Pull-off Tensile Strength Research Articles

Application of time-temperature superposition principle to pull-off tensile strength of asphalt tack coats

Flexible pavements are multilayered structures that are designed to withstand vehicular traffic and thermal loading. Tack coat provides the bonding between these multilayers, which is a critical mechanism to provide a pavement with the monolithic action of asphalt layers to resist traffic and thermal loading, thereby dictating the pavement’s service life. Asphalt binder bond strength (BBS) is an indicator that can be used to evaluate the interlayer bonding ability of tack coat and changes as a function of temperature and loading rate. The focus of this paper is to prove that the time-temperature superposition principle is applicable to the BBS of various tack coat materials. In order to achieve this goal, BBS and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were conducted on four different tack coats, CRS-2, CRS-1h, NTCRS-1hM, and Ultrafuse. The Pneumatic Adhesion Tensile Testing Instrument (PATTI) was used to determine the BBS at 13 different temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 53 °C. The BBS data showed that adhesive failures between the binder and pull stub of PATTI caused the drop of BBS below 5 °C to 15 °C for hard (CRS-1h) and Non-tracking (NTCRS-1hM, Ultrafuse) tack coat. In addition to the BBS test, DSR tests were performed on the emulsion residue to measure the time-temperature shift factors at the reference temperature of 20 °C. It was found that the time-temperature shift factors determined from the DSR tests could be successfully used to shift the BBS vs. stress rate curves to construct the mastercurve for all four tack coat materials at a residual application rate of 0.14 L/m2 (0.03 Gal/yd2) as long as the BBS test exhibited cohesive failure between the binder and pull-off stubs. A simple method based on the BBS values at two temperatures is proposed to predict the mastercurve for routine characterization of the BBS mastercurve. No definite trend in the BBS mastercurve emerged among the different tack coat application rates for the different tack coats.

Evaluation of Using Natural Fillers to Improve Moisture Damage Resistance and the Use of Pull-Off Tensile Test in Determining Moisture Damage Resistance in Asphalt Mixture

Moisture is one of the critical failures affecting asphalt pavement. It has been recently found that moisture created by rainwater and undrained water deteriorate the bonding interface between asphalt mastic and aggregate. Using different mineral fillers can lead to different moisture resistance in the same mix design. Nowadays, waste natural materials allow agriculturists to receive more income by recycling in many industries. In this study, the researchers adopted bagasse and coconut peat grinding into very fine particle passing through the sieve number 200 (0.075 mm) to replace the mineral fillers. Although the indirect tensile strength (ITS) test is commonly used for evaluating the moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) in a laboratory, there are some shortcomings in using this test, such as costly, heavy and indirect equipment. Another potential test that is likely to be more advantageous than the ITS test for evaluating the moisture damage resistance is the pull-off tensile strength (POTS) test. However, it is typically measured on a concrete surface, and no results using an asphalt mixture have been reported. The objectives in this study were to investigate the effects of waste natural fillers in asphalt mixture on adhesive bonding caused by moisture, and to determine whether the POTS test is a potential method in measuring moisture damage resistance in a laboratory. Results showed that the tensile strength ratios (TSR) of asphalt mixture with bagasse and coconut peat fillers are approximately equivalent to those with mineral fillers. Results also showed that asphalt mixtures with bagasse and coconut peat fillers can effectively prevent the moisture damage resistance. In addition, with the preliminary result, it was found that the POTS test showed a very good R square (R2) for a relation of TSR with the ITS test. As a result, the POTS can be a valid tool of quantifying moisture damage resistance with better simulating to field behavior, lower cost of equipment, and light weight.

Evaluation of the adhesion and healing properties of modified asphalt binders

The adhesion between asphalt binder and aggregate plays a fundamental role in the mixture’s resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracking. And self-healing is another inherent property of asphalt binder which is related to the mixture’s durability. Many efforts have been taken to understand those individual properties, while few research focuses on evaluating the adhesive property of binder-aggregate system incorporating the effects from binder’s self-healing, especially for the modified binders that is expected to improve the mixture’s durability. In this study, a modified binder bond strength (BBS) test procedure including a sample healing setting was employed to evaluate the compound effects of adhesion and self-healing property of five representative modified asphalt binders with varies modifiers at several dosages. The results show that the linear styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), crumb rubber, and terminal blend (TB) crumb rubber modified binders have negative effect on bonding strength of binder-aggregate system without considering their self-healing properties. However, the recovery of pull-off tensile strength (POTS) of the HDPE and crumb rubber-modified binders after several failure-healing cycles exhibit significant higher ratios than those of base binder and SBS/TB crumb rubber-modified binders which are similar at their optimum dosages. Furthermore, the measured bonding-strength recovery capability of tested binders has a very well correlation with their mixtures’ fatigue performance determined by the four-point beam (4PB) fatigue tests. This indicates that the proposed method can provide a better understanding of pavement performance of modified binders In addition, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was conducted to study the mechanism of modifiers on improving long-term adhesive behavior of the binders in terms of chemical response. It is found that the methylene plus methyl hydrogen to carbon (MMHC) index of FTIR spectrum of modified binders has a control on their self-healing and the aggregate selective adsorption of their long-chain molecules, and it shows a good agreement with the bonding-strength recovery ratios.

Rheological and Molecular Characterizations of Tire Rubber Modified Asphalt Emulsion

The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical, molecular, and rheological properties of different asphalt emulsions including a newly introduced tire-rubber modified asphalt emulsion (CRS-2TR). Three emulsions (CRS-2TR, CRS-2P, and CRS-2) and one asphalt rubber binder (AC20-5TR) were evaluated in this study. The superpave performance grade (PG), surface performance grade (SPG), and the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test were conducted to evaluate the rheological properties of the binder residues. Evaluation of the differences in the functional groups, molecular weight distribution, and chemical composition of the asphalt binder residues was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-pressure gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC), and saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) fractionation, respectively. The chemical and molecular characterization test results indicated that the tire-rubber modified emulsion had lower carbonyl indices and colloidal instability indices as compared to the other conventional emulsions, indicating a higher resistance to aging. On the other hand, the rheological test results showed that the performance of CRS-2TR was comparable to CRS-2P and was expected to perform better than CRS-2. In addition, the moisture susceptibility of the binder residues from the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test showed that CRS-2TR had a greater pull-off tensile strength in both dry and wet conditions as compared to CRS-2 and had statistically equal performance results as compared to CRS-2P.

Influence of Aggregate–Binder Adhesion on Fatigue Life of Asphalt Mixtures

Abstract The adhesiveness between aggregate and asphalt binder is believed to affect the life cycle of asphalt pavements, mainly in the presence of water. One of the most common asphalt pavement distresses is fatigue cracking. The objective of this article is to investigate the relationship between adhesion properties and fatigue life of asphalt mixtures. The asphalt bond strength test was used to measure adhesion (pull-off tensile strength) at two different moisture conditioning states: unconditioned (or dry) and conditioned in distilled water for 24 h at 40°C. The test consists of measuring the pull-off pressure required to break an aggregate–binder interface, called the pull-off tensile strength. For the fatigue damage characterization of the mixtures, controlled crosshead sinusoidal tension-compression tests were used, associated with the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage modeling protocol. Four asphalt mixtures were investigated. They share the same aggregate gradation but differ in aggregate source (two different sources) and the presence or absence of an anti-stripping agent. The mixture with pure asphalt binder showed higher values of pull-off tensile strength than mixtures with asphalt binder doped by an anti-stripping agent. However, the analysis of the pull-off tensile strength ratio (comparison between unconditioned and moisture-conditioned specimens) showed that the addition of anti-stripping agent provided significant moisture damage resistance in the aggregate–binder interface. Results also show that mixtures with asphalt binder modified by anti-stripping agent had higher simulated fatigue life than mixtures with pure asphalt binder. Excellent correlations were obtained between the strain amplitude required to obtain a given @ Nf (strain amplitude @ Nf) with pull-off tensile strength, which confirms that the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures is related to the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt binder.

Bond properties between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer plate and fire-damaged concrete

In this research, a single-shear test was conducted to investigate the bond properties between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates and fire-damaged concrete prisms. The investigation focused on the effects of fire exposure condition and the presence of internal steel reinforcements on the effective bond length, failure mode, bond strength (maximum joint load) and interfacial fracture energy. After being air-cooled, the concrete prisms were adhesively bonded with CFRP strips of different lengths, and then quasi-static tested at the ambient condition. The pull-off test results showed that the tensile strength of concrete substrate decreased after being exposed to elevated temperatures. Such deterioration of concrete substrate caused an increase in the effective bond length. It also decreased the bond strength and interfacial fracture energy. The steel reinforcements in concrete structures are beneficial as they minimize the effect of fire exposure on bond strength and effective bond length. An application of the fracture mechanics-based model for strength prediction of bond between fire-damaged concrete and the CFRP plate is proposed. A linear relationship between interfacial fracture energy and pull-off tensile strength of concrete could be assumed for the unreinforced concrete.

A method for NaA zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash and its application in warm mix asphalt

Fly ash (FA) can be a powerful substitute for conventional sources towards synthesis of zeolites, a class of aluminossilicates that can be used as additives in the production of warm mix asphalt (WMA). The use of zeolite has proved to enhance asphalt workability by water releasing. In this work, it is presented a new synthesis route for zeolite NaA based on fly ash as the primary source of silica and alumina, in which different sources of fly ash were applied. The composition of FA samples was determined by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the zeolite synthesis was confirmed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological properties of the pure and modified asphalt cement (AC) assessed by a dynamical shear rheometer (DSR) did not show significative differences. The mechanical tests of tensile strength (TS), resilience modulus (RM), dynamic creep (DC) and pull-off tensile strength (POTS) for mixtures with modified AC showed subtle positive differences when compared to mixtures with unmodified AC.

Dry adhesion study of polyester/melamine clear coats on galvanized steel

The dry adhesion strength of polyester/melamine clear coats varying in their branching degrees were applied on galvanized steel panels and investigated by pull-off and T-bend testing. It was found that pull-off tensile adhesion is mainly dominated by the type of coating and less influenced by the pretreatment of the substrate. In contrast, the critical T-bend strain is mainly affected by the surface treatment of the galvanized layer with higher stiffness but lower ductility compared to the clear coat. Pull-off tensile strength at room temperature is correlating with the glass transition temperature Tg and a strong viscoelastic contribution is ascribed to the work of adhesion. Samples with adhesive as well as cohesive failure modes were further investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the interfacial chemistry. Angle-resolved XPS data suggest that the nitrogen from the melamine crosslinker plays a decisive role for the adhesion of the coatings. Regarding the melamine distribution a micro- and a nanostructural effect has to be considered: while maximum melamine concentrations over coating depth are usually found in the bulk region of these clear coats, this work proposes that the remaining melamine at the interface segregates towards the metallic substrate.

Intrinsic adhesive and cohesive assessment of the moisture sensitivity of bio-rejuvenated recycled asphalt binders

Alternative binders not derived from fossil fuels, known as biobinders, are opening new paths for multiple applications in road infrastructure. Biobinders, usually produced from bio-oils obtained from the processing of biomass and industry by-products, are tuneable materials whose properties can be adjusted to meet specific targets. For this reason, an interesting approach is to couple biobinders with Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) by taking advantage of their rejuvenating properties to design bio-asphalt mixtures with high-content RA and no additional virgin bitumen. Recent research has proven the feasibility of this approach through validation at full-scale (BioRePavation project). However certain aspects related to the durability of bio-asphalt mixtures still require further research, one of these being their resistance to moisture damage. This study aims at filling some of these current gaps by conducting an initial investigation of the moisture sensitivity of selected biobinders and bio-rejuvenated asphalt binders. In order to do this, the intrinsic adhesion and cohesion properties of an extracted RA binder, two biobinders, their blends and two types of aggregates were characterised by means of Surface Free Energy (SFE), individually and as a system. The binders/blends-aggregate systems were further tested by means of the Pneumatic Adhesion Tensile Test Instrument (PATTI) to determine their pull-off tensile strength (POTS). The results show that the bio-rejuvenated asphalt binders present equivalent cohesive and adhesive properties to a conventional bitumen and superior performance when compared to the RA binder. Hence, the combination of biobinders and RA has great potential to guarantee resistance to moisture damage of bio-recycled asphalt mixtures with high-content RA and no additional bitumen.

Experimental investigation on bonding property of asphalt-aggregate interface under the actions of salt immersion and freeze-thaw cycles

Abstract Snowmelt salts and deicing additives which are used to remove the snow/ice in winter make the pavement experience diverse and complex actions such as freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and salt immersion. Meanwhile, interface damage of asphalt-aggregate is a major reason for the decay of mixture properties. So, the interface properties under the impacts of snowmelt salt and F-T cycles were investigated in this paper. Three factors including salt concentration, soaking time and F-T cycles were considered based on the service condition of the pavement. ‘Sandwich’ specimens of asphalt-aggregate were prepared in the laboratory. Also, pull-off tensile test was conducted by universal test machine. Digital image processing technology was employed to analyze the interface failure mode. Results indicated that the selected three factors presented significant effects on moisture absorption and pull-off tensile strength (POTS). All of the POTS at low, medium and high temperatures decreased after conditioning. And the pull-off tensile strength loss (POTSL) after salt solution soaking and F-T cycles were all higher than the pure water soaking one. The power model can be used to describe the composite damage degree imposed by different factors. The coupling actions of salt immersion and F-T cycles would induce the failure mode variety. Adhesive failure was prone to occur at low temperature under the condition of low salt concentration and F-T cycles. Erosion effect of high concentration solution would induce the adhesive failure at medium temperature.

Investigation into the bond strength of bitumen-fibre mastic

The loss of bond strength in road pavement surfacing due to high traffic loads or moisture is a recurring problem, creating distresses such as ravelling, fatigue and rutting. It is, therefore, important to find a way to prevent or at least delay the loss of bond strength in asphalt mixtures. Such an improvement would lead to longer service life and a more comfortable drive for road users. This study describes how the pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) was used to examine the mechanism by which fibres influence the pull-off tensile strength of asphalt mastic. This study assesses the potential for chemical modification of the binder due to the presence of fibres, by means of work of cohesion and work of adhesion calculations, based on surface energy parameters and a binder drainage test. The study also evaluates the influence of different filler-bitumen ratios and fibre percentages on pull-off tensile strength. The test results indicate that the fibres enhance the pull-off tensile strength of the mastic, in addition to changing the failure mode from cohesive to hybrid, implying an improvement in the cohesive strength of the mastic.

Study of adhesion characteristics of different bitumen–aggregate combinations using bitumen bond strength test

ABSTRACTThe resistance of asphalt pavements to traffic loading and environmental deterioration depends on the mechanical coupling of the selected bitumen–aggregate material, bitumen–aggregate interfacial properties, and cohesion of bitumen. Studies have shown that bitumen–aggregate bond strength strongly depends on the composition of the two components, and the extent of exposure to moisture. For satisfactory performance of bituminous pavements, there is a need to choose suitable combinations of bitumen and aggregate materials. This paper evaluates the adhesion of different bitumen–aggregate combinations in dry and wet conditions in the form of pull-off tensile strength using bitumen bond strength (BBS) test. Tests were carried out after conditioning the selected combinations for 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that the bond strength reduces with the passage of time for the samples exposed to moisture while it increases if samples are left in the dry condition. Results show that the strength values are also affected by the aggregates’ nature. Samples containing basic aggregates showed good results in comparison to the acidic aggregates under moisture conditioning. Significance of aggregates type, bitumen type, curing condition, and curing time on pull-off tensile strength of bitumen–aggregate samples was also studied. Curing condition showed maximum significance on bond strength.

Effective surface treatment techniques for refinishing oil-stained road surface

Oil spillage on pavement surface is a hazard for all road users as it causes road slipperiness. Although there are various applications of oil removers for cleanup of oil spillages, many of which would require time-consuming treatment, no research has been conducted to develop temporary and fast road resurfacing technique which can be completed within a short time (1–2 h). The objective of this research is to develop a fast-setting asphalt surface treatment to respond to oil spillages on roads so as to allow resumption of traffic movements, for up to 2 days before surface rejuvenation. A series of surface treatments were selected for experimentation based on the consideration of ease of application and effectiveness to satisfy the road performance requirements. A tack coat of CRS-2 asphalt emulsion with chip seal coating was applied to refinish the oil-spilled dense- and open-graded specimens. The oil types were diesel, hydraulic oil, engine oil, and cooking oil. A British pendulum skid resistance tester was used to measure the skid resistance of the treated surfaces. The results show that using a tack coat with chip seal (CRS-2) applications to refinish the oil-spilled road can be completed within 1–1½ h. With adequate skid resistance performance, chip seal (CRS-2) application is a promising method to refinish oil-spilled road for all types of oil. A tack coat (CRS-2) application may be an option for the practitioner to use as a surface treatment to remedy oil spillage on dense-graded specimens, while asphalt emulsion alone shall not work well for oil spillage on open-graded specimens. PosiTest (pull-off tester) was carried out to determine the pull-off tensile strength of the applied surface layers, i.e., chip seal from the pavement surface. The results show that chip seal treated specimen with pre-wash yields higher pull-off tensile strength than chip seal treated specimen without pre-wash.

Investigation of Critical Factors Determining the Accuracy of Binder Bond Strength Test to Evaluate Adhesion Properties of Asphalt Binders

Abstract The bond strength between asphalt and aggregates is a crucial parameter in evaluating the ability of asphalt mixture resistance to moisture-induced damage. Factors affecting the bond strength were investigated based on the binder bond strength (BBS) test. The effects of asphalt film thickness and loading rate on the results of the BBS test and the relationship between these two factors were further studied. Then, specimens were subjected to four moisture conditions to study the impact of water on the bond strength. Furthermore, the impact of the complex modulus on the bond strength was studied using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. Finally, the pull-off test results were compared with the findings obtained from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device (HWTD) test regarding the moisture sensitivity of mixtures under dry and wet conditions. Results indicate that the pull-off tensile strength (POTS) increased with an increase of the loading rate, whereas POTS decreased with the increase of the film thickness. It was proved that an equivalent relationship between these two factors existed in the BBS test. It is interesting that the measured POTS values were basically equal when the loading curves of the same asphalt overlap under different combinations of film thickness and loading rate. Water had a significant impact on the bond strength, and the moisture condition in the early state was important in determining the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. Furthermore, POTS increased with the complex modulus of asphalt binder, whereas the phase angle of asphalt determined the extent to which the film thickness will affect the BBS test results. The comparison of the BBS and HWTD tests confirmed that the BBS test could address the mixture resistance to water damage.

Sodium zinc phosphate as a corrosion inhibitive pigment

A sodium zinc phosphate pigment synthesized using a co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction was investigated for its corrosion inhibition activity in comparison with the commercial zinc phosphate using EIS in a 3.5% NaCl solution. A mild steel surface analysis after exposure to the test solutions was conducted using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray and infrared spectroscopies. The results indicate that the corrosion inhibitive performance of the synthesized pigment is higher than that of the commercial zinc phosphate. This can be the result of the synthesized pigment's relatively high solubility, which affects the precipitation of a phosphate layer onto the mild steel surface and the modification of the crystalline structure of the corrosion products in the presence of the inhibitive pigment. The salt spray and wet pull-off tensile strength results revealed an improved corrosion protection of the coatings formulated with SZP.

Effect of Misalignment on Pulloff Test Results: Numerical and Experimental Assessments

The successful application of a concrete repair system is often evaluated through pulloff testing. For such in-place quality control (QC) testing, the inherent risk of misalignment might affect the recorded value and eventually make a difference in the acceptance of the work. The issue of eccentricity in pulloff testing has been ignored in field practice because it is seen as an academic issue. This paper presents the results of a project intended to quantify the effect of misalignment on pulloff tensile strength evaluation and provide a basis for improving QC specifications if necessary. The test program consisted first of an analytical evaluation of the problem through two-dimensional finite element modeling simulations and, in a second phase, in laboratory experiments in which the test variables were the misalignment angle (0, 2, and 4 degrees) and the coring depth (15 and 30 mm [0.6 and 1.2 in.]). It was found that calculations provide a conservative, but realistic, lower bound limit for evaluating the influence of misalignment upon pulloff test results: a 2-degree misalignment can be expect to yield a pulloff strength reduction of 7 to 9%, respectively, for 15 and 30 mm (0.6 and 1.2 in.) coring depths, and the corresponding decrease resulting from a 4-degree misalignment reaches between 13 and 16%. From a practical standpoint, the results generated in this study indicate that when specifying a pulloff strength limit in the field, the value should be increased (probable order of magnitude: 15%) to take into account the potential reduction due to testing misalignment.

Experimental research on concrete strength prediction by Limpet pull-off test in China

Using Limpet pull-off test for concrete strength prediction has now been accepted in standards of the UK, North America, Holland and some other countries. For its application in China, pull-off tests were carried out by using the Limpet in this study. Concrete specimens with four different mixtures and strength classes were cast, representing the normal and the high performance concretes commonly used in China. After different ages, the pull-off tensile strength was determined by using the Limpet and the compressive strength was obtained by carrying out cube crushing test using a WE-100 universal testing machine. To reflect the correlation between the pull-off tensile strength and the cube compressive strength, two types of curve were used for regression, y = axb and y = aebx respectively. The regression efficiency of the two curves was compared.

Surface characterization of alkali- and heat-treated Ti with or without prior acid etching

Titanium and its alloys are used as implant materials in dental and orthopaedic applications. The material affinities to host bone tissue greatly concern with the recovery period and good prognosis. To obtain a material surface having excellent affinity to bone, acid etching prior to alkali- and heat-treatment of Ti was conducted. The surface characteristics of the prepared sample indicated that the roughness as well as the wettability increased by pre-etching. Bone-like apatite was formed on pre-etched, alkali- and heat-treated Ti surface in simulated body fluid (SBF) within 3 days, while it takes 5 days on the solely alkali- and heat-treated surface. Osteoblastic cells showed better compatibility on the per-etched surface compared to the pure Ti surface or alkali- and heat-treated surface. Moreover, the pre-etched surface showed better pull-off tensile adhesion strength against the deposited apatite. Thus, acid etching prior to alkali- and heat-treatment would be a promising method for enhancing the affinity of Ti to host bone tissue.

Experimental evaluation of anti-stripping additives in bituminous mixtures through multiple scale laboratory test results

This paper presents performance changes and material characteristics associated with moisture damage due to anti-stripping additives in asphalt mixtures through various laboratory tests. Two additives (hydrated lime and fly ash) are investigated by adding them into two types of mixes where different asphalt binders and aggregates are used. Two widely-used asphalt concrete mixture performance tests (the AASHTO T-283 and the asphalt pavement analyzer under water) and two mixture constituent tests (the boiling water test and the pull-off tensile strength test) are conducted to characterize the effects of anti-stripping additives on the binder–aggregate bonding potential in mixtures. Results from laboratory tests indicate that the mixes, where high-quality aggregates and polymer-modified binder are used, are fairly self-resistant to moisture damage without treating any anti-stripping additive and do not show any visible sensitivity between additives, whereas the effects of additives and their sensitivity are significant in the mixes that use the unmodified binder and low-quality aggregates. With the limited amount of test data, both hydrated lime and fly ash contribute to reducing moisture damage, which implies potential significant cost savings by the use of fly ash as an alternative additive.

Evaluating the Effect of Warm-Mix Asphalt Technologies on Moisture Characteristics of Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

The effect of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies on the moisture susceptibility of a mixture and the adhesion characteristics of the asphalt binder used in it was evaluated. A 9.5-mm Superpave® mixture designed with performance-grade asphalt PG 64-22 was used as the control mixture. Four types of WMA technologies were evaluated: Advera, Evotherm, Sasobit, and SonneWarmix. The Hamburg wheel-tracking device (HWTD) was used to evaluate the effect of each WMA technology on the moisture susceptibility of the mixture at three aging times and three aging temperatures. A liquid antistrip and hydrated lime were added to any mixture that failed the HWTD to determine if they could correct the failure. Because the moisture susceptibility of a mixture is related to failure in the adhesive bond between the binder and the aggregate, a pulloff test, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test, was used to evaluate the impact of the WMA technologies on the adhesion characteristics of the asphalt binder. The HWTD test results indicated that the moisture resistances of all mixtures improved significantly with an increase in aging time or temperature. Mixtures aged at longer times and at higher aging temperatures exhibited the best performance. The addition of the antistrip agents improved the HWTD results. The BBS test showed that only Sasobit had a significant effect on the pull-off tensile strength of the binder, although only under dry conditions. Overall, no correlation between the BBS and the HWTD was found.