Prevention Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Experience and Lessons of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control During COVID-19 Pandemic in Clinic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are respiratory infectious diseases spread by droplets. It is difficult to distinguish COVID-19 and PTB by their clinical symptoms and radiographic features. PTB prevention and treatment have become challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here in, as long-term frontline health care workers (HCWs) in the TB department, we have summed up the following experience and lessons from a large number of clinical practices.

RELATIONSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION WITH THE INCIDENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSISIN PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER SIKAKAP MENTAWAI ISLANDS

Background:The achievement of countermeasures for tuberculosis treatment in Mentawai Islands District is still very low. This can be seen from the cure rate for new smear positive cases in 2016, which has not reached the target of 84.44%. While the data shows that of the 10 existing Puskesmas in Mentawai Islands District, the highest incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sikakap Health Center is 51 people. This study aims to determine the relationship between environmental sanitation with the incidence of pulmonary TB in Sikakap Health Center Mentawai Islands District in 2018. Methodology:This type of research is descriptive with a cross sectional study method. The population was all patients who visited the Sikakap Health Center who were examined by doctors the last 3 months (January to March 2018) totaling 315 people. A sample of 42 people was taken by simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out through interviews using interview guidelines in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis was univariate and bivariate using chi-square test. Results:Based on the results of the study found 59.5% of respondents experienced pulmonary Tuberculosis, 64.3% of respondents had environmental sanitation that did not meet the requirements. Statistically obtained the relationship between environmental sanitation with the incidence of pulmonary TB in Sikakap Public Health Center in Mentawai Islands District in 2018 (p = 0,024). Conclusion:Thereisasignificantcorrelationbetweenenvironmental sanitation with the incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis. It is expected that health workers through the holder of the Pulmonary TB program to better screen patients who drop out of medication and improve counseling about prevention of pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Population aging and trends of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in the elderly

BackgroundTo explore population aging and the epidemic trend of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the elderly, and provide a basis for the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly.MethodsWe collected clinical information of 239,707 newly active PTB patients in Shandong Province from 2005 to 2017. We analyzed and compared the clinical characteristics, reported incidence and temporal trend of PTB among the elderly group (≥60 years) and the non-elderly group (< 60 years) through logistic model and Join-point regression model.ResultsAmong the total PTB cases, 77,192(32.2%) were elderly. Compared with non-elderly patients, newly active elderly PTB patients account for a greater proportion of male cases (OR 1.688, 95% CI 1.656–1.722), rural population cases (OR 3.411, 95% CI 3.320–3.505) and bacteriologically confirmed PTB cases (OR 1.213, 95%CI 1.193–1.234). The annual reported incidence of total, elderly, pulmonary bacteriologically confirmed cases were 35.21, 68.84, 35.63 (per 100,000), respectively. The annual reported incidence of PTB in the whole population, the elderly group and the non-elderly group has shown a slow downward trend since 2008. The joinpoint regression model showed that the overall reported incidence of PTB in the elderly significantly decreased from 2007 to 2017 (APC = -5.3, P < 0.05). The reported incidence of bacteriologically confirmed PTB among elderly patients declined rapidly from 2005 to 2014(2005–2010 APC = -7.2%, P < 0.05; 2010–2014 APC = -22.6%, P < 0.05; 2014–2017 APC = -9.0%, P = 0.1). The reported incidence of clinically diagnosed PTB among elderly patients from 2005 to 2017 (11.48–38.42/100,000) increased by about 235%. It rose significantly from 2007 to 2014 (APC = 9.4, P<0.05).ConclusionsCompared with the non-elderly population, the reported incidence of PTB in the elderly population is higher. The main burden of PTB will shift to the elderly, men, rural population, and clinically diagnosed patients. With the intensification of aging, more researches on elderly PTB prevention and treatment will facilitate the realization of the global tuberculosis (TB) control targets.

The need to prioritise childhood tuberculosis case detection

The need to prioritise childhood tuberculosis case detection

HUBUNGAN LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH DENGAN KEJADIAN TUBERCULOSIS PARU

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Data from the Tanjung Sari Health Center in South Lampung Regency shows that there has been an increase in cases in the last two years, 46 cases in 2015 and 47 cases in 2016. Until the end of semester 1 of 2017, an additional 33 cases were recorded. This study aims to determine the relationship between sex and the physical environment of the house with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis at Tanjung Sari Public Health Center. This study used an analytic survey method with a case-control design. The population is people who are registered as patients of Tanjung Sari Public Health Center, from January to June 2017. The sample is 74 people, consisting of 37 cases and 37 controls. The results showed that women predominantly suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis. The physical environment includes the area of ventilation, the presence of cross-ventilation, and the position of the window as risk factors for pulmonary TB disease. It is recommended that people get used to opening windows to maintain the availability of fresh air in the room and the entry of sunlight. Puskesmas should increase the capacity of cadres in providing knowledge on the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis to the community.

Hubungan Karakteristik dengan Tingkat Pengetahuan Perawat Tentang Tuberculosis (TB) Paru pada Anak

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) in children needs special attention. Enforcement of the diagnosis of childhood TB which is an important component in controlling pulmonary TB itself. Nurses as health workers have a role as providers of nursing care, educators, communicators and extension agents needed in an effort to overcome diseases including pulmonary TB in children. The nurse is also one of the human resources or health workers trained and responsible for implementing pulmonary TB prevention programs. For this reason nurses are required to have competent knowledge.Purpose: To determine the relationship of characteristics with the level of knowledge of nurses about pulmonary TB in children in the Health Center’s area of Semarang City.Methods:.This study used a descriptive survey design with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The number of respondents was 44 respondents. The instruments used were questionnaires about demographic data and the level of knowledge about pulmonary TB in children. The data was analised using chi square.Results:.The results of this study using the Chi-square test obtained p value (Age 0.677), (Gender 0.531), (Education Level 0.230), and (Working Period 0.424) which shows p-value 0.05.Conclusion: There is no correlation between the characteristics and level of knowledge of nurses about pulmonary TB in children in Health Center’s area of Semarang.

Good old BCG - what a century-old vaccine can contribute to modern medicine.

Good old BCG - what a century-old vaccine can contribute to modern medicine.

The Effectiveness of the Environmental Health Services in the Primary Health Care Against the Prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Regency of Banyuwangi

Introduction: One of the promotive and preventive efforts in the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease in primary health care is a health services environment that includes counseling, inspection and intervention of environmental health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Environmental health services in the primary health care against the prevention of Pulmonary TB disease in Regency of Banyuwangi. Method: This research was observational descriptive design of study cross-ssectional. The study population was the primary health care in districy of Banyuwangi and a large sample of 6 primary health care. The determination of the study sample by using purposive sampling based on criteria of results Assessment of Performance of primary health care (PKP) services and programs environmental health in primary health cares and numbers Case Notification Rate (CNR) at the top of the East Java Province. Processing and analysis of data using a scoring system based on the scale of the theoretically grouped in the category of good, enough, less. The data is then interpreted descriptively. Result and Discussion: The Program of health service in the prevention of the disease is said to be effective when the probability of &gt;50.00%. The results showed the probability of the effectiveness of the environmental health services in the Primary Health Care of Klatak of 77.00%. The Primary Health Care of Mojopanggung, Sobo, and Kabat respectively 78.80%, Primary Health Care of Gitik by 64.20% and the Primary Health Care of Songgon 49.50%. Human resources at the Primary Health Care of Songgon not competent. The Primary Health Care of Gitik and Songgon not planning activities. The achievement of the output in all the primary health care less, it is because of the lack of commitment of the implementers and the coordination of cross-program not running. Conclusion: There are 5 primary health cares service programs environmental health in the prevention of Pulmonary TB effective that the Primary Health Care of Klatak, Mojopangung, Sobo, Kabat and Gitik while at the Primary Health Care of Songgon is not effective. The effectiveness of services and programs environmental health in TB patients is influenced by policies, human resources, infrastructure, planning and coordination across the program.

Karakteristik dan Upaya Pencegahan Penularan Pada Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru

Pulmonary tuberculosis is still a global priority health problem because it is the leading cause of death in the world for infectious diseases. According to WHO, Indonesia ranks third in the world after India and China. Estimated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia in 2019, as many as 845,000 people, while the prevalence of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is 142 per 100 thousand population, Jambi ranked 5th in Indonesia. Lung tuberculosis is highly contagious, and can have a devastating effect on family members who live in the same house as people with pulmonary tuberculosis, if prevention efforts are not made by those with pulmonary tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and efforts to prevent transmission in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. This research is a descriptive study, with a total sampling technique, conducted on 42 people with pulmonary TB in the work area of PKM Putri Ayu Jambi City. Use demographic and transmission prevention instruments. Data collection was carried out by guided interviews. The results showed. The highest age in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is productive age (23.8%) with male sex (57.1%) the highest education is basic education (40.5%) and employment is IRT (31.0%). Whereas prevention of transmission for more than half (54.8%) is good. It is expected that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis can increase their knowledge related to the knowledge of pulmonary tuberculosis, how to treat and prevent pulmonary tuberculosis transmission and to be actively involved in the eradication of pulmonary tuberculosis, while the health center staff and cadres can conduct counseling about efforts to prevent transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis to increase public knowledge about lung tuberculosis eradication, while the health center staff and cadres can conduct counseling about efforts to prevent the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as periodically do homevisit to the place of residence of tubulosis patients to monitor the condition of pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers.

Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Observational data suggest that low vitamin D status is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and mortality among people living with HIV. The primary aims of this study were to assess the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the risk of mortality and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation among adults living with HIV who initiated ART and had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of less than 30 ng/mL at four large HIV care and treatment centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years, pregnant at the time of randomisation, or were enrolled in any other clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either weekly oral 50 000 IU vitamin D3 supplements (cholecalciferol) for the first month of ART followed by daily 2000 IU vitamin D3 supplements or a matching weekly and daily placebo regimen. The randomisation list was computer-generated by a non-study statistician with sequence blocks of ten that were stratified by study clinic. Complete allocation concealment was ensured and patients, field team, and investigators were masked to group assignment. The trial follow-up duration was 1 year and the primary efficacy outcomes were death and incident pulmonary tuberculosis. An intention-to-treat analysis was followed for all-cause mortality; participants diagnosed with or receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis at randomisation, or suspected to have tuberculosis at randomisation and who later had that diagnosis confirmed, were excluded from analyses of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence. Safety was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01798680, and is completed. Between Feb 24, 2014, and Feb 24, 2017, 6250 adults initiating ART had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D screening, 4000 of whom were enrolled in the trial and followed up for 1 year (follow-up of all participants was completed on March 7, 2018). 2001 patients were randomly assigned to the vitamin D3 supplementation group, and 1999 to the placebo group. 415 deaths were recorded: 211 in the vitamin D3 group and 204 in the placebo group. Among all randomly assigned participants, there was no overall effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1·04, 95% CI 0·85-1·25; p=0·73). There was also no difference in the overall incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis between the vitamin D3 (50 events in 1812 patients analysed) and placebo groups (64 events in 1827 patients; HR 0·78, 0·54-1·13; p=0·19). The vitamin D3 regimen did not increase the risk of hypercalcaemia (three events in the vitamin D3 group and two events in the placebo group; relative risk 1·25, 95% CI 0·43-3·66; Fisher's exact p=1·00). 101 hospital admissions were reported in the vitamin D3 group and 94 in the placebo group (incidence rate ratio 1·06, 95% CI 0·80-1·41; p=0·66). Additional research is needed before vitamin D3 supplementation should be considered for implementation in HIV care and treatment programmes for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis or mortality. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Renewing the Fight Against TB with an Old Vaccine

Prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis by vaccination has proven an elusive goal. In a recent study, Darrah etal. show that prevention of infection and disease can be achieved in non-human primates by intravenous administration of the century-old vaccine BCG. This finding heralds a step-change in the approach to TB vaccine development.

Efficacy of Vitamin D for the Prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Mortality in HIV: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Observational data suggests that low vitamin D status is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and mortality among people living with HIV; however, the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation among 4,000 HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The vitamin D group received weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D3 supplements for the first month of ART followed by daily 2,000 IU vitamin D3 supplements. The placebo arm received a matching weekly and daily placebo regimen. Findings: A total of 415 deaths were recorded and there was no overall effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the risk of mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 1·04; 95% CI: 0·85-1·25; p=0·73). However, vitamin D3 supplementation appeared to reduce the risk of death by 41% (0-65%) among participants with baseline pulmonary TB and by 48% (95% CI: 11-69%) among those with WHO HIV Stage IV disease at the time of ART initiation. There was no effect on the overall incidence of pulmonary TB (HR: 0·78; 95% CI: 0·54-1·13; p=0·19), although vitamin D3 was found to reduce the incidence of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (HR: 0·54; 95% CI: 0·31-0·92; p=0·03). The vitamin D3 regimen increased serum 25(OH)D (p<0·001) and did not increase the risk of hypercalcemia (p=1·00) as compared to placebo. Interpretation: Vitamin D3 supplementation may improve survival for the subset HIV-infected adults initiating ART with pulmonary TB disease or advanced HIV disease and reduce the incidence of sputum smear positive pulmonary TB. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01798680. Funding Statement: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Declaration of Interests: The authors stated: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The trial protocol was approved by the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Institutional Review Board, the Tanzanian National Health Research Ethics Sub Committee (NatHREC), and the Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) and was overseen by an independent data and safety monitoring board.

Relationship of Perceived Susceptibility and Threats to Prevention Practices of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among Indonesians as Moderated by Cultural Beliefs

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) appears to lead in the worldwide unending battle of healthproblems. This study sought to determine the relationship of perceived susceptibility andthreats to Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) prevention practices as moderated by cultural beliefs.Descriptive evaluative and correlational research designs were utilized. The study employed393 respondents (20-55 years old) from five provinces in Indonesia with the highest incidenceof PTB, selected through the multi-stage and purposive sampling technique. The data analyzedthrough the SPSS program, utilized statistical methods: Mean and Standard Deviation,Correlation Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using AMOS. Therespondents had high perceived susceptibility and threats (mean = .755, SD = .421), andpracticed the PTB prevention sometimes (mean = 3.347 and SD = .826). This implies thatIndonesian adults understand that certain conditions an d practices would lead them or putthem at risk to be infected with PTB. Perceived susceptibility and threats have a positive weaksignificant correlation (r = .320̽ ̽, ρ = .000) with PTB prevention practices. The higher theperceived susceptibility and threats, the better is the PTB prevention practices. The perceivedsusceptibility and threats has influenced over their prevention practices. Cultural beliefs havea moderating role (estimate value of - .053, ρ = .000) in the relationship of perceivedsusceptibility and threats to PTB prevention practices. The stronger the respondents hold onto their cultural beliefs, the weaker is the impact of perceived susceptibility and threats. Furtherstudy from other provinces that excluded in this study and on another specific culture relatedto PTB prevention practices with a comparison of different population groups (urban and rural),and with a bigger sample size. Also, may employ a qualitative research method to explore indepth understanding of the phenomenon.

The epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in children in Mainland China, 2009–2015

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of child pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) notified to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Tuberculosis Information Management System (TBIMS) from 2009...

Analisis Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru Dan Faktor Risikonya di Kecamatan Pamulang, Kota Tangerang Selatan

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a global health problem that has been a global concern for the past two decades. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2016, Banten Province has an estimated number of lung patients with tuberculosis reaching 40,227 people, but has been detected or recorded as many as 16,608 people, with the first increase in the number of sufferers in South Tangerang reaching 2,089 people. In the City of South Tangerang in 2015 there were 5,246 suspected TB pulmonary cases, of which 735 cases were positive smear pulmonary TB cases. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Pamulang Subdistrict, South Tangerang City. This research is a quantitative study, using analytic survey research methods with cross sectional approach. The number of samples obtained was 210 respondents. Because this research uses the Rapid Survey method with sample criteria of 210 to 300 respondents. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant relationship between knowledge about pulmonary tuberculosis with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in respondents (p value = 0.23&gt; 0.05) and there is a significant relationship between attitude and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (p value = 0,000 &lt;0, 05), with an OR of 3.237. That is, the attitude about the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis that is not good will increase the risk of the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis by 3x compared with the attitude regarding the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis is good.

Mejora del comportamiento preventivo de la tuberculosis pulmonar y la educación sanitaria estructurada en el distrito de Bogor

La tuberculosis pulmonar (TB pulmonar) es una enfermedad infecciosa común en el mundo, incluso en Indonesia. Se transmite muy fácilmente a través de las salpicaduras de esputo. Fomenta el desarrollo de intervenciones para controlar la transmisión de la TB, como la educación sanitaria estructurada. El objetivo de este estudio fueron determinar el efecto de la intervención de educación sanitaria estructurada sobre el comportamiento preventivo de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la regencia de Bogor, Indonesia. Este estudio utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental con diseño previo y posterior a la prueba, que involucró a 82 miembros adultos de la comunidad de edad que se dividieron en grupos de intervención y control. El muestreo aleatorio en varias etapas se utilizó para determinar el área de investigación, mientras que el sujeto de investigación se seleccionó mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Los resultados mostraron que la educación estructurada afecta significativamente el conocimiento (valor de p = 0,000), la actitud (valor de p = 0,000) y la prevención de habilidades de transmisión de TB pulmonar (valor de p = 0,000). La salud estructurada podría aplicarse como una alternativa de intervención de enfermería comunitaria que se puede administrar a las personas en riesgo de TB pulmonar. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (pulmonary TB) is a common infectious disease in the world, including in Indonesia. It is very easily transmitted through sputum splashes. It encourages development of interventions in order to control the transmission of TB, such as structured health education. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of structured health education intervention on the prevention behavior of pulmonary TB in Bogor regency, Indonesia. This study used quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-test design, involving 82 adults age community member who were devided into intervention and control group. The study was conducted in districts with high TB prevalence selected by purposive sampling, while the research subject was selected using simple random sampling. The results showed that structured education significantly affects knowledge (p value = 0,000), attitude (p value = 0,000), and skill prevention of pulmonary TB transmission (p value = 0,000). Structured health could applied as an alternative choice of community nursing interventions that can be given to people at risk of pulmonary TB.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease: Prevention behavior in Makassar city

The problem of pulmonary tuberculosis in the world and in Indonesia is very worrying due to the high mortality and morbidity rate, especially Indonesia is a tropical country so that it can reduce the public health development index. This study aims to determine the effect of knowledge on the behavior of prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in Makassar City, Indonesia. The sample referred to in this study is that some of the people who have suffered pulmonary disease and who do not suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis who live in the working area of the Makassar City Health Center are 335 people. The sampling technique uses multi stage random sampling. Data analysis using regression test. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of tables, charts and narratives. The results showed that knowledge of disease source control, knowledge of controlling disease agents, knowledge of increasing endurance had a significant influence on the behavior of prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in the community (p <0.05).

Knowledge and Attitudes with Family Role in Prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Maros, Indonesia

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is still a major health problem, both globally and in Indonesia and is the leading cause of death worldwide in people living with HIV/AIDS. In Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Indonesia, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis each year continues to increase and can result in death. This study aims to determine the relation of knowledge and attitudes with family role in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in Turikale Subdistrict, Maros Regency. This research is a cross sectional study and the sample total of 95 families selected by purposive sampling. The result showed that family knowledge (X2 count = 3.865) and family attitudes (X2 count = 5.251) had a value of X2 count > X2 table (3.841). This study showed a significant relation between knowledge and attitudes with family role in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis. Suggestions for families and communities expected to constantly improve their knowledge in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis by participating in health education activities.

AN ANALYSIS OF PREDISPOSING, ENABLING, AND REINFORCING FACTORS IN PREVENTING THE TRANSMISSION OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE ON PATIENTS’ RELATIVES IN TULUNGAGUNG REGENCY

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of death. In the report of Tuberculosis Global 2014 which was realeased by World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the incidence happened in Indonesia was 1 million new cases every year. The percentage of the cases in Indonesia is 10 percent from entire cases in the world, so as to be the most second cases country along with Tiongkok. The objective of this study is to know the effect of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors towards the efforts in preventing the transmission of pulmonary TB diseases on patients’ relatives in Tulungagung regency.This study was non experimental quantitative research by using research design with Cross Sectional observation method. The samples this study were the relatives who have the most emotional closeness with the patient of pulmonary TB as much as 285 respondents. The data obtained through questionnaire then it was analyzed by using ordinal regression test. Based on the ordinal regression test which was conducted where ρ &lt; 0,05, hence that there was the effect of gender on the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission in Tulungagung regency, the effect of educational level on the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission in Tulungagung regency, the effect of knowledge on the prevention of Pulmonary TB transmission in Tulungagung regency, the effect of dwelling density on the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission in Tulungagung regency and the effect of coaching officer on the prevention of Pulmonary TB transmission in Tulungagung regency. Improvement of guidance and quality of service in Pulmonary TB prevention program by involving the family is expected so the patient will do prevention effort to pulmonary tuberculosis disease to support local goverment effort in decreasing incidence of pulmonary TB generally and particularly maintain personal health to achieve health society which play an active role in national development.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factors among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspected Patients Attending University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Introduction Intestinal parasitic infections are among the major public health problems in developing countries. Hence, it is significant to explore coinfection with intestinal parasites and pulmonary tuberculosis because coinfection increases the complexity of control and prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and parasitic diseases. Objective To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites among pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients. Method Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar Hospital from March to May, 2017. Stool samples were taken from each participant and examined by direct microscopy and concentration technique. Descriptive statistics was performed and chi-square test was used to show the association between variables. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Intestinal parasites were detected in 50 (19.6%) among a total of 256 pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients who were included in the study, whereas the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 16.8% (43/256). Pulmonary tuberculosis and intestinal parasite coinfection was detected in 5 (2.0%) of the participants. The most prevalent intestinal parasites infection in this study was Ascaris lumbricoides, 15 (5.85%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, 14 (5.46%), and Hookworm, 13 (5.1%). Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal parasites and their coinfection rate with pulmonary tuberculosis among pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients were considerable.