Prevention Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Immunoproteomic discovery of Mycobacterium bovis antigens, including the surface lipoprotein Mpt83 as a T cell antigen useful for vaccine development

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from infectious diseases, killing approximately 1.3 million people worldwide in 2022 alone. The current vaccine for TB contains a live attenuated bacterium, Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). The BCG vaccine is highly effective in preventing severe forms of childhood TB but does not protect against latent infection or disease in older age groups. A new or improved BCG vaccine for prevention of pulmonary TB is urgently needed.In this study, we infected murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice with M. bovis BCG followed by elution and identification of BCG-derived MHC class I and class II-bound peptides using tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1436 MHC-bound peptides of which 94 were derived from BCG. Fifty-five peptides were derived from MHC class I molecules and 39 from class II molecules. We tested the 94 peptides for their immunogenicity using IFN- γ ELISPOT assay with splenocytes purified from BCG immunized mice and 10 showed positive responses. Seven peptides were derived from MHC II and three from MHC class I. In particular, MHC class II binding peptides derived from the mycobacterial surface lipoprotein Mpt83 were highly antigenic. Further evaluations of these immunogenic BCG peptides may identify proteins useful as new TB vaccine candidates.

Pengaruh Pemberian Promosi Kesehatan melalui Media Leaflet terhadap Pengetahuan Siswa/I tentang Pencegah Pencegahan TB Paru di SDN Sungai Lulut 8 Banjarmasin

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis germ, which mostly attacks the lungs. The problem of controlling pulmonary tuberculosis has been implemented in many countries since 1995, but it remains a health problem in the community that causes high mortality among infants, children, adolescents, and seniors. One of the government programs in controlling pulmonary tuberculosis is the Joint Movement against tuberculosis in education units, the targets in the program are students, teachers, and education personnel from kindergarten to senior high school by providing health promotion. Data collection conducted by researchers found a health center with the highest incidence of pulmonary TB in children in Banjarmasin city, there is one elementary school closest to the health center. This study aims to provide health promotion through leaflet media on students' knowledge about the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis at SDN Sungai Lulut 8 Banjarmasin. This study used quantitative research Pre-experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest approach. The population in this study were 199 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a sample size of 67 students. This research instrument uses a questionnaire. The statistical test used is the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results show that there is a difference between before and after giving promotion.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Notification Rate Within Shenzhen, China, 2010-2019: Spatial-Temporal Analysis.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic communicable disease of major public health and social concern. Although spatial-temporal analysis has been widely used to describe distribution characteristics and transmission patterns, few studies have revealed the changes in the small-scale clustering of PTB at the street level. The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and clusters of PTB at the street level in the Shenzhen municipality of China to provide a reference for PTB prevention and control. Data of reported PTB cases in Shenzhen from January 2010 to December 2019 were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention to describe the epidemiological characteristics. Time-series, spatial-autocorrelation, and spatial-temporal scanning analyses were performed to identify the spatial and temporal patterns and high-risk areas at the street level. A total of 58,122 PTB cases from 2010 to 2019 were notified in Shenzhen. The annual notification rate of PTB decreased significantly from 64.97 per 100,000 population in 2010 to 43.43 per 100,000 population in 2019. PTB cases exhibited seasonal variations with peaks in late spring and summer each year. The PTB notification rate was nonrandomly distributed and spatially clustered with a Moran I value of 0.134 (P=.02). One most-likely cluster and 10 secondary clusters were detected, and the most-likely clustering area was centered at Nanshan Street of Nanshan District covering 6 streets, with the clustering time spanning from January 2010 to November 2012. This study identified seasonal patterns and spatial-temporal clusters of PTB cases at the street level in the Shenzhen municipality of China. Resources should be prioritized to the identified high-risk areas for PTB prevention and control.

Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in eastern China from 2011 to 2021.

China is still among the 30 high-burden tuberculosis (TB) countries in the world. Few studies have described the spatial epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary TB (PTB) in Jiangsu Province. The registered incidence data of PTB patients in 95 counties of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2021 were collected from the Tuberculosis Management Information System. Three-dimensional spatial trends, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial-temporal scan analysis were conducted to explore the spatial clustering pattern of PTB. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 347,495 newly diagnosed PTB cases were registered. The registered incidence rate of PTB decreased from 49.78/100,000 in 2011 to 26.49/100,000 in 2021, exhibiting a steady downward trend (χ2=414.22, P<0.001). The average annual registered incidence rate of PTB was higher in the central and northern regions. Moran's I indices of the registered incidence of PTB were all >0 (P<0.05) except in 2016, indicating a positive spatial correlation overall. Local autocorrelation analysis showed that 'high-high' clusters were mainly distributed in northern Jiangsu, and 'low-low' clusters were mainly concentrated in southern Jiangsu. The results of this study assist in identifying settings and locations of high TB risk and inform policy-making for PTB control and prevention.

The efficiency of immune modulator BIVEL for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in exposed children from the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis sites

120 exposed children/adolescents (75 children and 45 adolescents) from the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis sites underwent the complex clinical radiological and immunological examination. Insignificant functional disorders of cellular response (immunoregulatory processes) caused by the prevalence of suppressor and cytotoxic reactions by 1.3 times and by the prevalence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the regulatory system (2.0 times above the norm, TNF-α/IL 10.0. р&lt;0.01) were revealed in the infected children/adolescents from the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis sites, while their СD3+. СD3+СD4+. СD3+СD8+ were within norm. The evident disorders of the regulatory system and cell immune system were eliminated after the completion of the autumn-spring BI-V course. The non-specific immune regulator BI-V is efficient for the prevention of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis for the exposed children/adolescents from the multi-drug tuberculosis sites. Consequently, the latent TB infection grew into the active form by 2.8 times less often in the children that took BI-V as compared to the infected children who did not take the drug.

Delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitopes by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxoid expands HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the first cause of death from infection caused by a bacterial pathogen. Chemotherapy does not eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from human lungs, and the pathogen causes a latent tuberculosis infection that cannot be prevented by the currently available Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, which is ineffective in the prevention of pulmonary TB in adults. HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential players in protective immune responses against Mtb. Hence, expanding this population in vivo or ex vivo may be crucial for vaccination or immunotherapy against TB. The enzymatically inactive Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxoid is an effective tool for delivering peptide epitopes into the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APC) for presentation and stimulation of specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In this study, we have investigated the capacity of the CyaA toxoid to deliver Mtb epitopes known to bind HLA-E for the expansion of human CD8+ T cells in vitro. Our results show that the CyaA-toxoid containing five HLA-E-restricted Mtb epitopes causes significant expansion of HLA-E-restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which produce IFN-γ and exert significant cytotoxic activity towards peptide-pulsed macrophages. HLA-E represents a promising platform for the development of new vaccines; our study indicates that the CyaA construct represents a suitable delivery system of the HLA-E-binding Mtb epitopes for ex vivo and in vitro expansion of HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells inducing a predominant Tc1 cytokine profile with a significant increase of IFN-γ production, for prophylactic and immunotherapeutic applications against Mtb.

Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Masyarakat dengan Upaya Pencegahan Tuberkulosis Paru

Tuberculosis is still a very widespread disease found in developing countries such as Indonesia in both children and adults, which is also a source of infection. This disease is easily transmitted through droplets of people infected with bacilli. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward pulmonary tuberculosis prevention efforts in Legok Village, Jambi City. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a correlational design. The sample was taken by accidental random sampling and using a questionnaire instrument. This research was conducted on 9-11 August 2022 in Legok Village, Jambi City. The population in this study was the entire community in Legok Village; the results of the study were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Spearman Rank test. Based on the research, it was found that from 30 respondents, knowledge had a correlation coefficient of 0.73. From 30 respondents, attitudes had a correlation coefficient of 0.45. It was concluded that there was a relationship between knowledge and efforts to prevent pulmonary tuberculosis in Legok Village, Jambi City. There is a relationship between attitudes and efforts to prevent pulmonary tuberculosis in Legok Village, Jambi City

Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Motuo County, Tibet Autonomous Region from 2012 to 2021

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Motuo County from 2012 to 2021 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of PTB. A total of 223 cases of PTB were reported from 2012 to 2021 in Motuo County, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 171.39/100 000. Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the average decline rate was 9.2% (P<0.001) from 2012 to 2021. Among the various types of PTB patients reported from 2012 to 2021, there were 69 cases of etiologic-positive cases which increased from 28.57% to 52.63%. Results from the circular distribution methods showed that there was no obvious peak time of PTB in Motuo County. There was no statistical difference in the average annual incidence of PTB between different genders (χ2=0.108, P=0.743). Among all age groups, the 20-29 years group had the highest proportion (26.91%, 60/223). The Monpa ethnic group (153 cases, 68.61%) had the largest number of cases, followed by the Lhoba people (44 cases, 19.73%) and the Tibetan (22 cases, 9.87%). Farmers (168 cases, 75.34%) had the highest occupational composition ratio, followed by students (40 cases, 17.94%). The main detection methods of PTB were clinical consultation and transferring consultation. Overall, the incidence rate of PTB decreased from 2012 to 2021. The majority of PTB patients were young adults with high transmission risk. It is necessary to pay more attention to the key populations and strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control for reducing the risk of PTB.

Pendampingan Community Based Surveilance Sebagai Upaya Pengendalian Tuberkulosis Paru di Kelurahan Bandengan

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is among the three countries with the highest estimated incidence of TB, after India and China. Tuberculosis deaths in HIV-negative populations reach 44 per 100,000 population (WHO, 2019). Bandengan village now has 8 cases, the second highest in the Doukh Health Center's service area. In addition to the high number of new cases, public participation in programs to combat and prevent pulmonary tuberculosis is also low. Many philanthropic efforts have been put into place to help solve this problem, including Trained and formed community-based health worker monitoring teams and educated in early detection and prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis. Indicators of success for this community service included increasing residents' knowledge, skills, and independence in community-based monitoring programs, forming community-based monitoring teams in villages, and increasing community awareness and role in pulmonary tuberculosis prevention. will be the activity was held on Tuesday 24th January 2023 with her 20 participants. Partners play a central role in this activity as this service is a community empowerment activity and partners are the main actors/actors. The proposal team will act as a facilitator and companion until the partners are deemed competent and independent to continue community-based surveillance (CBS) activities to combat pulmonary tuberculosis in Bandengan village.

Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Guizhou, China: a retrospective study from 2010 to 2020

ObjectiveWe described epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among students and evaluated susceptible populations and areas in Guizhou province and also to provide scientific suggestions for prevention and control.SettingGuizhou, China.DesignThis...

Knowledge regarding prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis among tuberculosis patient

Tuberculosis is a infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculin. The disease primarily affects the lungs and cause pulmonary tuberculosis. It can also affect structure such as Intestine, meanings, bones and joints, lymph gland, skin and others tissue and body parts. The disease also affects animals like cattle; which is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may also communicate to man. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common form of Tuberculosis, which affect the man. A quantitative evaluative approach with one group pre-test design was used for the study. The samples consisted of 60 tuberculosis patient selected by Non probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by administering a structured knowledge questionnaire by the investigator before and after self-instructional module. Post-test was conducted after 7 days. Data were analysis using descriptive &amp; inferential statistics (Paired‘t’ test, Chi- square test, Karl- Person’s correlation. The result of this study indicates that there was a significant increase in the post-test knowledge scores compared to pre-test scores of first aid minor ailments of prevention of tuberculosis. The mean knowledge score was observed 1.80 ± 0.40 in the pre-test and after implementation of self-instructional module post-test mean knowledge score was observed with 3.30 ± 0.46. T-test is shows the effectiveness of self-instructional module was -25.66. State will happened the experiment doesn't make any difference H0 will be no significant difference between pre-test and post test knowledge scores regarding prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Thus, after the analysis and interpretation of the data, we can conclude that the hypothesis H1 that, “There will be a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding prevention of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients is being accepted. And the hypothesis H2 “it was found out that the age, gender, educational status, occupation and previous knowledge found to be insignificant at the level of P&amp;#60; 0.05 is being rejected. From the above results, we can conclude that there was a statistically significant effectiveness seen in knowledge of tuberculosis patients. Thus, the intervention “Self- instructional module” was effective in improving the knowledge of tuberculosis patients.

Knowledge and Practice of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevention among in-Mates and Staff of Taraba State Correctional Centres

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern worldwide, with vulnerable populations, such as inmates and staff within correctional centers, facing unique challenges. This study conducted in Taraba state, Nigeria, aimed to assess the knowledge and practices related to TB prevention among this specific population. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 25 to provide insights into TB awareness, attitudes, and behaviors within 3 correctional centers in Taraba State. Simple descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency distribution tables were used. This study revealed a diverse socio-demographic profile of participants, with variations in gender, age, education, income, occupation, religion, household size, and smoking habits. While some respondents demonstrated accurate knowledge about TB, a substantial proportion held misconceptions about its causes, transmission, and symptoms. Attitudes towards TB were generally positive, with most participants considering it a serious disease; however, fear of infection and stigmatizing attitudes persisted. Practices related to TB prevention and seeking medical care showed a range of behaviors, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of tailored, culturally sensitive, and evidence-based TB education and awareness campaigns within correctional settings. These campaigns should address knowledge gaps, dispel myths, reduce stigma, and promote timely diagnosis and treatment. The study underscores the critical role of public health initiatives in ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their circumstances, have access to accurate information and the necessary resources to prevent and control TB effectively.

COMMUNITY GROUP CARING FOR HEALTHY LUNGS (MADUPASEH) TOWARDS THE PREVENTION OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN YOKA VILLAGE

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The source of transmission is tuberculosis patients with positive Acid Resistant Bacillus (positive BTA) through splashes of sputum droplets that they emit. Indonesia is the country with the second highest number of new cases in the world after India. The purpose of this community service is to empower the people of Yoka Village in the Prevention of Pulmonary TB by forming a Healthy Lung Care Community (MADUPASEH). The method in this implementation is to conduct a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the Yoka Village Government and the Head of the Yoka Health Center to discuss the problems in Yoka Village. The result: this community service was attended by the Head of Yoka Village along with village government staff, the community, ondoafi leaders, ondofolo, youth leaders, women leaders, and TB Paru cadres in Yoka Village.

Correlation Between Demographic Factors and Tuberculosis Prevention: A Literature Review

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health in the world. The population infected by pulmonary TB worldwide estimated one-third of the population. TB is transmitted by droplets produced by infected source. The main goal of TB prevention is to prevent TB transmission other than curative purposes. The preventive behavior of pulmonary TB can be affected by several factors. This article aims to review previous studies discussing the correlation of age and gender with the prevention of pulmonary TB.

Correctional Officers' Health Literacy and Practices for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Prevention in Prison.

Tuberculosis (TB) prevention in prisons remains a problem that requires advocacy and partnership action. A correctional officer (CO) is responsible for enforcing the rules and maintaining routines at a prison and has the authority to support TB prevention under the limitations of health manpower in prisons. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the health literacy (HL) and practices of TB prevention and their association among Thailand’s COs. A total of 208 COs participated using a random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire on HL and TB prevention practices was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were used for the association analysis. The majority of the participants were male (71.2%), married (60.1%), had a bachelor’s degree (60.6%), and had never been trained in TB prevention (90.9%). In total, 63.0% had adequate HL, whereas 78.4% had good practices, and this corresponded with personal prevention (75.5%) and work prevention (74.6%). Significant associations were identified for education, and communication, decision-making, and self-management skills (p < 0.05). The probability (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]) of good practices was higher among participants with adequate communication skills (7.92 [2.15–29.24]), adequate decision-making skills (6.00 [1.86–19.36]), bachelors’ degree or higher-level education (3.25 [1.12–9.39]), and adequate self-management skills (2.95 [1.08–8.11]). The study findings show that most of the COs have adequate HL which is associated with good practices in TB prevention. Prisons should support HL development among COs for partnership and sustainable TB prevention under the constraint of health personnel.

Application of the ARIMA Model in Forecasting the Incidence of Tuberculosis in Anhui During COVID-19 Pandemic from 2021 to 2022.

ObjectiveForecasting the seasonality and trend of pulmonary tuberculosis is important for the rational allocation of health resources. In this study, we predict the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis by establishing the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and providing support for pulmonary tuberculosis prevention and control during COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsRegistered tuberculosis(TB) cases from January 2013 to December 2020 in Anhui province were analysed using traditional descriptive epidemiological methods. Then we used the monthly incidence rate of TB from January 2013 through June 2020 to construct ARIMA model, and used the incidence rate from July 2020 to December 2020 to evaluate the forecasting accuracy. Ljung Box test, Akaike's information criterion(AICc), Bayesian information criterion(BIC) and Realtive error were used to evaluate the model fitting and forecasting effect, Finally, the optimal model was used to forecast the expected monthly incidence of tuberculosis for 2021 and 2022 to learn about the incidence trend.ResultsA total of 255,656 TB cases were registered. The reported rate of tuberculosis was highest in 2013 and lowest in 2020. The peak incidence was in March, Tongling (71.97/100,000), Chizhou (59.93/100,000), and Huainan (58.36/100,000) had the highest number of cases. The ratio of male to female incidence was 2.59:1, with the largest proportion of people being between 66 and 75 years old. The main occupation of patients was farmer. ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1)12 model was the optimal model to forecast the incidence trend of TB.ConclusionTongling, Chizhou, and Huainan should strengthen measures for TB. In particular, the government should pay more attention on elderly people to prevent tuberculosis infections. The rate of TB patient registration and reporting has decreased under the pandemic of COVID-19. The ARIMA model can be a useful tool for predicting future TB cases.

Socio-demographic and Behavioral Factors Relationship with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case-control Study

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is still a world health problem, especially in Indonesia. The prevalence of pulmonary TB has increased from 2013 to 2018. One of the factors that play a role in the spread of pulmonary TB is socio-demographic and behavioral factors. AIM: This study aims to determine the influence of behavioral and social demographics on the incidence of pulmonary TB. METHODS: The design of this study used a case-control study design to determine the relationship between socio-demographic factors and behavioral factors with the dependent variable, namely the incidence of pulmonary TB. The sample size of cases with controls is 1:1, cases consist of 60 respondents and controls 60 respondents. Data analysis using univariate, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis with alpha= 0.05. RESULTS: The socio-demographic factors associated with pulmonary TB are family income, employment status, and nutritional status. Behavioral factors that are related are knowledge, attitude, smoking, and history of contact with TB patients. The dominant factor that is most related to pulmonary TB is the behavioral factor, namely the knowledge variable p ≤ 0.001 odds ratio = 2.899 (95% CI 2.475–2.981). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that it is important to increase public knowledge about pulmonary TB with the participation of health workers and health cadres by providing information and education about the prevention of pulmonary TB in the community.

Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Heilongjiang, 2011–2020

Objective To analyze the registration status and epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Heilongjiang province from 2011 to 2020 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of pulmonary TB. Methods The data of pulmonary TB patient registration in Heilongjiang during 2011–2020 were collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The incidence of pulmonary TB during 2011–2020 was analyzed by descriptive method. Statistical analysis was conducted with Excel 2007 and SAS 9.4, and χ2 test was used to compare the rates. Results From 2011 to 2020, the reported case number and incidence of active pulmonary TB in the province decreased year by year, and the average annual decline rate was 1.59% with statistical difference（χ2=99.61, P Conclusion The reported incidence of pulmonary TB in Heilongjiang decreased in recent ten years, indicating a great achievement in pulmonary TB prevention and control. Although more obvious decline in pulmonary TB incidence has been observed since 2015, it is still high compared with other areas in China.

Eidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Inner Mongolia, 2011–2020

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in Inner Mongolia autonomous region from 2011–2020 and provide basis for formulating pulmonary TB prevention and control measures. Methods The information about the gender, age, occupation, source and treatment of the pulmonary TB patients in Inner Mongolia from 2011 to 2020 were collected from “Infectious Disease Surveillance System”. Results The average annual registration rate of pulmonary TB cases in Inner Mongolia was 47.4/100 000 (118 599/250 122 000) during 2010–2020. The annual registration rates in different leagues or cities ranged from 17.5/100 000 to 110.9/100 000, The average annual registration rate declined from 67.5/100 000 in 2011 to 35.4/100 000 in 2020. In the pulmonary TB patients, 79 090 were men, and 39 509 were women, the gender ratio was 2∶1. The cases were mainly distributed in age group 45–64 years, accounting for 39.7%. Most pulmonary TB cases were farmers, accounting for 61.6%; The pulmonary TB cases was mainly detected in outpatients, accounting for 42.5%. The initial treated patients accounted for 91.8%, and the retreated patients accounted for 8.2%. Conclusion The registration rate of pulmonary TB patients declined in Inner Mongolia during 2011–2020, and the registration rates varied obviously with areas, and prevention and control effort should be strengthened in areas with high incidence of pulmonary TB in Inner Mongolia.

Spatio-temporal distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis and influencing factors in Beijing, 2008-2018

Objective: To understand the spatiotemporal distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and influencing factors in Beijing from 2008 to 2018. Methods: The incidence data of pulmonary TB in Beijing from 2008 to 2018 were from Tuberculosis Information Management System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Software ArcGIS 10.2 was used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution of pulmonary TB incidence. Getis's Gi* statistic was applied to analyze the spatial clustering of pulmonary TB incidence at street/township scale. Bayesian spatiotemporal model was applied to analyze factors affecting its spatiotemporal distribution, including urbanization rate, GDP per capita, number of hospital beds per thousand population, permanent migrant population and population density. Results: The reported pulmonary TB incidence showed a downward trend in the past 11 years in Beijing, from 58.64/100 000 to 30.43/100 000. The incidences were higher in Tongzhou, Changping and other newly developed urban districts, with the hot spots concentrated in local areas of these districts. The incidences of pulmonary TB were lower in Dongcheng, Xicheng and other old urban districts-with the cold spots also concentrated in these area. The risk for the incidence of pulmonary TB was associated with the urbanization rate and the permanent migrant population. For every 1% increase in the urbanization rate, the relative risk of pulmonary TB would increase by 1%. For every 10 000 person increase of permanent migrant population, the relative risk of pulmonary TB would increase by 0.6%. Conclusions: In Beijing, the current pulmonary TB prevention and control needs to be focused on the newly developed urban areas. Due to the accelerated process of urbanization, it is necessary to strengthen TB prevention and control in permanent migrant population to reduce the incidence of TB in Beijing.