechanism of action tentatively based on changes to the main protein components of lipoproteins. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

ELABORATION OF A GUIDE FOR COMPONENTS’ RECOVERY OF USED BATTERIES: A PROJECT WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND POSSIBILITY OF EXPLORATION OF SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS

Batteries are electrochemical devices widely used in the modern world. However, its disposal cannot be done in ordinary waste due to the characteristics of corrosiveness, toxicity and reactivity. Although there are laws that establish an adequate destination, this is not always available in all cities in the country. In this sense, this article aims to present a project of recycling commercial batteries with the university-school interaction in the critical aspect of Environmental Education, culminating in the elaboration of a procedural recycling guide. In this project, the batteries were obtained in public schools in Gurupi - Tocantins, after holding lectures to promote environmental awareness on the subject. Then they were opened and the components of zinc and electrolytic pulp were separated and treated by leaching and precipitation methods to the formation of zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, zinc chloride and manganese oxide which offer less risk to the environment. By means of thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction it was possible to characterize the synthesized products, identifying the composition and the purity of the compounds, evidencing the components recovery of the collected cells. Results converge with the principles of Critical Environmental Education, in which the participation of society is important to develop an environmental awareness about a local environmental problem that is forgotten in the municipality.

The effect of guar gum and chitosan on fiber and fiber fine micromorphology in paper-process reconstituted tobacco pulp

To study the effect of guar gum and chitosan on the micromorphology of tobacco pulp and the retention mechanism of different retention aids by the MorFi Compact fiber analyzer, changes in the micromorphology of the tobacco pulp fibers and the fiber fines were studied by adding different dosages of guar gum and chitosan. The results indicated that the retention mechanisms of guar gum and chitosan on fibers and fiber fines were different. Addition chitosan, components of pulp intertwined to form a spatial reticular through the neutralization effect that consists of tobacco fiber bundles, fiber fines and fillers. The reticular size increased, fiber fines (especially those below the detection limit) and fillers bonded with chitosan to combined with fiber and fiber fines. Guar gum wrapped the fiber through “nucleation and growth” to achieve the retention effect. Microstructures of the handsheets were observed using SEM, and the change in the fiber curl rate was analyzed to verify the effects of mechanisms of two different retention aids.

Toxicity Test on Taro Leaf Extract (Colocasia Esculenta L. Schoot) as Mouthwash to BHK-21 Fibroblast Cell Culture in Denture Users

Background: One of requirements for a material to be used in dentistry is that the material must be non toxic and non irritant, as well as have biocompatibility properties, not triggering a detrimental effect on the biological environment, both locally and systemically. The first-line tests that must be conducted is in vitro tests, one of which is MTT Assay. Samples used in this research were fibroblast cells (cultured BHK-21 cells) since fibroblasts are the most important and largest components in pulp, periodontal ligament, and gingiva. Purpose: This research aimed to determine toxicity effect of taro leaf extracts (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) on BHK-21 fibroblast cells. Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory research using Post Test Only Control Group design. The research treatment are the administration of Taro leaf extract (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) with 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% concentration on BHK-21 fibroblast cell. Results: The fibroblast cell life percentage in 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% concentration respectively are 106,3%, 50,9%, 36,2%, and 30,1%. The toxicity results are obtained using MTT assay technique after 24 hours. The optical density absorbency values are read by ELISA reader and represent life cell viability. Conclusion: Taro leaf extract (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) at a concentration above 80% is considered as non-toxic material to BHK-21 fibroblast cells

Direktno i indirektno prekrivanje pulpe glas jonomer cementom

Introduction: Direct and indirect pulp capping is a therapeutic procedure to preserve the tooth's vitality. The aim was to scan electron and polarization microscopy: analyze changes in cellular and extracellular components of dental pulp after direct and indirect overlay with glass-ionomer cement (GIC), determine the appearance of the dentine surface after direct and indirect pulping overlap with GIC and forms a proposal for a clinical application of preparations if it provides good and effective dentingenesis. Methods: The experiment was performed on experimental animals (domestic swine). For this research, alkaline cement was used ALFAGAL* bejz. On the teeth of the experimental group, preparations of the V class were made from the vestibular side. Twenty-two teeth were made indirectly, and twenty -two teeth directly covered with pulp. After completion of the preparation, dentin is directly covered with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Alfagal* bejz. Through the ALFAGAL material for definitively closing cavities ( amalgam) is l aid. On the teeth where the perforation of the pulp chamber was made, ALFAGAL bejz was loaded directly into the pulp chamber, and through this the cavity was definitely sealed with GIC FUJI IX (GC Japan). Suitably prepared teeth and pulp were observed by SEM and a polarization microscope. Results: By observing and analyzing the obtained results, on a polarization and scanning electron microscope compared to the control group, results were obtained which can have a significant clinical implication in the biological treatment of the pulp. Alfagalbejz is directly applied in the pulp chamber: the boundary between newly developed reparative dentine is detected in the normal dentine structure, amorphous dentine, reproduction of connective tissue cells without pro inflammatory reactions and initial dedifferentiation in odontoblast, young blood vessels and cells (fibrocytes, histiocytes and fibroblasts) are observed. Indirectly applied Alfagal* bejz indicates the presence of different maturation stages of dentin, dentinal canals are clearly visible with a normal dentin structure, zero amorphous dentine and immature dentine structure are observed as well. The presence of an amorphous calcite of the dentine structure indicates the initial creation of a solid tissue barrier, which is the goal of the experiment. Conclusion: The results obtained by experimental research suggest ALFAGAL bejz as a good material for the direct and indirect overlap of the pulp.

Enzymatic Conversion of Sugar Beet Pulp: A Comparison of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation and Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation for Lactic Acid Production.

This study compares the efficiency of lactic acid production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sugar beet pulp, a byproduct of industrial sugar production. In experiments, sugar beet pulp was hydrolyzed using five commercial enzymes. A series of shake flask fermentations were conducted using five selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The differences in the activities of the enzymes for degrading the principal sugar beet pulp components were reflected in the different yields of total reducing sugars. The highest yields after hydrolysis and the lowest quantities of insoluble residues were obtained using a mixture (1:1) of Viscozyme® and Ultraflo® Max. In the SHF process, only a portion of the soluble sugars released by the enzymes from the sugar beet pulp was assimilated by the LAB strains. In SSF, low enzyme loads led to reduction in the efficiency of sugar accumulation. The risk of carbon catabolic repression was reduced. Our results suggest that SSF has advantages over SHF, including lower processing costs and higher productivity. Lactic acid yield in SSF mode (approx. 30 g/L) was 80-90% higher than that in SHF.

Comparative Evaluation of Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Dental Pulp of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Individuals

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in inflammatory components of alkaline phosphatase in dental pulp of patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and nondiabetic patients. Methodology: The study was carried out among 135 participants of the age group between 45 and 65 years, and participants were divided into three groups (n = 45 in each group) – a control group, diabetic with good glycemic control, and diabetic with poor glycemic contro l. After clinical examination with Russell's Periodontal Index, teeth indicated for extraction were extracted, and dental pulp was extirpated. Levels of alkaline phosphatase were assessed by p-nitro-phenylphosphate-2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (IFCC) and kinetic assay method. Results: Mean levels of the inflammatory component of alkaline phosphatase level were more in poorly controlled glycemic level group as compared to other two groups, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Inflammatory mediators may have an impact on the pulpal treatment procedures. The results imply that diabetes is a critical factor that has profound effects upon oral tissues, resulting in expression of inflammatory mediators and modifications of structural components of dental pulp.

The Hajdu Cheney Mutation Is a Determinant of B-Cell Allocation of the Splenic Marginal Zone

The neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (Notch)-2 receptor is a determinant of B-cell allocation, and gain-of-NOTCH2-function mutations are associated with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS), a disease presenting with osteoporosis and acro-osteolysis. We generated a mouse model reproducing the HCS mutation (Notch2HCS), and heterozygous global mutant mice displayed gain-of-Notch2 function. In the mutant spleen, the characteristic perifollicular rim marking the marginal zone (MZ), which is the interface between the nonlymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white pulp, merged with components of the white pulp. As a consequence, the MZ of Notch2HCS mice occupied most of the splenic structure. To explore the mechanisms involved, lymphocyte populations from the bone marrow and spleen were harvested from heterozygous Notch2HCS mice and sex-matched control littermates and analyzed by flow cytometry. Notch2HCS mice had an increase in CD21/35highCD23- splenic MZ B cells of approximately fivefold and a proportional decrease in splenic follicular B cells (CD21/35intCD23+) at 1, 2, and 12 months of age. Western blot analysis revealed that Notch2HCS mutant splenocytes had increased phospho-Akt and phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase, and gene expression analysis of splenic CD19+ B cells demonstrated induction of Hes1 and Hes5 in Notch2HCS mutants. Anti-Notch2 antibodies decreased MZ B cells in control and Notch2HCS mice. In conclusion, Notch2HCS mutant mice have increased mature B cells in the MZ of the spleen.

Schwann Cell Phenotype Changes in Aging Human Dental Pulp

Schwann cells are glial cells that support axonal development, maintenance, defense, and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. There is limited knowledge regarding the organization, plasticity, and aging of Schwann cells within the dental pulp in adult permanent teeth. The present study sought to relate changes in the pattern of Schwann cell phenotypes between young and old adult teeth with neuronal, immune, and vascular components of the dental pulp. Schwann cells are shown to form a prominent glial network at the dentin-pulp interface, consisting of nonmyelinating and myelinating phenotypes, forming a multicellular neuroimmune interface in association with nerve fibers and dendritic cells. Schwann cell phenotypes are recognized by the expression of S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP), Sox10, GAP43, and p75NTR markers. In young adult teeth, a dense population of nonmyelinating Schwann cells projects processes in close association with sensory nerve terminals through the odontoblast layer, reaching the adjacent predentin/dentin domain. While GAP43 and p75NTR are highly expressed in nonmyelinating Schwann cells from young adult teeth, the presence of these markers declines significantly in old adult teeth. Myelinated axons, identified by MBP expression, are mainly present at the Raschkow plexus and within nerve bundles in the dental pulp, but their density is significantly reduced in old adult versus young adult teeth. These data reveal age-related changes within the glial network of the dental pulp, in association with a reduction of coronal dental pulp innervation in old adult versus young adult teeth. The prominence of Schwann cells as a cellular component at the dentin-pulp interface supports the notion that their association with sensory nerve terminals and immune system components forms part of an integrated multicellular barrier for defense against pathogens and dentin repair.

Research of Polymetallic Sulfide Industrial Waste Nitric Acid Treatment

&lt;p&gt;Thermodynamic and kinetic features studies of polymetallic sulfide industrial waste nitric acid leaching were carried out. Elemental and phase composition of investigated raw material were studied with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy methods. Calculations of the Gibbs energy change for the likely reactions of sulfide minerals with nitric acid were performed. In order to determine the most probable conditions of the sulfide industrial waste leaching in nitric acid, as well as the mutual influence of the produced pulp components on the performance of the process, the kinetics evaluation of multicomponent sulfide industrial waste in a nitric medium was studied using mathematical methods.&lt;/p&gt;

Unique characterization of Langerhans cells in the spleen of the African catfish (&lt;em&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/em&gt;).

The African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has increasingly become an economically important food source especially in Africa, Asia and Europe, with exports extending to countries throughout the world. In the last 25 years, aquaculture of this species has been particularly effective with large increases in production and this is in part due to the catfish being highly resistant to disease. In order to further understand the immune system of the catfish, the spleen was investigated using a number of staining, immunohistochemical, light and transmission electron microscope techniques in order to verify the histological features of this organ. The gross histological features of the spleen confirmed the presence of a capsule containing numerous collagen fibers surrounded the spleen of the African catfish. Melanomacrophage centers, lymphocytes and surrounding arterial vessels were the main components of the white pulp whilst the red pulp contained sinusoids, capillaries and splenic cords of erythrocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. Transmission electron microscopy identified Langerhans-like cells which were irregular to ovoid in shape with an electron lucent cytoplasm. The cells were characterized by the presence of numerous Birbeck-like granules, varying in shape from oval, round, rod to racket shaped granules. In total, three types of Birbeck-like granules were identified. The first type had heterogenic content, the second type were cored granules and the third type were racket shaped granules. Some of the racket shaped granules were enlarged and contained granular content. The Langerhans-like cells were further identified and characterised by showing a positive reaction with antibodies to S100 and CD1a. The existence of Langerhans-like cells within the spleen helps to identify the components of the immune system within the African catfish.

Profiling hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides, iridoid glycosides, and phenylethanoid glycosides in baobab fruit pulp (Adansonia digitata)

The baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a magnificent tree revered throughout Africa and is becoming recognized for its high nutritional and medicinal values. Despite numerous reports on the pharmacological potential, little is known about its chemical compositions. In this study, four hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides (1–4), six iridoid glycosides (5–10), and three phenylethanoid glycosides (11–13) were isolated from the dried baobab fruit pulp. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic analyses, including HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR and 2D experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY). All 13 compounds isolated were reported for the first time in the genus of Adansonia. An ultra high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry (UHPLC HRAM MS) method was used to conduct further investigation of the chemical compositions of the hydro-alcohol baobab fruit pulp extract. Hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides, iridoid glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides were found to be the main components in baobab fruit pulp.

Structure characteristics of an acidic polysaccharide purified from banana (Musa nana Lour.) pulp and its enzymatic degradation

Banana is one of the most important fruits over the world. The chemical composition is critical for the organoleptic properties and health benefits. As one of the leading bioactive components in banana pulp, the polysaccharides may contribute to the beneficial health effects. However, their precise structure information remains unknown. A leading acidic polysaccharide (ABPP) of banana pulp was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonnance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). →4-α-d-GalpA-1→ and →4-α-d-GalpAMe-1→ constituted the backbone. No branch chains were detected. The molecular weight was determined to be 8.9kDa by gel permeation chromatography, which was smaller than previously reported fruit-derived polygalacturonic acids. The precise structure was identified as below. Digestion by enzyme would lead to production of oligogalacturonic acids and quick accumulation of 5000–7000Da fraction. [Display omitted]