Pulley Diameter Research Articles

Analisis Variasi Perbandingan Diameter Pulley terhadap Efisiensi pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (Pltmh) dengan Turbin Archimedes Screw

Renewable Energy Sources (NRE) must be used properly, as an effort to reduce the energy crisis and the impact of pollution. One of them is by developing Micro Hydro Power Plants (PLTMH). The type of turbine that has the potential to make PLTMH on rivers in Indonesia is a screw turbine. The purpose of this study is to find out the performance of PLTMH with a screw turbine using variations in pulley diameter ratios, namely 1:1, 3:2, 2:1, and 3:1. The results of this study show that the ratio of pulley diameter affects the performance of PLTMH in generating electrical power. The results obtained by the diameter ratio of 2:1 get maximum performance on each load on the generator with the generator power produced. The lowest results were obtained at a 1:1 diameter ratio variation on each load on the generator.

The Effect Of Use Of Roler Size And CVT Spring Variations On Engine Performance

The rollers regulate the pulley diameter based on engine speed, and acceleration can be increased by sliding rollers. This research tested torque and fuel consumption (SFC) between sliding rollers and CVT spring variations. The sliding rollers were tested at 10g, 13g and 16g, while the CVT springs were tested at 800 rpm, 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm. The test method uses full throttle opening, with data analyzed using Excel, ANOVA and Minitab. The independent variables are the sliding roller and CVT spring variations, while the fixed variable is 92 Octane fuel. The results of the research are 10g Roller: Highest torque 8.16 Nm at 6000 rpm, lowest 4.09 Nm at 9000 rpm, highest fuel consumption 0, 1256 kg/HP/hour at 9000 rpm, lowest 0.0807 kg/HP/hour at 6500 rpm. Roller 13g: Highest torque 8.77 Nm at 6500 rpm, lowest 4.52 Nm at 9000 rpm, highest fuel consumption 0.1249 kg/HP/hour at 9000 rpm, lowest 0.0804 kg/HP/hour at 5500 rpm . Roller 16g: Highest torque 8.55 Nm at 7500 rpm, lowest 5.40 Nm at 5000 rpm, highest fuel consumption 0.1225 kg/HP/hour at 9000 rpm, lowest 0.0807 kg/HP/hour at 6500 rpm .

Perancangan Mesin Perajang Bawang dengan Model Pemotongan Horisontal Puli Engkol

Community Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in advancing the Indonesian economy. One of them is MSME UD. NATURAL FOOD which operates in the field of processing various types of onions. After observations, there are deficiencies in the onion chopping machines currently in use which cannot produce premium grade processed onions. The solution to this problem is to create a Transmission Design and Premium Horizontal Shallot Chopper Blade with an Output Capacity of 15 Kg Per Hour. It is hoped that this tool can help produce quality fried shallots. The method used in design is a design method that begins with observation and literature study, then continues with the planning stage including (planning the transmission system and chopper system). The results obtained in designing this machine show the size of the machine with dimensions of 70 cm wide, 145 cm long, 89 cm high, using 3 mm thick angle iron as part of the frame. And the results of the calculation of the load on the hopper is 231.4 N, the load on the transmission is 138.84 N, the load on the electric motor is 112.14 N. The heaviest load on the frame is on the hooper, amounting to 231.4 N. From the results of the data above it will then be Loading simulations were carried out, the results obtained were stress analysis (yield strength) of 25,000N, maximum displacement analysis on the frame of 5.287mm, and factor of safety analysis on the frame of 5.5. 4 then the frame is declared safe . And it has been designed and made safe to use, because no damage occurs to the frame when the machine is operated. Based on the design results of the transmission and premium horizontal premium onion chopper blade with an output capacity of 15 kg per hour, the engine torque (T) is 545,04 Nm. The engine power requirement is 1,566 kW. The pulley ratio on the machine is (1:10). Pulley diameter 3.8. The shaft diameter is 19 mm and the resulting chopping capacity is 17,4 m^2/hour.

Transforming Indonesian Washing Machines into Efficient Wind Generators

People's consumption of household electronic devices is increasing, leading to higher energy demand in Indonesia, with washing machines being a significant contributor. This study explores repurposing used washing machine dynamos into electricity generators for windmills. Researchers used an LG washing machine dynamo and N52 neo super magnets, testing pulley diameters of 12 cm, 15 cm, 18 cm, and 20 cm. Results showed that larger pulleys increased generator output, with a 20 cm pulley producing 26 volts, 1.3 amperes, and 2525 rpm. However, the efficiency was low at 8.69%, indicating a need for further optimization. This approach has potential for sustainable energy solutions and reducing electronic waste. Highlight: Repurpose Dynamos: Converts washing machines to windmill generators, reducing electronic waste. Efficiency Challenge: Larger pulleys improve output but efficiency is only 8.69%. Sustainable Impact: Offers potential for sustainable energy and lower household consumption. Keyword: household electronics, energy consumption, washing machine dynamo, windmill generator, sustainable energy

PENGARUH VARIASI DIAMETER PULI TERHADAP KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR MESIN PEMIPIL JAGUNG TIPE MCT 5-60

Abstract Corn is one of the main ingredients that can be processed into several types of food to meet the needs of the community. The process of processing corn using tools is growing rapidly along with technological advances so as to provide convenience for the community, especially farmers, in processing agricultural products. The machine used is a sheller type which is expected to reduce long processing times and save fuel costs if used in the long term. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in pulley diameter on fuel consumption of the MCT 5-60 corn sheller engine using a Mct 5-60 15 sheller engine and an additional GX 160 diesel engine with a power of 5.5 PK for the purpose of experimenting data collection with pulley 2 inch, 2.5 inch, and 3 inch with a fixed rpm of 1500 at the time of this test with 3 trials each. Specific fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel used to produce a unit of power to determine the effect of variations in pulley diameter on fuel consumption. The test method uses the experimental method, namely by changing the variation of the diameter of the pulley on the engine that is driven with a load of 3 kg, the diameter of the pulley is 2 inch, the fuel is 16 ml and the average time is 2.27 minutes, the pulley is 2.5 inch the average material burn 12 ml and the average time is 1.22 minutes. The 3 inch pulley is 5 ml and the average time is 1.04 minutes. and the size of the diameter of the pulley which is driven by a 4.5 inch diameter engine and the best results on a 3 inch diameter pulley with an average fuel consumption of 5 ml and an average testing time of 1.04 minutes.

Effect of Speed and Turning Time Pulley on the Quantity and Quality of Output Multipurpose Chopper Machine

Variation of pulley rotational speed on the yield and cut of the multipurpose chopper aims to determine the optimum quality and quantity of chopping results. Testing using cassava and bananas. The diameter of the pulley used is 2 inches and the driven pulley is 6, 7, and 10 inches with a pulley speed of 467, 400, and 275 rpm. The result of bananas shows that the average chopping was 573, 864, and 864 grams, respectively with the spin pulley time being 46, 90, and 59 seconds. Meanwhile, for cassava, the results of chopping were 984, 995, and 823 grams, respectively with the spin pulley time being 23, 59, and 35 seconds, respectively. The optimum chopping quality for bananas used a pulley diameter of 10 inches and an optimum rotation time was 59 seconds. The optimum slicing quality for cassava uses a pulley diameter of 7 inches with an optimum rotation time was 59 seconds. The conclusion is that the diameter of the pulley affects the thickness of the sample, the time and speed of the pulley rotation, and the quality of the chopping results.

Design of a Potato Stick Cutting Machine: Improving Production Efficiency and Reducing Cutting Waste

The designed of potato stick-cutting machine is a tool for cutting potatoes into long pieces. This machine is capable of cutting potatoes quickly and consistently. The aim of this research is to design a potato stick-cutting machine that can increase production efficiency and reduce cutting waste. The advantage of this machine lies in its ability to produce uniform potato pieces quickly compared to manual cutting. The design stages start with a field review, literature study, determining the design, calculating all machine components, making working drawings, component manufacturing process, assembling components, and finally testing the machine. This machine consists of a frame, knife, pully, v belt, knife body, and electric motor with a capacity of 214.2 Kg/hour. This potato stick cutting machine has dimensions of length x width x height respectively of 810 x 400 x 385 mm. By using a ½ HP motor as the driving force. The way this machine works is that the motor rotation is forwarded to the gearbox to reduce the rotation using a type A belt with a length of 32 inches and a pulley diameter of 3 inches and 4 inches. The operation of this potato stick-cutting machine is very simple inserting the peeled potatoes into the funnel in a horizontal position. Turn on the motor by pressing the start button, then the piston/pusher will push the potato towards the knife.

Pengaruh Variasi Roller Standar Dengan Roller Racing Terhadap Performa Honda Beat 110 Pgm-Fi Tahun 2015

The automotive industry is experiencing a very rapid development of science and technology. CVT (Continously Variable Transmission) is a transmission that is able to change the effective gear ratio smoothly or without pause so it is often called a gearless transmission. The compressive force of the centrifugal roller is influenced by the weight of the roller and the rotation of the engine itself, the heavier the roller, the greater the force to push the movable drive face on the drive pulley which results in a smaller pulley diameter. The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in power and torque generated from the comparison of the weight of standard rollers with racing rollers on a 2015 Honda Beat PGM-Fi motorcycle. In this study using a variation of standard ballast type and 11 gram racing ballast type. The research was conducted by experimental method or testing with the help of dyno tools. The results of research on the effect of the weight of standard rollers and racing rollers that produce maximum power at 6000 rpm with a power of 7.22 Hp using an 11 gram roller (racing). On a 13 gram roller (standard) the maximum power is generated at 7000 rpm with a power of 6.68 Hp. The torque produced on the 13 gram roller (standard) produces maximum torque at 6000 rpm with a torque result of 7.94 Nm. While the 11 gram roller (racing) also produces maximum torque at 6000 rpm with a torque of 8.57 Nm. By replacing the 13 gram roller weight (standard) with a lighter roller weight or 11 gram roller (racing) affects the power and torque of the 2015 Honda Beat Pgm-Fi motorcycle. The power and torque of the motorcycle are much better and more dominating by using a roller weight of 11 grams (racing).

ANALISA DISTRIBUSI KEKERASAN KOMPONEN MOVABLE PULLEY DRIVEN (MPDN) PADA TRANSMISI KENDARAAN

Transmission on the vehicle is very important component to ensure maximum power transfer from the engine to the wheels. The speed of four-wheeled vehicles is influenced by the transmission system used. Pulley is the component of continuous variable transmission (CVT) which is currently widely used in the automotive industry. The CVT transmission is type of automatic transmission with gearshift process that does not use gears, but uses pulley. The pulley is made of stainless steel. For CVT transmission there are two pulleys, both of which are called driven pulleys. The CVT transmission shift operation is controlled electronically from the computer to drive the two pulleys. These two pulleys can move to the right or to the left, respectively, so that the width of the two pulleys can change to narrow or widen. The drive pulley moves away so the belt will move inward and the same time the driven pulley will narrow so the belt will move further out. The pulley diameter becomes the gear ratio in a CVT transmission. In the CVT transmission process there will be friction between the two surfaces of the pulley and the belt, therefore it is necessary to measure the hardness of the material from the pulley to ensure the vehicle's transmission capability. In this study, the hardness of the pulley material was measured using a Vickers machine according to the ASTM 6507 standard with a given load of 0.3 kg. The measurement results obtained an average value of hardness Vickers (HV) for the pulley material of 473.

Perancangan Mesin Pemutar Gerabah Dengan Kekuatan Tumpuan Maksimal 10 kg

Pottery is an art craft made from clay which besides having a high use value also has a pretty good aesthetic value. Pottery craft business has existed in Indonesia since ancient times until now. This business has a deficiency in the production machine part, where the production machine still uses human power as the main driving force during the rotation during the pottery making process. Therefore, a modification of a better pottery turning machine is needed to support the pottery craft business. The design of this pottery turning machine uses a working drawing design of a pottery turning machine product with a rotating speed that can be adjusted according to work requirements via a speed control pedal. The pottery turning machine has a strong construction with machine specifications of length 760 x width 400 x height 700 mm, with the addition of 2 pulleys with a first pulley diameter of 2.5 inches, and a second pulley diameter of 12 inches with a connecting belt using type A-57. And by using umbrella gears with a ratio of z1 = 25 and z2 = 50 with a maximum pedestal capacity of 10 kg.

DESIGN OF A 10 TONS OVERHEAD CRANE WITH 21 METERS SPAN USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

A crane is a lifting equipment widely used to move cargo, construction sites, storage, and unload. The type of crane that is commonly used in industrial environments is the overhead crane. The overhead crane functions as a lifting device. Besides that, it also works as a load transfer tool even though the load being moved is limited to an environment that is not too large (indoor) at PT. A overhead crane is designed to overcome the problem of moving material in the mold storage area due to the area's expansion and the addition of 5-7 tons of mold material. Therefore, proper design is needed so the overhead crane can function properly. The design method uses the VDI 2221 or Finite Element with Solid works software. The results of the structure obtained are double box girder type girders with dimensions p = 21 m, t = 1224 mm, and l = 600 mm. The deflection results are 13.75 mm, and the runway uses steel profile I with dimensions 400 x 200 x 8 x 13 mm, with a deflection value at the runway stem of 5.6 mm. The type of wire rope used is type 6 x 37, with a diameter of 28 mm. The stress that occurs in the steel rope is 4306.1 Kg, less than the maximum allowable tensile stress of 8009.4 Kg. The single hook type with a hook diameter of 120 mm is made of material S45C. The tensile stress on the hook is 0.88 Kg, and the result is smaller than the allowable tensile stress of 12.72 Kg. The pulley diameter is 630 mm, the drum diameter is 604.9 mm, and the drum length is 279 mm.

Mechanical and experimental analysis of steel wire rope during torsion

During actual operation, a steel wire rope is deformed due to stress interaction between its internal steel wires. In this article a finite element approach is employed to simulate the interaction of steel wire under practical working conditions. In addition, according to the amount of fatigue broken wire under experimental conditions, corresponding parameters are put forward to estimate the service life of steel rope. In this article, the effect of various conditions on service life of steel wire rope is analyzed, and approaches are put forward to improve its service life. The results show that the total stress in straight strand is larger than side strand stress, while the stress increases from inside to outside while increasing from inside to outside. The bigger the pulley diameter, the more steel wire breaks inside the wire rope.

Mechanical performance of an elastomeric bearing incorporated within steel ring restrainers

Unseating may be one of the most severe forms of damage to a bridge caused by an earthquake; such an event may lead to catastrophic span falling or collapse. A novel elastomeric bearing incorporated within steel ring restrainers (EB-SRRs) to prevent the unseating of bridges is therefore proposed. The EB-SRRs consists mainly of an elastomeric bearing in the center and multiple steel ring restrainers (SRRs) symmetrically distributed on both sides. The finite element (FE) model of the EB-SRRs is established, and its reliability is validated using data from earlier experiments. A parametric analysis of the EB-SRR performance is undertaken using the FE method. Finally, a method for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the EB-SRRs is proposed. The results show that EB-SRRs can provide multi-level mechanical properties: compared with traditional EB, EB-SRRs has the same behavior under small horizontal load but provide a slight increase in strength and energy dissipation under moderate horizontal load and a greater increase in strength and energy dissipation under large horizontal load.The cross-section height h and cross-section width w mainly affect the ultimate bearing capacity Fu and the energy dissipation of the EB-SRRs; steel ring radius R, guide pulley diameter D, and straight part length a mainly affect the ultimate displacement δu; the straight part length a significantly affect the activation displacement δa. The method of predicting the force–displacement curves of the EB-SRRs proposed in this study is shown to be accurate.

Design and Construction of Vertical Livestock Feed Mixer

The development of a feed mixer plays a vital role in optimizing the feed production process in various agricultural and livestock industries. Thus, for better nutrition, improved feed efficiency, cost, and waste reduction, locally designed and fabricated feed mixers using locally available materials are essential and highly required. The volume of the mixing chamber, shaft diameter, belt selection, pulley diameter, and required power to drive the shaft were well designed for. The developed feed mixer comprises the mixing chamber, hopper, auger, bearings, electric motor, and pulley, which are major components of the machine. Angle Iron bars and 2mm sheet metal made of mild steel were used in the fabrication of the frame and the mixing chamber, respectively. The degree of mixing of the sample that was collected at the end of each test and the coefficient of variation percentage were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the machine mixing operation. At a mixing shaft speed of 560 rpm and a mixing time of 4.5 minutes, the optimum values of coefficient of variation (12.01%) and degree of mixing (88.21%) were achieved. However, the fabricated feed mixing machine was evaluated to be 92% efficient.

Analisa Pengaruh Putaran Pada Mesin Pencacah Rumput Gajah Pakan Ternak

(Elephant grass is the most common food ingredient consumed by livestock, such as goats or lemurs. In this final project, we will analyze variations in the rotation of the elephant grass chopper by calculating the machine elements. The steps taken for this purpose are: observing the existing enumerator, assembling the tool and then testing the tool. So you can find out the capacity of the machine. The results of calculations and discussions concluded that F0 determines how much torque and power. The belt selected is a v-belt type A, pulley diameter I (70 mm), II (97 mm). With the results of chopping that can be obtained the standard for animal feed is 5.8 cm. then the capacity obtained from the elephant grass chopper is 21 kg/hour.
 
 Keywords: Belt, diameter, grass, torque

Model-free cable robot control

This paper proposes a technique to control a cable robot in the total absence of a model and its parameters. The cable robot is actuated by three motors whose data, including exact positions, pulley diameters, and nominal cable length, are unknown. We just assume to have a very rough knowledge of lower and upper bounds for the partial derivatives of the relation between the cable lengths and the end-effector space coordinates. A structured-light sensor measures the end-effector position, and the goal is to drive it to a designated point. An algorithm is proposed with guaranteed convergence based on the so-called model-free plant tuning approach. No learning stage is required. Experimental results are reported.

Acceleration Research Based on Arduino Motion

Acceleration of moving objects is usually measured by photoelectric gates. In this paper, a method of acceleration measurement is proposed by pasting white card stock and black tape on a pulley and then using an Arduino to time the motion. This method only needs one photoelectric sensor to measure the acceleration. In contrast, using photoelectric gates to measure acceleration requires more than two photoelectric sensors, and the distance between the two photoelectric sensors has a great influence on the measurement. This distance is difficult to obtain accurately beyond the measurement range of the general caliper. The pulley diameter required by this method can be accurately obtained within the measuring range of a caliper or micrometer, and variable acceleration can also be measured by this method.

Perancangan Mesin Pengupas Kulit Ari Kopi dengan Model Preskiptif Pahl & Beitz

<p><em>The process of stripping the epidermis of coffee beans is an important process before the coffee bean roasting process is carried out. One of the post-harvest machines for coffee beans is a huller. As the coffee bean huller developed, there were many variations in the process. In this study, a coffee huller was designed using the Pahl & Beitz prescriptive model. The design stage of the Pahl & Beitz model includes initial planning, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design. The results of the design include 3D models using the SolidWorks application. The calculation results produce machine specifications in the form of motor design power of 0,5 kW; transmission using V-belt number A53 (L = 1346 mm), the number of belts are 2, pulley diameter 95mm, pulley width 35mm, adjustment distance (504 —564) mm; shaft diameter 25mm; as well as the width and height of the stake 7mm.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Coffee, Design, Machine Design, Post-Harvest </em>

Development of a Constant Force Suspended Backpack for Variable Load and Variable Speed Locomotion

Abstract Studies have shown that the suspended backpack, a wearable device allowing the backpack moving relative to user’s back, can effectively reduce the accelerative vertical force of the backpack to reduce the metabolic cost of users. However, the existing suspended backpack cannot eliminate the accelerative vertical force due to the nonzero suspension stiffness. This paper proposes a constant force suspended backpack adaptable to the varying load to eliminate the accelerative vertical force on the load. To this end, a spring constant force balancing mechanism is designed to achieve near-zero-stiffness suspension. Moreover, a multi-pulley compensation mechanism is proposed for compensating the balance error caused by the pulley diameter to achieve constant force theoretically, and an adjustable mechanism is added to the suspended backpack to nearly achieve constant force balance under different loads. We conducted experiments to validate the efficiency of the constant force suspended backpack. The results demonstrate that the suspended backpack can effectively reduce the maximum net metabolic power of the human by 13.1%, the displacement of the load is reduced by 87.5%, and the peak average acceleration vertical force reduction rate is 88.5%.

Mechanism and Effect of Tread Swing for Lower Limbs Strength Training Device

The aim of this study was to propose a tread swing mechanism for lower-limb strength training devices and to confirm its effects. In the standing position and for training the lower limbs, if the tread-surface angle is inappropriate, the posture of the knee joints gets affected, and knee adduction/valgus moments, which result in knee stress, get generated. The target training exercises are the front-back leg scissors and open-close leg triangle exercises. With regard to the swing of the tread, it is necessary to realize a pitch/yaw rotation and a roll/yaw rotation for the former and the latter exercises, respectively. As a result, knee joint stress can be reduced by moving the center of pressure (COP). The proposed mechanism has a further differential mechanism that utilizes the difference between the pulley diameters. The translational movement force of the tread is transmitted as the torque of the swing motion for the pitch, roll, and yaw through the effects of a differential mechanism. The rate of the swing angle can be changed by adjusting the pulley diameter. As a result of evaluating the effect of exercises using a manufactured device, it was confirmed that the tread performed a predetermined swing motion. It was also confirmed that the COP position changed. Therefore, it is expected that knee joint stress will reduce. Rehabilitation and strength training that result in small knee joint stresses and generate large muscle load are in great demand for people experiencing knee joint failure.