Public Transportation Applications Research Articles

On the Usability of a Modeling Language for IoT-Based Public Transportation Systems

Internet of Things (IoT)-based public transportation systems face distinct challenges within the broader realm of IoT. Developers of such systems encounter a notably intricate development environment compared to general IoT systems, which are inherently characterized by elevated levels of complexity and heterogeneity. As successfully applied in other domains, domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) can also be employed to facilitate the development of IoT-based public transportation systems and address the challenges mentioned. Hence, in this study, a novel model-driven engineering (MDE) methodology is presented, comprising the steps of using a DSML, called DSML4PT, for the development of a wide-range of IoT-based public transportation applications. Moreover, the usability evaluation of DSML4PT within this MDE methodology during the real applications of IoT-based public transportation systems is also provided, which is missing in similar studies. For this purpose, we investigated the usability of DSML4PT within a systematic evaluation approach in which the features of DSML4PT are assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively in eight different real public transportation applications with the participation of experienced developers. Comparative analysis revealed that approximately 80% of IoT-based public transportation systems could be automatically generated through modeling exclusively employing DSML4PT. In contrast to the conventional software development methodologies, the novel DSML4PT approach also decreased the time required for the development of public transportation applications by almost 50%. In addition, according to a questionnaire-based assessment, the general evaluation rating of the language was measured as 4.44 over 5-point Likert scale. Feedback from the developers corroborated the practicality of this language and its widespread adoption across diverse perspectives.

Modular Autonomous Vehicles’ Application in Public Transport Networks: Conceptual Analysis on Airport Connection

Increased efficiency and optimized operation of transport networks represent two of the main topics of interest when discussing modern road vehicle solutions. Taking steps towards more sustainable options, manufacturers of road vehicles are looking into advanced technologies that allow vehicles to run more efficiently and take advantage of all the available data on the road. When looking at public transportation applications, trends point in the direction of using varied types of vehicles that can carry people around. The intermodality of these types of vehicles represents the most optimized way of traveling, combining the fast and secure characteristics of airplanes and trains with the flexibility of last-mile options, such as taxis, buses, or trams. This paper discusses the aspects of implementing a modular autonomous vehicle (MAV) solution for the last-mile part of travel routes, connecting key points of a city, such as an airport or a train station, to other key locations in the city, such as the city center, important facilities, or marginal neighborhoods.

Analisis Pengalaman Pengguna Aplikasi Transportasi Umum dengan Metode User Experience Questionnaire

Public transportation is very often used in developed countries, including Indonesia and one of the transportation that is currently rife in East Java is transportation using buses. This study aims to conduct a comparison between two public transportation applications in Surabaya and its surroundings, namely Gobis Suroboyo Bus and Transjatim applications using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) method. This UEQ method is used to measure the quality of an application and is assessed from user experience based on six scales which are grouped into 3 quality aspects. In the course of this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted to users of the Gobis Suroboyo Bus and Transjatim applications and distributed to 97 respondents in the Gobis Suroboyo Bus application and 96 respondents in the Transjatim application. The results of the analysis of user experience on the Gobis Suroboyo Bus application and Transjatim application show that respondents have a positive impression. It can be seen in the mean value of 26 items that show positive evaluation (has a mean value> 0.8). Then on the results of the comparison of the two applications with UEQ from 6 scales assessed, the Transjatim application is superior on all scales compared to the Gobis Suroboyo Bus application with slightly different value results.

Multi-objectives reinforcement federated learning blockchain enabled Internet of things and Fog-Cloud infrastructure for transport data

For the past decade, there has been a significant increase in customer usage of public transport applications in smart cities. These applications rely on various services, such as communication and computation, provided by additional nodes within the smart city environment. However, these services are delivered by a diverse range of cloud computing-based servers that are widely spread and heterogeneous, leading to cybersecurity becoming a crucial challenge among these servers. Numerous machine-learning approaches have been proposed in the literature to address the cybersecurity challenges in heterogeneous transport applications within smart cities. However, the centralized security and scheduling strategies suggested so far have yet to produce optimal results for transport applications. This work aims to present a secure decentralized infrastructure for transporting data in fog cloud networks. This paper introduces Multi-Objectives Reinforcement Federated Learning Blockchain (MORFLB) for Transport Infrastructure. MORFLB aims to minimize processing and transfer delays while maximizing long-term rewards by identifying known and unknown attacks on remote sensing data in-vehicle applications. MORFLB incorporates multi-agent policies, proof-of-work hashing validation, and decentralized deep neural network training to achieve minimal processing and transfer delays. It comprises vehicle applications, decentralized fog, and cloud nodes based on blockchain reinforcement federated learning, which improves rewards through trial and error. The study formulates a combinatorial problem that minimizes and maximizes various factors for vehicle applications. The experimental results demonstrate that MORFLB effectively reduces processing and transfer delays while maximizing rewards compared to existing studies. It provides a promising solution to address the cybersecurity challenges in intelligent transport applications within smart cities. In conclusion, this paper presents MORFLB, a combination of different schemes that ensure the execution of transport data under their constraints and achieve optimal results with the suggested decentralized infrastructure based on blockchain technology.

Passenger Alert Application

Abstract: This paper describes the creation of an intelligent real-time interactive public transport application. The application focuses on enhancing the user experience and improving communication among passengers. The main features of the application include a chat module that enables users to have conversations, facilitating the exchange of information and providing a platform for passengers to inform others about any issues or disruptions in the public transportation system. Additionally, the application incorporates an alarm module designed to alert or awaken passengers from their sleep or quick naps when the bus enters a buffer zone, indicating that their destination is approaching.By leveraging real-time data and intelligent algorithms, the application enhances the overall quality of public transportation services. The chat module promotes community engagement and empowers passengers to actively contribute to the improvement of the system's reliability and efficiency. Furthermore, the alarm module serves as a valuable tool for passengers, ensuring they are informed and prepared as their destination approaches, thus minimizing the risk of missing their stop.The development of this intelligent application addresses the growing need for efficient and user-centric public transportation solutions. It harnesses the power of real-time data and interactive communication to create a seamless and reliable travel experience for passengers. The findings and insights from this project contribute to the advancement of intelligent transportation systems, offering practical solutions to the challenges faced by public transportation networks worldwide.

QR codes during the pandemic: Seamful quotidian placemaking

During the COVID-19 pandemic, one technology for contact tracing has come to dominate – QR codes. As a technology pioneered in Japan two decades ago and mainstreamed in China, QR codes have quickly become part of quotidian placemaking. While locations such as China have fully incorporated QR code technology into everyday contexts including public transport and mobile wallet applications, QR codes in the West were relatively overlooked. That was, until the pandemic. In this article, we examine some of the ways QR codes are being imagined and reimagined as part of public placemaking practices. In order to do so, we begin with a short history of QR codes – emerging in Japan, becoming mainstream in China and their consequent uptake globally. We then discuss the methods of our Australian study conducted during the pandemic and the seamful/seamless findings from our study.

IoT-Based Non-Intrusive Automated Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Framework for Logistics and Public Transport Applications to Enhance Road Safety

The exponential growth in road accidents has led to a need for continuous driver monitoring to enhance road safety. Existing techniques rely on vehicle sensor-based and behavior analysis-based approaches, where the behavior analysis-based approaches are generally considered more desirable as they enable reliable detection of a more elaborate set of driver behaviors. They are categorized as intrusive and non-intrusive approaches. Unlike intrusive approaches that generally rely on constant direct human contact with sensors (physiological signals) and are sensitive to artifacts, non-intrusive approaches offer a more effective behavior monitoring using computer vision-based techniques. This paper proposes an end-to-end non-intrusive IoT-based automated framework to monitor driver behaviors, designed specifically for logistic and public transport applications. It consists of an embedded system, edge computing and cloud computing modules, and a mobile phone application, in an attempt to provide a holistic unified solution for drowsiness detection, monitoring, as well as evaluation of drivers. Drowsiness detection is based on detecting sleeping, yawning, and distraction behaviors using an image processing-based technique. To minimize the effects of latency, throughput, and packet losses, edge computing is performed using commercial off-the-shelf embedded boards. Moreover, a cloud-hosted real-time database for remote monitoring on interactive Android mobile application has been set up, where admin can add multiple drivers to get drowsiness notifications along with other useful related information for driver evaluation. An extensive experimental testing has been performed, obtaining encouraging results. An overall accuracy of 96% is achieved along with an enhanced robustness, portability, and usability of the proposed framework.

Mobile Public Transportation Application: Factors Influencing Urban Rail Transit Passengers' Use

This paper thoroughly explored and discussed the factors that affect Mobile Public Transportation Applications usage among urban rail transit passengers. To do so, a model known as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was chosen to determine the significant factors influencing mobile application usage among passengers in Klang Valley, Malaysia. During its primary data collection, an online survey was deployed to 109 passengers using an online survey platform. According to the modal split analysis, most female students and private-sector employees aged 18-29 years use the Mobile Public Transportation Application with route projection during an emergency, depending on the mobile application facilitating conditions. Moreover, based on the factors analysis' result, facilitating conditions are an essential factor compared to the other constructs. However, the study's findings might be biased towards a certain age and gender group due to its respondent reach. Therefore, an equal number of respondents in various age and gender groups is highly recommended for future research to fully grasp the factors that may affect passengers using the Mobile Public Transportation Application in urban mobility.

Analysis of Test Results of the Developed Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Public Transport Application

Abstract The paper describes the design and control method of the synchronous reluctance machine with improved efficiency compared to traction induction motor for electric vehicle application. Magnetic field finite element modelling is used in the design process. The paper presents load characteristics calculation method for the design process, considering the cross magnetic saturation effect. Control algorithm with constant d-axis current control method is developed in the research. The prototype of the machine is constructed and tested.

Analysis and Design of Public Transport Route Planner: Dijkstras Algorithm

Abstract: Nowadays, vehicle tracking is extremely useful for many things: personal vehicle security, public transportation management, fleet management, and mass transit management, among others. It is common for passengers to use public transport applications that propose the best route for them. Users may prefer a different route for public transportation depending on their preferences. Most users find the shortest route based on this criteria when choosing an ideal route. The shortest path is frequently determined using Dijkstra's Algorithm, according to our research. For this project, we designed a GIS application to improve public transportation using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on the system's real-time location tracking, Dijkstra's algorithm provides taxis with the appropriate category for passengers. With this system, taxi drivers will not have to drive across town to pick up passengers, as confirmations will be sent directly to their phones. If you frequently have to wait for a taxi that has been booked, this will be helpful, especially if you are frequently left waiting

Design and implementation of intelligent monitoring system for public transport applications

With the rapid development of automobile technologies and great economic growth, cars have become more and more popular for their convenience. However, the increase in cars has caused serious air pollution and increased the probability of traffic accidents. This paper investigates the design and implementation of intelligent monitoring and early warning system, which can detect the traffic conditions and provide environmental monitoring data. To achieve a comprehensive monitor for both inside and outside the public transport, this system is based on the STC12C5A16S2 micro-controller and loaded with all kinds of sensors, such as alcohol sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, toxic gas sensors, photosensitive sensors and light sensors etc. If the system detects any abnormal situation, it will generate early warning signs in time to inform the driver and the traffic regulatory departments. Consequently, our intelligent monitoring system can protect the safety of passengers and reduce the incidence of traffic accidents.

Public Transport Knowledge Management in Local Communities

The purpose of this research is to construct an application prototype from the study of public transport problems in the local communities of Thailand. There are three main goals for research to be successful: (1) To study problems and situations in which communities are affected by public transport. (2) To design and standardize the management of problems and situations in which the community is affected by public transport. (3) To construct a public transport application prototype for local communities of Thailand. Population and sampling were scoped from the public transport service provider in Phayao Province, Thailand. The prototype was constructed with an Android Mobile Application. The results of the study showed that the developed application prototypes showed a high level of satisfaction (total means is equal to 3.95, S.D. is equal to 0.73) with the design and implementation of the prototype. In the future, the researcher will bring the application to the test and deployment.

Impact of Covid-19 on Public Transportation Usage and Ambient Air Quality in Turkey

COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a global health concern due to the quick spread of the disease. In Turkey, the first confirmed COVID-19 case and death occurred on 11 and 15 March 2020, respectively. There is a lack of research on the impact of COVID-19 on public transportation mobility and the Air Quality Index (AQI) around the world. The objective of this research is to consider the impact of COVID-19 on public transportation usage and consequently the AQI level in Turkey. Data collection for the analysis of public transportation usage and the air quality status during pre-lockdown and lockdown was carried out using the public transportation applications Moovit and World’s Air Pollution. The results demonstrated that during the lockdown in Ankara and Istanbul, public transportation usage dramatically decreased by more than 80% by the end of March and did not change significantly until the end of May. As regards air quality, the results confirmed that air quality improved significantly during the lockdown. For Ankara and Istanbul, the improvement was estimated at about 9% and 47%, respectively.

Design of Hug Machine Portable Seat for Autistic Children in Public Transport Application

The prevalence of autism in Indonesia was estimated approximately 2.5 million people. There are at least 500 new cases was diagnosed annually. Self-injurious behaviour is one of the most prevalence in autistic children. Only a few studies had been done in Indonesia regarding autism issue. Therefore, this study aims to design a hug machine portable seat for autistic children, called Autism Hug Machine Portable Seat (AHMPS), which can be used in public transportation (bus and train) to provide safety and for comfortability and can be used for therapeutic aid with deep pressure stimulation. The design was based on the morphological and decision-making matrix to get the best concept. The results of this study were obtained a selected design concept and certain technical specifications for the AHMPS.

Design and Implementation of Reduced Grid Impact Charging Station for Public Transportation Applications

This paper deals with the complete design procedure, implementation and control software realization for a multi-converter charging station with reduced grid impact due to local electromechanical energy storage. In particular, energy storage is accomplished by a dedicated flywheel designed and built for this purpose. The proposed charging station was designed for ultra-fast charging procedures presenting a strongly reduced impact on the electrical grid. Modes of operations are described with reference to pure electric buses in public transportation applications.

Community Perception of the Usage of Urban Public Transport and Online Application Based Transportation in South Tangerang

Public transportation services in Indonesia in general and the city of South Tangerang are still low; schedules are unclear, facilities are dirty, unsafe, unprofessional vehicle crews, and fares are not cheap. This study presents the results of a study on the perceptions of the people of South Tangerang city towards the use of city transportation and the perceptions of online-based transportation. This research is qualitative research with data collection methods using deep interviews or in-depth interviews with parties related to this study, such as urban transportation users and online-based transportation users. Interviews are also conducted on other stakeholders such as the government, 'Organda,' transportation companies online. In addition to interviews, this research also uses FGD (Forum Group Discussion), carried out with the community and related instant. Other information is obtained by researchers from discussion forums of various parties to see what the wider community wants in fulfilling their transportation needs. The result of this research is that the community's perception towards urban public transportation is still not good because the service is still bad; because of this, people get another alternative, namely online transportation.

Smoke and Scan: A Content Analysis of QR Code-Directed Websites Found on Cigarette Packs in China.

IntroductionQuick Response codes, or “QR” codes, are used widely in China—for mobile payment, marketing, public transportation, and various other applications. In this study, we examined the content of websites linked from QR codes on cigarette packs collected in China.Aims and MethodsIn February 2017, 738 unique cigarette packs were collected from five Chinese cities (Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Kunming, and Chengdu) using a systematic protocol. Cigarette packs were coded for presence of QR codes on packaging. Packs containing QR codes were then scanned using the WeChat app. Websites sourced from QR codes were coded for required verification, website type, age- and health-related statements, engagement strategies, and marketing appeals.ResultsFrom the sample of 738 unique packs, 109 packs (14.8%) had a QR code on the packaging. The QR codes were linked to 24 unique websites of which 23 could be analyzed. All 23 unique websites were either brand-specific or social media websites; none focused on health or quit information. Of the 23 websites, only three (13.0%) websites had age-restricted site access and just six (26.1%) had any mention of health-related risks associated with product usage. Engagement strategies and/or marketing appeals were found on 20 (87.0%) websites.ConclusionsThe Chinese tobacco industry uses QR codes on cigarette packaging to link to web-based marketing content including social media recruitment, contests and giveaways, and product advertisement. It is important to understand where packs send consumers online and what messages they receive, and to consider QR codes on packaging when drafting policy.ImplicationsScanning QR codes in China is a commonplace activity. The authors are aware of no published studies on the role QR codes play on the marketing of cigarette packs, in China or elsewhere. This study demonstrates QR codes on cigarette packs can expose users and nonusers to cigarette marketing on interactive websites and protobacco social media pages, mostly without restrictive access or health warnings. This is an area that health authorities can consider regulating, given that this is a channel through which the tobacco industry can communicate with current and potential consumers.

Free-Positioning Wireless Power Transfer System Based on One-to-Multiple Topology

The wireless power transfer (WPT) system is an interesting alternative for charging electric vehicles and has a broad prospect in public transport applications. In order to obtain optimal power transfer, the existing WPT systems often require perfect alignment between the primary and secondary coils, which can hardly be met in real applications. To relieve this problem and achieve the goal of free positioning, a one-to-multiple WPT topology being able to improve the misalignment tolerance at the secondary side is proposed in this letter. Based on circuit analysis and MATLAB simulation, a mixed mode is proposed to obtain a steady power transfer with horizontal misalignment. To verify the proposed topology, a one-to-two WPT system with a three winding transformer is developed in this letter, showing that proposed topology with the mixed mode can significantly increase the positioning adaptability.

Development of general transportation applications in Garut City web-based

Garut city is one of the cities that is densely packed with transportation, especially on public transportation. The problem is that there are still many people who do not understand the path that the public transportation passes, both in the city itself, outside the city and even foreign tourists. The purpose of developing this application is to find out where to go. In this study, researchers designed and built public transport transportation applications in the web-based city of Garut with the name Garut Anyar utilizing GIS technology in it. The application is useful for searching city transportation routes (Angkot) in Garut City so that users no longer feel difficulties in finding public transport to get to their destination, especially for migrants in Garut City. In addition, this application can display information about angkot routes so that it can add to the user’s insight. The conclusion obtained from this study is the Garut Anyar application was successfully built and useful for every user who has used this Garut Anyar application, which has been tested 100 times a trial from the RSU route to Banyuresmi as evidenced by an application testing questionnaire that gets good grades.

Design and Validation of Ultra-Fast Charging Infrastructures Based on Supercapacitors for Urban Public Transportation Applications

The last few decades have seen a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) for private and public transportation around the world. This has resulted in high power demands on the electrical grid, especially when fast and ultra-fast or flash (at the bus-stop) charging are required. Consequently, a ground storage should be used in order to mitigate the peak power request period. This paper deals with an innovative and simple fast charging infrastructure based on supercapacitors, used to charge the energy storage system on board electric buses. According to the charging level of the electric bus, the proposed fast charging system is able to provide the maximum power of 180 kW without exceeding 30 s and without using DC–DC converters. In order to limit the maximum charging current, the electric bus is charged in three steps through three different connectors placed between the supercapacitors on board the bus and the fast charging system. The fast charging system has been carefully designed, taking into account several system parameters, such as charging time, maximum current, and voltage. Experimental tests have been performed on a fast charging station prototype to validate the theoretical analysis and functionality of the proposed architecture.