Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm Research Articles

Mycotic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm following total arch replacement: a case report

BackgroundAlthough the true prevalence and incidence are not clearly known, mycotic pulmonary artery aneurysm is a potentially devastating condition that leads to high mortality, over 60% if untreated. Among them, mycotic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, which occurs in relatively central areas, has rarely been reported. We report an extremely rare case of a late complication with a mycotic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, presumably due to infective endocarditis, in a 68-year-old woman 4 months after total arch replacement.Case presentationA 68-year-old woman was referred to our department for 2 weeks with fever of unknown origin. She had a history of emergency total arch replacement for an acute type A aortic dissection 4 months earlier and chronic rheumatoid arthritis on monthly subcutaneous tocilizumab treatment for several years. Blood culture was positive for Enterococcus faecalis. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 58%, severe mitral regurgitation with a 15-mm diameter vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet, and severe aortic insufficiency with string-like structures. Contrast computed tomography showed a focal saccular outpouching from the right pulmonary artery. On 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography, focal uptake of FDGs was observed along the same lesion of the pulmonary artery and ascending-arch graft. The patient eventually recovered after the surgical intervention of mitral and aortic valve replacement, re-total arch replacement, pulmonary artery repair, application of omental flap, and antibiotics without any evidence of re-infection after 1 year.ConclusionsWe report a successful surgical repair of mycotic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm 4 months after total arch replacement for acute type A aortic dissection. This report describes an effective treatment for an extremely rare postoperative condition.

Exploring Pulmonary Artery Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms: A Comprehensive Review

Exploring Pulmonary Artery Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms: A Comprehensive Review

Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm Caused by Pulmonary Mucormycosis.

Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm Caused by Pulmonary Mucormycosis.

Pulmonary Artery Embolization in the Management of Hemoptysis Related to Lung Tumors.

(1) Background: Bronchial artery embolization has been shown to be effective in the management of neoplastic hemoptysis. However, knowledge of pulmonary artery embolization is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pulmonary artery embolization in patients presenting with hemoptysis related to lung tumors. (2) Methods: This retrospective study reviewed all consecutive patients with cancer and at least one episode of hemoptysis that required pulmonary artery embolization from December 2008 to December 2020. The endpoints of the study were technical success, clinical success, recurrence of hemoptysis and complications. (3) Results: A total of 92 patients were treated with pulmonary artery embolization (63.1 years ± 9.9; 70 men). Most patients had stage III or IV advanced disease. Pulmonary artery embolization was technically successful in 82 (89%) patients and clinically successful in 77 (84%) patients. Recurrence occurred in 49% of patients. Infectious complications occurred in 15 patients (16%). The 30-day mortality rate was 31%. At 3 years, the survival rate was 3.6%. Tumor size, tumor cavitation and necrosis and pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm were significantly associated with recurrence and higher mortality. (4) Conclusions: Pulmonary artery embolization is an effective treatment to initially control hemoptysis in patients with lung carcinoma, but the recurrence rate remains high and overall survival remains poor.

Delayed diagnosis of Lemierre’s syndrome in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019: importance of comprehensive oral and neck examination – a case report

BackgroundGiven the widespread prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), oral and neck examinations tend to be avoided in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This might delay the diagnosis of conditions such as Lemierre’s syndrome, which involves symptoms resembling COVID-19-related throat manifestations.Case presentationA 24-year-old man without any underlying conditions was diagnosed with COVID-19 7 days before presentation. He was admitted to another hospital 1 day before presentation with severe COVID-19 and suspected bacterial pneumonia; accordingly, he was started on treatment with remdesivir and meropenem. Owing to bacteremic complications, the patient was transferred to our hospital for intensive care. On the sixth day, the patient experienced hemoptysis; further, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed new pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms. Successful embolization was performed to achieve hemostasis. In blood cultures conducted at the previous hospital, Fusobacterium nucleatum was isolated, suggesting a cervical origin of the infection. A neck CT scan confirmed a peritonsillar abscess and left internal jugular vein thrombus; accordingly, he was diagnosed with Lemierre’s syndrome. The treatment was switched to ampicillin/sulbactam, based on the drug susceptibility results. After 6 weeks of treatment, the patient completely recovered without complications.ConclusionThis case highlights the significance of thorough oral and neck examinations in patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 for the detection of throat and neck symptoms caused by other conditions.

Bronchial embolisation for infected pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms causing haemoptysis

To report the authors' experience of bronchial artery embolisation (BAE) in a series of patients to control haemoptysis associated with infected pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPs). All patients who underwent BAE based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) findings indicative of haemoptysis between February 2019 and September 2022 at Xiangyang Central Hospital were identified. Charts of patients with haemoptysis and infectious PAPs were reviewed retrospectively. Data were collected data on age, sex, underlying pathology, source pulmonary artery of the PAP, association with cavitary lesions or consolidation, systemic angiography findings, technical and clinical success, and follow-up. Seventeen PAPs were treated in 16 patients, with a mean age of 60.3 years (range: 37-82 years). The most common underlying cause was tuberculosis (15/16, 93.8%). Imaging by CTA did not identify the source pulmonary artery for 15 (88.2%) PAPs; all were associated with cavitary lesions or consolidation. All PAPs were visualised on systemic angiography. The technical and clinical success rates were both 87.5%. Two patients who experienced a recurrence of haemoptysis during follow-up underwent repeat CTA, which confirmed the elimination of the previous PAP. BAE may be a valuable technique to control haemoptysis associated with infectious PAPs that are visualised on systemic angiography. A possible contributing factor is PAPs arising from very small pulmonary arteries.

Endobronchial Migration of a POD Packing Coil Following Embolization of a Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm

AbstractThe authors report a case of endobronchial migration of a POD packing coil following embolization of a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in a patient with cavitary tuberculosis and its successful management by bronchoscopy-assisted removal of the coil. Coil migration may be secondary to continued cough and persistence of a bronchial to pulmonary artery fistula from tuberculous infection and inflammation.

Pulmonary vasculitis in Behçet's disease: reference atlas computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) findings and risk assessment-management proposal.

Pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAAs) are the most well-defined type of pulmonary vascular complication in Behçet's disease (BD).The aim of this study is to analyze which CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) signs are associated with serious morbidity and mortality. The study included 42 BD patients with pulmonary vascular complications. All patients' medical records were reviewed retrospectively in terms of demographics, disease characteristics, laboratory investigations, pulmonary manifestations, arterial and/or venous thrombosis and CTPA vascular and parenchymal findings. Deep venous thrombosis was observed in 31(73.8%) patients, arterial thrombosis in 13(31%), peripheral arterial aneurysms in 12(286%), haemoptysis in 38 (90.5%), and fatal haemoptysis in 8(19 %) patients. CTPA revealed: in situ thrombosis in 14(33.3%) patients, true stable PAAs in 13(31), true unstable PAAs in 11(26.2%), stable pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPs) in 7(16.7%), unstable PAPs in 17(40.5%), the latter were associated with perianeurysmal leaking in 26(61.9%) and bronchial indentation in 19(45.2%).In regression analysis, fatal outcomes were associated with age in years (p=0.035), arterial thrombosis (p=0.025), peripheral arterial aneurysms (p=0.010), intracardiac thrombosis (p=0.026) and positively associated with haemoptysis severity (p<0.001). Peripheral arterial thrombosis and/or aneurysms, intracardiac thrombosis and haemoptysis severity are predictor of fatal outcomes in BD pulmonary vasculitis. PAPs with perianeurysmal alveolar haemorrhage and/or bronchial indentation are serious CTPA signs that require prompt identification and aggressive treatment. PAPs are a more serious aneurysmal pattern than true PAAs because they are a contained rupture of a PA branch in the context of pulmonary vasculitis.

Percutaneous treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm

Percutaneous treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm

Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm as a Complication of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy.

"Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm as a Complication of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPs) in Hughes-Stovin syndrome (HSS) as an emerging concept for a potentially fatal course

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPs) in Hughes-Stovin syndrome (HSS) as an emerging concept for a potentially fatal course

Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysms Embolization: Bicentric Experience and Review of the Literature.

The purpose of this bicentric case series was to report the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcome of transcatheter embolization in pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPAs). Between January 2016 and June 2021, eight patients with PAPA were subjected to transcatheter embolization. The total number of patients was eight, of which five were female, with a mean age of 62 ± 14 years (average ± standard deviation). Etiology was traumatic in 2/8 cases and iatrogenic in 6/8 cases (after positioning a Swan-Ganz catheter in 5/6 cases and a temporary pacemaker in the latter case). In a single case, the PAPA was incidentally discovered during a routine X-ray, in the remaining 7 cases, the procedure was performed in emergency settings. PAPA embolization was performed using detachable coils alone in 3 cases; coils and glue in 1 case; coils, glue, and vascular plug in 1 case; coils and non-adhesive liquid embolic agents (Onyx and Squid respectively) in 2 cases; and non-adhesive liquid embolic agent alone (Onyx) in 1 case. No peri-procedural or post-procedural complications were recorded. Both the technical and clinical success rates were 100.0%. In conclusion, endovascular embolization is a technically feasible and safe therapeutic option for patients with PAPAs.

Percutaneous microwave ablation-induced pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm: a case description and literature analysis.

Percutaneous microwave ablation-induced pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm: a case description and literature analysis.

Coil embolization of a pulmonary artery-bronchial fistula associated with intra parenchymal pseudoaneurysm, endovascular approach, and bronchoscopy monitoring – A case report

A 62-year-old man with a heavy background of the right upper lobe squamous cell carcinoma was admitted with massive hemoptysis. Computerized tomography (CT) showed a large right upper lobe lesion with infiltration of mediastinum and airways. A right pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm slightly bulging into the right main bronchus was seen, suspicious for a pulmonary artery bronchial fistula. A combined endotracheal and angiographic approach was done. The right pulmonary artery angiogram showed a now occluded neck to the pseudoaneurysm which was selectively cannulated. Framing and packing coils were deployed. Contrast was endoscopically noted without bronchial bleeding. As the coils were entering the lung parenchyma, packing back to the neck was done carefully. No new bleeding was noted. A bronchial stent was inserted 6 weeks later and one coil protruding into the bronchus was seen. A 3 month CT follow-up did not show any residual pseudoaneurysm. Patient died 3 months after initial procedure of his progressive illness. Only three cases of endovascular management of bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula reported with different techniques including pulmonary artery stenting. Our case is the only one reported treated with only coil embolization. Limited data are available regarding the risk of pulmonary embolism after stenting. Anticoagulation required after stenting increases the risk of bleeding in patients with severe hemoptysis. Management with coils only facilitates further management. This preserves pulmonary circulation in patients with already compromised respiratory function. Coil only embolization of uncommon pulmonary artery bronchial fistula is feasible and facilitates further management as it does not require anticoagulation in patient with recurrent bleeding.

THE ROLE OF CHEST CT ANGIOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL AND ROAD MAP FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RASMUSSEN’S ANEURYSM: A CASE REPORT

Rasmussen’s aneurysm is a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, secondary to the invasion of granular tissues to the pulmonary artery wall, causing massive hemoptysis. A 39-year-old male, with a history of pulmonary TB presented with massive hemoptysis, persistent cough, and dyspnea. Chest X-ray and Chest CT depicted active pulmonary tuberculosis and a co-infection with aspergillosis in the form of aspergilloma. Chest CT angiography (CTA) showed narrow-necked Rasmussen’s aneurysm with the feeding artery coming from the pulmonary artery of the apicoposterior segment and the systemic artery from the left thyrocervical trunk branch and left bronchial artery. Fluoroscopy-guided transarterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gel foam was performed from the left bronchial artery and thyrocervical trunk branch followed by transcatheter embolization with glue insertion via the pulmonary artery in the aneurysmal site. After the procedures the embolic agent completely filled the aneurysm and there were no complaints of hemoptysis during the follow-up. Appropriate chest CT angiography procedures can help diagnose Rasmussen’s aneurysm and become a road map for embolization. Transarterial catheter embolization from bronchial or non-bronchial systemic artery and pulmonary artery can be used as the treatment modality of choice for Rasmussen’s aneurysm in pulmonary tuberculosis with aspergillosis co-infection in the form of aspergilloma.

Ruptured pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm treated with stent graft: case report and literature review

BackgroundHemoptysis is a severe condition, associated with a high mortality rate from asphyxiation. Less than 5% of cases come from the pulmonary arterial circulation and large pseudoaneurysm are rarely treatable by stent graft.Case presentationWe present the case of a 74-year-old man who suffered from a new onset of hemoptysis despite a prior bronchial artery embolization. He underwent a rescue endovascular stent graft placement for a massive hemoptysis caused by a ruptured proximal pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm. A short review of similar situations is provided.ConclusionSalvage endovascular stent graft placement for a massive hemoptysis caused by a ruptured proximal pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm is a viable salvage technique for life-threatening hemoptysis.

Massive hemoptysis due to Aspergillus-related pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia

Massive hemoptysis due to Aspergillus-related pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia

Infectious Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm That Resolved with Conservative Treatment

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms (PAPs) are rare but can cause massive hemoptysis if they rupture. Infectious PAPs are often treated by surgery or transcatheter embolization and are rarely treated conservatively with antibiotics. We herein report a case of PAP treated conservatively in a 21-year-old woman with lung abscess. Except for one massive hemoptysis early in the course, the patient responded well to the empirical therapy with ampicillin/sulbactam and systemic hemostatic agents. After six weeks of antibiotics, the pseudoaneurysm disappeared. Conservative therapy with careful observation can be considered in small infectious PAPs when there is a good clinical response to initial conservative therapy.

WITHDRAWN

SESSION TITLE: COVID-19 Co-Infections SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: PAP is a rare entity that can occur secondary to infection, malignancy, or trauma. Mucormycosis in the setting of Covid-19 pneumonia has been increasingly recognized but PAP has only recently been reported in this setting. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44 year-old man with type 2 diabetes, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypothyroidism, and ulcerative colitis presented with dyspnea and cough in July 2021. He was diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia and initially treated with molnupiravir. Eight days later he presented to the emergency room with worsening dyspnea, hypoxemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. He required 3L of oxygen and was intubated for airway protection. CT chest revealed mild bilateral patchy opacities and dexamethasone was started. Unfortunately, persistent fevers and worsening respiratory status ensued and repeat chest CT on hospital day (HD) 8 showed a new large left upper lobe (LUL) cavitary lesion. Cultures ultimately grew Rhizopus microsporus and he was started on amphotericin then isavuconazole after acute kidney injury developed. Dexamethasone was discontinued and interval imaging after ten days showed dramatic growth of the cavitary lesion (9 x 6 x 3 cm) with new extension through the chest wall, infiltrating the intercostal spaces and pectoralis muscle. Due to ventilator dependency a tracheostomy was performed on HD 24. Despite anti-fungal therapy the cavitary lesion persisted, with evidence of osseous destruction of the third and fourth ribs, as well as new fluid collections within the cavity and hilar extension. On HD 46 he was transferred to our institution for Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Radiology (IR) evaluations. Percutaneous drain placement followed by pneumonectomy vs. staged cavernostomy was considered; however, on HD 50, the patient suddenly developed massive hemoptysis. CTA of the chest showed a 1.6 x 1.5 cm PAP with active hemorrhage from the LUL anterior segmental artery with dispersion into the cavity. Urgent coil and glue embolization was successfully performed by IR. Ultimately, thoracic surgical intervention was deemed too high risk and thus he was medically managed with a regimen of isavuconazole, amphotericin, and terbinafine. Hemoptysis did not recur and he was eventually discharged from the hospital and liberated from both mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy. Chest CT 6 months from the initial diagnosis has shown stable to mildly decreased size of the cavitary lesion. DISCUSSION: This is the first case to our knowledge of PAP as a complication of Covid-19 and Mucor superinfection in the United States. Five cases of this combination have been recently reported in other countries. Risk factors for Mucor infection after Covid appear to be uncontrolled diabetes, DKA, and steroid administration. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with these risk factors, as PAP can present as massive hemoptysis and is often fatal. Reference #1: Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries [ 2022 Jan 25]. Lancet Microbe. 2022;10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8 Reference #2: Pruthi H, Muthu V, Bhujade H, et al. Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm in COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Mucormycosis: Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature. Mycopathologia. 2022;187(1):31-37. doi:10.1007/s11046-021-00610-9 Reference #3: Coffey MJ, Fantone J 3rd, Stirling MC, Lynch JP 3rd. Pseudoaneurysm of pulmonary artery in mucormycosis. Radiographic characteristics and management. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(6):1487-1490. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1487 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Kevin Patel No relevant relationships by Clifford Sung

P398 COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: Species distribution and susceptibility profiles

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Aspergillus species isolated from patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe COVID-19 in Isfahan, Iran, between April 2021 and March 2022.MethodsThis retrospective study included intubated patients with COVID-19 in three referral COVID-19 hospitals. Tracheal aspirate (TA) samples were taken from 267 patients to investigate pulmonary co-infections. COVID-19-associated aspergillosis (CAPA) was defined according to the 2020 European Confederation of Medical Mycology/International Society of Human and Animal Mycosis consensus criteria. Aspergillus species obtained from samples were characterized based on conventional and molecular assays. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on the obtained isolates according to the guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 61.73 ± 12.69 years. The mean length of hospitalization and admission in ICU were 18.77 ± 12.94 and 13.51 ± 9.83 days, respectively. A total of 61 (22.9%) patients presented with a single cavity lesion. Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm was seen in seven patients and post-COVID-19 changes were seen in all patients. Based on the conventional and molecular techniques, 72 isolates of Aspergillus species (26.9%), including A. flavus (10.1%%), A. fumigatus (8.6%%), A. niger (3.3%), A. tubingensis (2.9%), A. terreus (1.1%), A. luchuensis (0.37%) A. quadrillineatus, and (0.37%), were obtained from 267 patients. MIC results showed that all Aspergillus species were susceptible to all tested antifungal drugs.ConclusionAccess to priority clinical groups, improving the care of patients with simultaneous pulmonary aspergillosis with COVID-19, and identifying Aspergillus species are essential steps in the care cascade to manage those affected by them.