Pulling Effect Research Articles

Effects of TMIn Flow Rate During Quantum Barrier Growth on Multi-quantum Well Material Properties and Device Performance in GaN-Based Laser Diodes

Abstract Multidimensional influence of indium composition in barrier layers on GaN-based blue laser diodes (LDs) are discussed through both material quality and device physics perspectives. LDs with higher indium content in the barriers demonstrate a notably lower threshold current and shorter lasing wavelength compared to those with lower indium content. Our experiments reveal that higher indium content in the barrier layers can partially reduce indium composition in the quantum wells, a novel discovery. Employing higher indium content barrier layers leads to improved luminescence properties of MQW region. Detailed analysis reveals that this improvement can be attributed to better homogeneity in the indium composition of the well layers along the epitaxy direction. InGaN barrier layers suppressed lattice mismatch between barrier and well layers, thus mitigating the indium content pulling effect in well layers. In supplement to experimental analysis, theoretical computations are performed, showing that InGaN barrier structures can effectively enhance carrier recombination efficiency and optical confinement of LD structure, thus improving output efficiency of GaN-based blue LDs. Combining these theoretical insights with our experimental data, we propose that higher indium content barriers effectively enhance carrier recombination efficiency and indium content homogeneity in quantum well layers, thereby improving the output performance of GaN-based blue LDs.

Spread efficiency of energy demand in the industrial chain: a perspective from economic distance

This paper investigates the spread efficiency of energy demand in the industrial chain based on the input-output method. The concept of intersectoral economic distance and spread efficiency was introduced to formulate the energy demand spread functions. Then, an empirical study was conducted based on China's 2017 input-output data and nearly 3,500 companies were listed in the Chinese A-share market. The results show that the sectoral average spread time is 32.75 days. Manufacturing plays a central role in the spread of energy demand. In the short term, the logistics sector has the greatest pulling effect on energy demand, while the electric power sector has the greatest impact on energy demand in the long term. Energy demand caused by exports is greater than consumption and investment. Finally, sectoral economic distances and actual spread functions for 9 main energy sources are provided to help us better predict energy demand.

What Leads to Voting Despite Intention to Abstain?: Emotions, Turnout, and Negative Campaigns in Turkish Elections

Abstract This article sheds light on the factors that pave the way from voter abstention to voter turnout based on extensive research of tweets on national and local elections in Turkey. We find that the negative campaign strategy of the incumbent and the fact that the campaigning process has taken place on a very uneven playing field have triggered a set of emotions, primarily moral outrage and anger among the electorate, which have the power to change voting patterns in a significant way. The effect of negative campaigning on expressive voting was further enhanced by the pulling effect of the candidates and their public supporters and endorsements. We found that other, competing explanations of political outcomes are secondary to the mechanisms above.

Impact of polarization pulling on optimal spectrometer design for stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopy.

Brillouin spectroscopy has become an important tool for mapping the mechanical properties of biological samples. Recently, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) measurements have emerged in this field as a promising technology for lower noise and higher speed measurements. However, further improvements are fundamentally limited by constraints on the optical power level that can be used in biological samples, which effectively caps the gain and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SBS biological measurements. This limitation is compounded by practical limits on the optical probe power due to detector saturation thresholds. As a result, SBS-based measurements in biological samples have provided minimal improvements (in noise and imaging speed) compared with spontaneous Brillouin microscopy, despite the potential advantages of the nonlinear scattering process. Here, we consider how a SBS spectrometer can circumvent this fundamental trade-off in the low-gain regime by leveraging the polarization dependence of the SBS interaction to effectively filter the signal from the background light via the polarization pulling effect. We present an analytic model of the polarization pulling detection scheme and describe the trade-space unique to Brillouin microscopy applications. We show that an optimized receiver design could provide >25× improvement in SNR compared to a standard SBS receiver in most typical experimental conditions. We then experimentally validate this model using optical fiber as a simplified test bed. With our experimental parameters, we find that the polarization pulling scheme provides 100× higher SNR than a standard SBS receiver, enabling 100× faster measurements in the low-gain regime. Finally, we discuss the potential for this proposed spectrometer design to benefit low-gain spectroscopy applications such as Brillouin microscopy by enabling pixel dwell times as short as 10 μs.

Catalytic performance of Cs-V-based non-noble soot oxidation catalyst used for DPF and its enhancement by cerium addition

Non-noble metal catalysts have great potential for controlling soot emissions due to their effective oxidation properties and low cost. This study investigated the characteristics of Cs-V-based non-noble metal soot catalyst and Ce doping enhancement effect through comprehensive characterization of physicochemical properties, catalytic activity evaluation, and density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations. The results demonstrate that Ce doping improves the degree of surface particle aggregation and the spatial distribution morphology of Cs-V-based catalyst, with a 36.7 % increase in the specific surface area. Additionally, Ce doping enhances the probability of oxygen adsorption and dissociation activation on the Cs-V-based catalyst, accelerating the soot-oxidation process, improving the soot-oxidation activity, with a decrease in the characteristic temperature T10 (temperature at 10 % conversion rate of soot) from 349.7 ℃ to 281.1 ℃, and decreases the activation energy for soot-oxidation to 5.8 kJ/mol. DFT calculations reveal that Ce doping strengthens the pulling effect of interatomic chemical bonds, facilitating the removal of oxygen atoms and dissociated reactive oxygen (Oasd), resulting in an increase in the adsorption energy of C4 molecules and a shorter bond length between C4 molecules and the catalytic surface, facilitating the desorption of post-oxidation soot products.

Microscopy studies of InGaN MQWs overgrown on porosified InGaN superlattice pseudo-substrates

In this study, possible origins of small V-pits observed in multiple quantum wells (MQWs) overgrown on as-grown and porosified InGaN superlattice (SL) pseudo-substrates have been investigated. Various cross-sectional transmission microscopy techniques revealed that some of the small V-pits arise from the intersection of threading defects with the sample surface, either as part of dislocation loops or trench defects. Some small V-pits without threading defects are also observed. Energy dispersive x-ray study indicates that the Indium content in the MQWs increases with the averaged porosity of the underlying template, which may either be attributed to a reduced compositional pulling effect or the low thermal conductivity of the porous layer. Furthermore, the porous structure inhibits the glide or extension of the misfit dislocations (MD) within the InGaN SL. The extra strain induced by the higher Indium content and the hindered movement of the MDs combined may explain the observed additional small V-pits present on the MQWs overgrown on the more relaxed templates.

Exploring Nonlinear Linkage between Corporate Financialization and Innovative Efficiency: Identification and Governance of Excessive Financialization*

AbstractThis paper investigates the underlying causes of the nonlinear link between financial asset holdings and innovative efficiency. It identifies an inverted U‐shaped pattern linking corporate financialization to innovation, with financing restrictions, agency costs, and business risk serving as some of the relationship's partial mediating factors. By categorizing financial assets into short‐term monetary and long‐term nonmonetary types, it reveals heterogeneous effects on innovative efficiency, suggesting that the impact is not solely crowding out or a pulling effect but varies based on asset type and proportion. Additionally, it argues for continual adjustment of proper corporate financialization levels based on firm‐specific factors and changing external conditions. Notably, excessive financialization appears less prevalent among Chinese firms, with internal governance and external environmental enhancements recommended to optimize financialization for innovation.

Comparison and Experimental Study of Cotton Stalk Extraction via Nip Roller Based on Nip Motion Trajectory Equation

In the field of straw recycling, a cotton straw-harvesting mechanism is an important piece of agricultural equipment. The mechanistic analysis method of the harvesting mechanism is a major focus of research and development in this field. Currently, in the mechanistic analysis of the cotton straw recycling mechanism, the kinematic and mechanical analysis of the recycling mechanism is generally the main focus. There is not a lot of research based on the quantitative analysis between different recycling mechanisms. In this study, a clamped cotton straw pulling mechanism is optimized and designed, and two different pulling structures are designed. In addition, a two-dimensional modeling and analysis method is used to establish the two-dimensional equations of motion of the two pulling mechanisms, analyze the leakage and breakage rates of the two clamping structures, predict the final pulling effect, and verify the results of the field tests. According to the analysis, the belt-clamping side has more uniform clamping stress and a larger clamping contact area than the chain-clamping side, and the tangential stress on cotton straw is smaller. Based on the field-test verification, the band-clamping side had a higher pulling net rate by an average of 19.32% and a lower missed pulling rate by an average of 6.01% than the chain-clamping side. Therefore, it was determined that the main reason for the lower pulling net rate of the chain-gripped side than that of the belt-gripped side was the higher pulling breakage rate, and the secondary reason was the high leakage pulling rate. Thus, the feasibility and accuracy of the analytical method of this study are verified.

Quality of life and regional economic development: Evidence from China.

With the development of China's economy entering a new stage, the quality of life, which centers on the well-being of residents, provides an essential hand in promoting the transformation of the regional economy from high-speed development to high-quality development. Based on a panel threshold regression model, we examine in this paper whether quality of life helps regional economies realize developmental convergence. The research shows that: (1) The quality of life overall can promote regional economic development and passes the series test with relatively robust results. (2) The quality of life has a non-linear effect on regional economic growth, which is mainly manifested in the fact that the impact is more significant in regions with higher levels of quality of life and weaker in regions with lagging quality of life and may widen the gap between regions at the same time. (3) We categorize the study regions to test further regional heterogeneity based on regional location and development status. At the Quality of Life Level-I regions, their influence on economic development has a more substantial pulling effect. Therefore, each region should seize the strategic opportunity to improve the quality of life, focus on the balanced development of the quality of life, strengthen policy support and social security, and strive to promote the coordinated development of China's regional economy.

Unpacking energy consumption in China's urbanization: Industry development, population growth, and spatial expansion

Urbanization is not only a process of population transfer, but also a process of coordination and adaptation among population, space and industries, which can trigger multiple effects on energy consumption (EC). This study analyzed EC changes in China using a modified LMDI model. Most literatures indicated the industry production consumes amount of EC, but this paper unpacked the influencing factors in details, found that urbanization has a greater pulling effect on EC of production side over life side. Household consumption drives EC increase in production. The convergence of urban and rural consumption behaviors stimulates EC in daily life. Unreasonable land use intensifies EC, while population agglomeration affects EC fluctuation negatively. Upgrading industries and technology alleviate EC, and the consumption inhibiting effect has an inverted U-shaped effect. Hence, improving residents' consumption habits and optimizing spatial resource allocation are crucial for reducing EC while industrial development faces bottlenecks.

Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the Decadal Variability of the Upper Subtropical‐Tropical Atlantic Ocean

AbstractIn the northeastern tropical Atlantic, a region of high potential vorticity (PV) determines the size of the exchange window for the interior thermocline flow of the subtropical cell via its variations in strength and extent. Variability of this PV barrier has the potential to impact the ventilation of the tropical Atlantic on decadal timescales. Here, the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the PV barrier related to isopycnals within the thermocline of the subtropical‐tropical Atlantic Ocean is assessed from Argo observations for the time period of 2006–2022. Relative to the negative NAO phase (2009–2010), during the positive NAO phase (2014–2019), the North Atlantic subtropical high and the northeast trades are intensified. Satellite‐derived wind stress curl shows increased upwelling/downwelling on the equatorward/poleward side of the trade wind zone, respectively. In the subtropical‐tropical Atlantic, a symmetric pattern of isopycnal heave is observed: rising isopycnals within 20°N and 20°S and sinking poleward of that. With rising isopycnals, the PV barrier in the northeastern tropical Atlantic becomes stronger. Analyses of geostrophic velocities and the Sverdrup streamfunction show that during the positive NAO phase there are increased equatorward velocities at thermocline level along the western boundary and reduced velocities through the interior as a result of intensified northeast trades and therefore a strengthened PV barrier. Intensified trades lead to enhanced subduction of thermocline waters and, independent of that, to a strengthened Equatorial Undercurrent transport as observed at the mooring site at 0°, 23°W, likely via the pulling effect of the subtropical cells.

Abstract 4269: Effect of PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene on cell-extracellular matrix interaction of Rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma, categorized by two subtypes, fusion protein-positive (FPRMS) and negative (FNRMS), based on the existence of PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene (P3F). Different features between the two subtypes could guide the use of distinct treatment approaches. We discovered that FNRMS exhibited enrichment of gene sets related to cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction than FPRMS. ECM, providing physical support as a scaffold, regulates cancer development. We hypothesize that a distinct molecular feature, P3F, may cause the difference in cell-ECM interaction between FPRMS and FNRMS. Methods To confirm the higher cell-ECM interaction of FNRMS vs. FPRMS, we used confocal reflection microscopy (CRM), enabling us to monitor the fibrous structures of ECM. We generated the spheroids with FNRMS and FPRMS cell lines by hanging drop method and embedded them into collagen type I. Then, we assessed orientation and dynamic changes in the structure of collagen fibers surrounding spheroids. Also, we analyze the transcriptome of FPRMS cells with P3F knockdown to confirm if P3F regulates cell-ECM interaction negatively via RNA seq. Additionally, we examined ECM surrounding spheroids of P3F knockdown FPRMS cells if P3F modulates fibrous structures of ECM, indicating cell-ECM interaction. Results We showed that collagen fibers are oriented more perpendicular to the FNRMS spheroid surface, indicating the strong pulling and pushing effect of cells. However, fibers surrounding FPRMS spheroids showed parallel alignment to their surfaces, reflecting passively pushed by the spheroids. Additionally, fibers near FNRMS spheroids showed greater displacement than those near FNRMS spheroids, which suggests stronger cell-ECM interaction in FNRMS than in FPRMS. Furthermore, P3F knockdown FPRMS cells exhibited significant enrichment of gene sets related to cell-ECM interaction. Their CRM results showed that collagen fiber orientation was significantly perpendicular to the surfaces of spheroids of P3F knockdown FPRMS cells than those of control cells. P3F knockdown cell spheroids also displayed enhanced displacement of ECM fibers than control cells. These results suggest that P3F suppresses cell-ECM interaction, consistent with higher cell-ECM interaction of FNRMS than FPRMS. Conclusions The PAX3-FOXO1 gene may regulate cell-ECM interaction negatively, causing distinct features between FPRMS and FNRMS, which is crucial for various cellular functions and suggest different treatment between the two RMS subtypes. Citation Format: Chandra Kaladhar Vemula, Ivan Chavez, Anthony Chronopoulos, Jinseok Park. Effect of PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene on cell-extracellular matrix interaction of Rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4269.

Experimental investigation of SRS polarization pulling in depleted pump regime for various pump SOPs

This article presents an experimental investigation of polarization pulling based on stimulated Raman scattering induced by a continuous, fully polarized pump wave in an optical fibre. By means of probe wave states of polarization aggregation, degree of polarization and gain analysis, an assessment of all-optical polarization control, repolarization and amplification in a standard single mode fibre in depleted pump regime is presented. Polarization pulling is proved to be dependent on fibre length, pump power, and pump state of polarization, with respect to pump depletion effect, acting oppositely to the polarization pulling effect. Authors evaluate results aiming to obtain a configuration of stimulated Raman scattering parameters, which allows for the most effective polarization pulling, with respect to statistical stability of the process measured by standard deviation of polarization degree and polarization-dependent gain of the probe wave. The highest polarization attraction efficiency was obtained for 15 km, 0.97 W and the horizontal polarization state of the pump wave.

Langevin dynamics simulations for the critical adsorption of end-grafted active polymers.

The critical adsorption of end-grafted active polymer chains on an attractive surface is studied using Langevin dynamics simulations. The active polymers are composed of an active Langevin particle located at the head and a sequential passive chain. Results show that the active force exerted by the active head pulls the active polymer away from the surface. Consequently, the adsorption of the active polymer is hindered, and the critical surface attraction strength, , increases proportionally to the square of the active force, Fa2. The increase in depends on the rotation behavior of the active head. Specifically, for the restricted rotating active polymer (RRAP) chain with a longer rotational persistence time as the rotation of the active head is restricted, increases significantly with Fa. On the other hand, for the freely rotating active polymer (FRAP) chain with a shorter rotational persistence time as the rotation of the active head is free, shows a weak dependence on Fa. The results show that the active force has a significantly stronger pulling effect on the RRAP chain than on the FRAP chain. Furthermore, knotted conformations are observed for the adsorbed RRAP chain at large Fa. These knots reduce the adsorption of monomers near the grafted end. In contrast, no knotted conformations are observed for the FRAP chains due to the comparatively weaker pulling effect of the active force.

Using low-temperature growth to resolve the composition pulling effect of UV-C LEDs

One approach to improving the output power of ultraviolet (UV-C) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is to adopt an electron-blocking layer (EBL) with a high barrier. However, the intended effect may not be realized because of the composition pulling effect, which is the unintended occurrence of a gradient layer at an AlGaN/AlGaN hetero-interface with substantial differences in the Al composition. Here, we demonstrate that low-temperature growth (i.e., <1000 °C) can be used to control the unintentional gradient layer at an AlN/AlGaN hetero-interface between a barrier layer and AlN-EBL with a difference in Al compositions of more than 30%. LEDs with an emission wavelength of 265 nm were fabricated, and an AlN-EBL was grown at low temperature to realize an abrupt interface. At an applied current of 100 mA, growing the EBL under low-temperature conditions improved the forward voltage by 0.5 V and remarkably improved the peak luminous intensity by 1.4–1.6 times. Our results can be used to realize UV-C LEDs with a steep EBL and further improve their device characteristics.

Dynamic Interplay Between Kerr Combs and Brillouin Lasing in Fiber Cavities

AbstractHighly coherent frequency combs are of crucial importance for optical synthesis and metrology, spectroscopy, laser ranging, and optical communications. Kerr combs, generated via cascaded nonlinear frequency conversion in a passive optical cavity, typically offer high repetition rates, which is essential for some of these applications. Recently, new ways of generating Kerr combs combining Kerr and Brillouin effects have emerged with the aim of improving some performances, especially in the fiber cavity platform. Direct coherent pumping is replaced by lasing on specific cavity modes, offering easily adjustable repetition rates, and enhanced coherence by Brillouin purification. In this study, such a scheme is implemented and investigated in a non‐reciprocal cavity. Highly coherent combs are demonstrated by finely controlling bi‐chromatic Brillouin lasing and the Kerr comb parameters. A suitable numerical model is introduced to account for the interplay between Brillouin scattering, Kerr effect, and cavity resonant feedback. Quantitative agreements with experiments reveal the importance of the pump lasers detuning in setting the comb's properties, through the mode pulling effect. This phenomenon, along with multi‐mode lasing that impedes the coherence, is not studied in previous fiber‐based demonstrations. These limitations are discussed, and several scaling laws are devised.

The impact of digital inclusive finance on the growth of the renewable energy industry: Theoretical and logical Chinese experience

The development of renewable energy is the key to tackling climate changes and ensuring energy security. Meanwhile, the process is usually associated with a huge investment and financing gap, especially for transitional countries like China. Hence, developing and innovating the traditional financial system is urgent. However, existing studies have mainly focused on traditional financial perspectives, and few papers have critically examined how digital financial inclusion affects the growth of renewable energy industries. To this end, using Chinese provincial data from 2011 to 2020 and applying Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method, this study explores the effect of financial inclusion on renewable energy and its underlying mechanisms from the production and consumption perspectives. It is found that the impact of financial inclusion on the production side of the renewable energy industry is significantly better than on the consumption side, and there is heterogeneity effect in different energy resource varieties, different regional locations, and different financial regulation intensities. The financial inclusion on renewable energy has a significant pulling effect in photovoltaic and wind provinces, but not in large hydropower provinces. Then, its driving effect is particularly pronounced in the northern region. Nonetheless, it is not significant for renewable energy consumption in the southern region. Besides, this positive effect cannot be achieved without stronger financial regulation. The mechanism of action assessment finds that optimizes the consumption pattern, increase the competition of commercial banks, and improve technological innovation all contribute to the positive effect whereas, FDI shows the negative effect. This study provides new evidence on China's achievement of the energy transition, suggesting the need to further improve incentives for FDI firms and to strengthen consumption-side guidance.

Can green investment improve China’s regional energy consumption structure? novel findings and implications from sustainable energy systems perspective

Green investment can promote the low-carbon development of energy consumption structure in direct and indirect ways through financial support for new energy industry and pulling effect on environmental protection industry, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of economy and society. Through empirical analysis of the panel data of provinces and municipalities in China, this paper finds that the impact of green investment on the energy consumption structure is highly differentiated between regions: the development of green investment in the eastern region will inhibit the increase of the proportion of coal and other polluting energy sources in the energy consumption structure, which will help the energy consumption structure tend to develop in a decarbonized way; in the central region, the impact of green investment on the energy consumption structure is insignificant; and in the western region, green investment instead promotes the development of the energy consumption structure in a decarbonized way. In the western region, green investment instead promotes the proportion of coal and other polluting energy in the energy consumption structure. The main reason for this is that there are big differences in the level of economic development, characteristics of industrial structure, population size and technological level between the East, the Middle East and the West. It is an important measure to strengthen green investment and improve energy consumption structure to dynamically adjust green development goals, strengthen financial support for energy conservation and environmental protection industries, and narrow the regional development gap in all directions.

Research on the current situation and development countermeasures of Chinese sports industry companies in the context of big data

Abstract To solve various problems in the development of the sports industry and enhance the pulling effect of the sports industry on the national economy. This paper first analyzes the development scale, the number of institutions and the number of people in China’s sports industry at present through sports industry-related indicators. It further constructs an index system to evaluate the comprehensive strength of the regional sports industry. Secondly, the factors affecting the spatial differences in the comprehensive strength of the sports industry are studied, and the spatial effect test and industrial network centrality analysis are conducted. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) power-driven model was further established for empirical analysis. Finally, the estimated parameters of the model were spatially visualized, and the influence of each influencing factor on the comprehensive strength of the local sports industry was analyzed in depth. The results show that the adjusted goodness-of-fit of the GWR model proposed in this paper is 0.8929, which is closer to 1 than 0.8073 of the OLS regression model, indicating that the GWR model has a better fit. Meanwhile, the AICc value of the GWR model is 5.4177, which is also smaller than that of the OLS regression model. The GWR model has a significant positive contribution to the development of the sports industry in each region in terms of the explanatory variables proposed government input, scientific and technological innovation and talent pool, which are all important to enhance the economic benefits of the sports industry in each region.

Non-Buffer Epi-AlGaN/GaN on SiC for High-Performance Depletion-Mode MIS-HEMTs Fabrication.

A systematic study of epi-AlGaN/GaN on a SiC substrate was conducted through a comprehensive analysis of material properties and device performance. In this novel epitaxial design, an AlGaN/GaN channel layer was grown directly on the AlN nucleation layer, without the conventional doped thick buffer layer. Compared to the conventional epi-structures on the SiC and Si substrates, the non-buffer epi-AlGaN/GaN structure had a better crystalline quality and surface morphology, with reliable control of growth stress. Hall measurements showed that the novel structure exhibited comparable transport properties to the conventional epi-structure on the SiC substrate, regardless of the buffer layer. Furthermore, almost unchanged carrier distribution from room temperature to 150 °C indicated excellent two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confinement due to the pulling effect of the conduction band from the nucleation layer as a back-barrier. High-performance depletion-mode MIS-HEMTs were demonstrated with on-resistance of 5.84 Ω·mm and an output current of 1002 mA/mm. The dynamic characteristics showed a much smaller decrease in the saturation current (only ~7%), with a quiescent drain bias of 40 V, which was strong evidence of less electron trapping owing to the high-quality non-buffer AlGaN/GaN epitaxial growth.