Public Self-consciousness Research Articles

Possible Influence of Public Self-Consciousness in the Effects of Active Learning

Possible Influence of Public Self-Consciousness in the Effects of Active Learning

Distance Brings Solace: The Impact of Embarrassment on Low Facial Prominence Preference

Embarrassed consumers are motivated to avoid social attention or contact with others. However, the others in previous research refer to people in real life, excluding human images presented on promotional materials or product packaging. The current research indicates that the avoidance tendency induced by embarrassment exists not only for objectively existing people, but also for human images on promotional materials or products. Six experiments provide converging evidence that embarrassment causes consumers to prefer human images with low facial prominence. This effect is mediated by the need for interpersonal distance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the impact of embarrassment on low facial prominence preference is more likely to occur for consumers with high public self-consciousness. Finally, the mediating effect of the need for interpersonal distance disappears when the focal character is displayed as a cartoon image, instead of a human.

공적 자의식과 신체이형 증상의 관계 : 외모 거부민감성과 신체상 심리적 경직성의 순차적 이중매개효과

공적 자의식과 신체이형 증상의 관계 : 외모 거부민감성과 신체상 심리적 경직성의 순차적 이중매개효과

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 among university students in Japan and associated factors: An online cross-sectional survey.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly altered peoples’ daily lives, and it continues spreading as a crucial concern globally. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 are related to individuals’ adherence to government measures. This study evaluated KAP toward COVID-19 among university students in Japan between May 22 and July 16, 2020, via an online questionnaire, and it further investigated the associated determining KAP factors. Among the eligible respondents (n = 362), 52.8% were female, 79.0% were undergraduate students, 32.9% were students whose major university subjects were biology-related, 35.4% were from the capital region, and 83.7% were Japanese. The overall KAP of university students in Japan was high. All respondents (100%) showed they possessed knowledge on avoiding enclosed spaces, crowded areas, and close situations. Most respondents showed a moderate or higher frequency of washing their hands or wearing masks (both at 96.4%). In addition, 68.5% of respondents showed a positive attitude toward early drug administration. In the logistic regressions, gender, major subjects, education level, nationality, residence, and psychological factors (private self-consciousness and extroversion) were associated with knowledge or attitudes toward COVD-19 (p < 0.05). In the logistic and multiple linear regressions, capital regions, high basic knowledge, high information acquisition, correct information explanations contributed positively to preventative action (p < 0.05). Non-capital regions, male gender, non-bio-backgrounds, high public self-consciousness, high advanced knowledge, incorrect information explanations, and high extroversion contributed negatively to self-restraint (p < 0.05). Moreover, self-restraint was decreasing over time. These findings clarify the Japanese university students’ KAP and the related factors in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic, and they may help university managers, experts, and policymakers control the future spread of COVID-19 and other emerging infections.

Meanings and Motives for Consumers’ Sustainable Actions in the Food and Clothing Domains

The concept of sustainability has been widely discussed in the public arena by public entities and companies; however, consumers express inconsistency and confusion around the meaning of sustainability. This study aims to provide insights into consumers’ associations with the concept of sustainability in general and within two behavioural domains that represent daily necessities (i.e., food and clothing), in addition to exploring the motivational drivers behind sustainable behaviours. A total of 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted with young consumers in Denmark to address this aim. Consumers perceived the concept of sustainability as complex and mainly related it to environmental aspects, whereas social and economic aspects were less emphasised. The interviewees used examples of sustainable behaviours, which cover the whole consumption-cycle, when interpreting sustainability. Consumers had various motivations to engage in sustainable behaviours and these varied by the stage in the consumption-cycle and domain. The interviewees displayed external motivation (e.g., save money, better taste), introjected motivation (e.g., impress others, public self-consciousness), internalised motivation (e.g., reflection of self) and even intrinsic motivation (e.g., pure interest) to engage in different types of sustainable food or clothing behaviours across the consumption-cycle. Different types of motivations drove the same behaviour, suggesting potential synergies or internal conflicts.

How Do Face Consciousness and Public Self-Consciousness Affect Consumer Decision-Making?

Many individual differences affect consumers in the decision-making process (i.e., what to purchase; when to purchase). Face consciousness and public self-consciousness affect when in the fashion life cycle consumers decide to purchase, as well as what to purchase. Both face consciousness and public self-consciousness are concerned with consciousness (i.e., awareness; mindfulness) and both depend on social comparison processes. But the motivation underlying the social comparisons is different: with face consciousness, social comparisons yield appraisals of prestige and social status; with public self-consciousness, social comparisons yield assessments of situational appropriateness. The purpose of this study was to examine links among face consciousness; public self-consciousness; brand prestige; self-expressive brand (inner; social), and fashion leadership. Participants were 221 university students who completed a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha reliability, and multivariate/univariate analysis of variance (M/ANOVA) were conducted to analyze data. Results showed that face consciousness and public self-consciousness similarly affected ratings of the social self-expressive brand. However, face consciousness (but not public self-consciousness) influenced ratings of brand prestige and inner self-expressive brand. Public self-consciousness (but not face consciousness) influenced fashion leadership. Thus, while face consciousness and public self-consciousness are both concerned with consciousness, they independently influence consumer decision-making in different ways. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.

The price of social status desire and public self-consciousness in luxury consumption

This study examines the factors that influence what is an acceptable price for a luxury product. It considers how much people are prepared to pay for different categories of luxury products to satisfy their desire for status and to avoid public embarrassment that may result from their level of public self-consciousness. The effects of these factors, together with price consciousness, income, attachment to luxury products, and the extent to which the consumer uses price to infer the luxury level of a product, are empirically tested. Using data from U.S. consumers, the model is tested with latent moderated structural equations across nine luxury product categories. The results show that desire for status, price consciousness, and price-luxuriousness inferences influence price acceptability levels based on the product type. A series of mediating effects highlight the importance of public self-consciousness and attachment to price acceptability mainly through the price-luxuriousness inferences consumers make.

Effects of corrective strabismus surgery on social anxiety and self-consciousness in adults

To report the results of a questionnaire-based interventional study to evaluate the effects of strabismus surgery on private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety using a validated self-consciousness survey instrument. Patients who underwent strabismus surgery completed a demographics and a self-consciousness scale form both pre- and postoperatively. The total and subscale (private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety) summative scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with statistically significant relationships defined as P<0.05. Total and subscale summative scores were analyzed as such and by strabismus type, years of education, and marital status. Overall improvement was found postoperatively in total scores (P=0.012), public self-consciousness scores (P=0.009), and social anxiety scores (P=0.028). Although improvement was noted for the private self-consciousness subscale (P=0.188), it did not reach statistical significance. Subdivided according to strabismic and demographic subgroups, significant improvement was only noted in esotropic patients, college graduates, married/living partner/widowed patients, and separated/divorced patients. This study suggests that beyond functional and cosmetic improvements, strabismus surgery can result in improved public self-consciousness and social anxiety, with greatest effect noted in esotropic, college graduates, and nonsingle patients.

The Influence of Private and Public Self-Consciousness of College Students on Vocational Identity in Convergence era: Testing the Mediating Effects of Academic Self-Efficacy

The Influence of Private and Public Self-Consciousness of College Students on Vocational Identity in Convergence era: Testing the Mediating Effects of Academic Self-Efficacy

Social network sites, fear of missing out, and psychosocial correlates

The use of Social Network Sites (SNSs) has grown to become a ubiquitous aspect of daily life in developed countries throughout the world. This rise of social media has resulted in increased public concern regarding the way in which individuals engage with SNSs, and the consequences of frequent SNS use. The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is an example of a social psychological phenomenon which has recently received attention as a significant factor associated with experiences of SNS engagement. The following study sought to contribute to developing understandings of SNS use and FoMO. This was achieved by assessing the extent to which FoMO mediated the relationships between SNS engagement and four other psychosocial factors (psychological need satisfaction, social capital, public self-consciousness, and public self-monitoring). Quantitative data were collected from a student volunteer sample of 218 New Zealand SNS users and analysed using a series of regression analyses. Relationships between each of the assessed psychosocial variables and rates of SNS engagement were found to be mediated by FoMO. The findings of this study support the view that FoMO plays an important role in understanding the range of complex and interrelated psychosocial factors relating to rates of SNS engagement.

Sharing Workout Experiences on Social Networking Sites: Its Moderating Factors and Well-Being Outcomes

ABSTRACT The study explored moderating factors and well-being outcomes of sharing workout experiences on social networking sites (SNSs). A survey of 424 participants assessed the degree to which participants post fitness information on SNSs, moderating factors, and outcomes of posting fitness behavior on SNSs. The results showed for individuals who intensively share workout experiences on SNSs, there is a positive relationship between public self-consciousness and physical well-being, accountability and physical well-being, and social comparison tendency and physical well-being. And, individuals who shared workout experiences on SNSs had greater public self-consciousness, public expectancy, accountability, and social comparison tendency than those who did not on SNSs. By identifying the moderating factors of posting fitness experiences on SNSs, as well as the boundary conditions for the relationship between these moderating factors and physical well-being, this study provides practical implications for public health campaign messages, and contributes to the theoretical accumulation of studies regarding eHealth and SNSs.

КОНСТРУКТ «ЗОВНІШНЄ Я» ЯК КОМПОНЕНТ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ САМОСВІДОМОСТІ ТА ДИСПОЗИЦІЙНА ОСНОВА СОЦІАБЕЛЬНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ: СПРОБА ТЕОРЕТИЧНОЇ ВАЛІДИЗАЦІЇ

Стаття містить спробу теоретичної валідизації емпіричного конструкту «зовнішнє Я», отри­ма­ного в результаті факторизації даних діагностики респондентів підліткового та юнацького віку (n=1457). Виокремлено декілька імпліцитних та експліцитних ліній аналізу цього конструкту: диспозиційну, соціаль­но-поведінкову та вікової генези. Проаналізовано експліцитні уявлення про соціабельність як характерис­ти­ку темпераменту та особистісну рису. Показано, що імпліцитно конструкт «зовнішнє Я» існує у психо­логії в різних іпостасях: як підструктура Я та прояв соціальної самосвідомості, як феномен ідентифікації та прояв потреби «бути як інші», як ціннісно-мотиваційна складова прагнення до любові, мотивації афі­ліації, страху осуду та бажання заслужити любов та схвалення оточення, як складова нормативної, кон­формної поведінки, як мотиваційний регулятор діяльності та життєдіяльності особистості. «Зовнішнє Я», з одного боку, є індивідуально-психологічною диспозицією, симптомокомплексом рис особистості, яку мож­на інтерпретувати як диспозиційну основу соціабельної поведінки. З іншого боку, конструкт «зовнішнє Я» має поведінкову складову – власне соціабельну поведінку. Її визначено як здатність особистості узго­джувати та коректувати соціальну активність згідно з очікуваннями оточення, групи, соціальними нор­ма­ми та вимогами. Як індивідуально-психологічна диспозиція «зовнішнє Я» є кластером взаємопов’язаних характеристик особистості (когнітивних, регулятивних, поведінкових), які відіграють важливу роль у процесі соціально-психологічної адаптації. Поведінкова складова «зовнішнього Я» (соціабельна поведінка) є опосередкованим показником соціоцентричних тенденцій розвитку (на противагу егоцентричним як орієнтації на власні цінності та сенси). Розглянуто особливості «зовнішнього Я» як позивної та негативної конотації особистості, його потенціал та ризики у розвитку особистості в період дорослішання. Ви­значено, що конструкт «зовнішнє Я» не є артефактом і може бути інтерпретований як вікова та со­ціально-психологічна характеристика прояву соціального в особистості у період підліткового та юнацького віку

공적 자의식과 지각된 통제감이 사회불안과 정서에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 지각된 통제감 수준에 따라 공적 자의식 수준이 사회불안, 정서에 미치는 영향이 달라진다는 이원상호작용가설을 세워 실험을 통해 검증했다. 2(공적 자의식:고/저) × 2(지각된 통제감:고/저)의 완전무선설계였으며 대학생 75명의 자료가 분석되었다. 실험참여자에게 본 연구를 의사전달능력향상프로그램 개발연구라고 소개한 뒤 발표주제, 발표준비시간, 발표종료시간에 대한 선택 여부로 지각된 통제감 고/저 집단으로 조작했다. 그다음 타인이 지켜보고 있다는 정보 제공 여부 및 비디오카메라 설치 여부를 통해 공적 자의식 고/저 집단으로 조작했다. 이후 발표를 실시한 뒤, 정서적, 행동적, 신체적 측면의 사회불안, 긍정 및 부정정서를 측정했다. 본 연구 결과를 보면, 정서 및 행동적 측면의 사회불안, 부정적 정서에서 공적 자의식과 지각된 통제감의 이원상호작용이 유의하여 가설이 지지되었다. 구체적으로, 지각된 통제감이 낮은 경우 공적 자의식 높을 때가 낮을 때 보다 정서 및 행동적 측면의 사회불안과 부정적 정서가 유의하게 높았다. 반면에 지각된 통제감이 높은 경우 공적 자의식이 높을 때와 낮을 때의 정서 및 행동적 측면의 사회불안, 부정적 정서의 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 한편, 심박수, 긍정정서에서 이원상호작용은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점 및 장래연구방향을 논의했다.

Factors affecting the fashion purchase decision-making of single Koreans

The number of single consumers in Korea has recently undergone a rapid increase, making this demographic a major consumer market. Through this study, we attempt to better understand this group by focusing on single consumers’ decision-making and the factors influencing their fashion purchases. To this end, we investigate the relationships between feelings of self-consciousness, information search tendencies, decision-making, and post-purchase satisfaction of single-person households after fashion purchases. Data were obtained from 717 questionnaire responses from individuals aged 20–49 years from single-person households. The results of the study showed that the relationship between private self-consciousness and introverted information searches was stronger than that between private self-consciousness and extroverted information searches. The relationship between public self-consciousness and extroverted information searches was stronger than that between public self-consciousness and introverted information searches. In addition, introverted information searches had a positive relationship with self-determination, while extroverted information searches were significantly related only to non-self-determination. Finally, the positive relationship between satisfaction and self-determination was stronger than that between satisfaction and non-self-determination. Overall, the study identified important factors affecting the decision-making process of single Koreans. These findings are vital for Korean fashion marketers, and managerial suggestions are included to implement marketing strategies to target single people.

Management of Interpersonal Conflict in Negotiation with Chinese: A Perceived Face Threat Perspective

Despite increasingly frequent business interactions between China and the West, negotiations with Chinese remain a great challenge to most Westerners. Sino-Western discrepancies in cultural values and social norms lead to massive misunderstandings and inevitable conflicts in business negotiations. Grounded on the Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson in Politeness: some universals in language usage, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1987), this study aims to better predict Chinese negotiation behaviors from an indigenous perspective by exploring the impact of face on Chinese conflict handling strategies. With a sample of 608 Chinese business representatives, this research demonstrates the significant effect of perceived fellowship-, moral-, competence- and autonomy-face threats on Chinese conflict management styles in business negotiations. It is found that Chinese do not always act as politely and agreeably as expected when bargaining with their business partners, especially in a conflict context. Based on their perceptions of face threats induced by various conflict issues, they may adopt different strategies, ranging from competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating to avoiding, to negotiate with their counterparts. In addition, it is confirmed that both a contextual antecedent (guanxi) and an individual trait (public self-consciousness) will significantly influence Chinese representatives’ face threat perceptions and, subsequently, determine how they will behave in business negotiations.

The Roles of Self-identity Cues and Public Self-consciousness in Volunteering for Socially Stigmatized Causes on Social Media

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are conducted to study marketing strategies (self-identity cues and public self-consciousness) that can be used to fuel volunteering intentions for socially stigmatized cause campaigns on social media. The finding of Study 1 demonstrates that group (vs individual) cues promoting group-wise commitment are more effective for increasing volunteering intentions, but this finding is reported only for those low in public self-consciousness. Furthermore, public self-consciousness itself negatively influences volunteering intentions. Comparing the type of group cue, Study 2 finds that ingroup (vs outgroup) cues signaling an ingroup identity of volunteers are more effective in increasing volunteering intentions, and such effect is more prominent for those high in public self-consciousness. In turn, the interaction effects of group cues and public self-consciousness on volunteering intentions are mediated by the perceived social value of volunteering. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Characteristics of Social Anxiety of University Students with High Autistic Traits: Links with Self-Esteem and Public Self-Consciousness

Characteristics of Social Anxiety of University Students with High Autistic Traits: Links with Self-Esteem and Public Self-Consciousness

The Structural Equation Modeling of the relationship between Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance, Public Self-Consciousness, Body Satisfaction and Abnormal Eating Behavior of Adolescents

The Structural Equation Modeling of the relationship between Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance, Public Self-Consciousness, Body Satisfaction and Abnormal Eating Behavior of Adolescents

Examining the structure of ideas of reference in clinical and community samples

AimsThis study addresses the psychometric properties of a Spanish validation of the REF scale of ideas of reference (IRs) in detecting and following at-risk mental states and psychosis. MethodsA total of 9447 participants were distributed in three groups: 676 patients with various diagnoses—154 with psychotic disorders, 6291 youths aged 11 to 20, and 2480 adult participants aged 21 to 84. ResultsYouths had higher scores than adults on IRs, observing a progressive decrease and stabilization in the twenties. Exploratory factor analysis provided a structure for the overall IRs score, with five first-order dimensions and one second-order dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure with excellent fit. The REF scale was invariant across sex and samples. The internal consistency of the complete scale was excellent and acceptable across the five first-order factors. Strong relationships were found with the positive dimension of the community assessment of psychic experience-42, as well as with aberrant salience. Low and moderate relationships were found with public self-consciousness, anxiety, and depression. Youths and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders had a high mean IRs frequency. Male sex, greater age (among the adults), and the “causal explanations”, “Songs, newspapers, books” and “laughing and commenting” REF subscales showed predictive power in the diagnostic categories of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. ConclusionsThe results provide satisfactory that the REF scale could be used to study psychosis.

The Influence of family function on suicidal ideation : The Mediating effect of socially prescribed perfectionism and Moderating effect of public self-consciousness

본 연구는 청소년의 가족기능이 자살사고에 미치는 영향에서 사회부과 완벽주의의 매개효과와 공적 자의식의 조절효과, 가족기능과 공적 자의식의 상호작용효과가 사회부과 완벽주의를 거쳐 자살사고에 이르는 매개된 조절효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 수도권 고등학교 1~2학년 학생 565명을 대상으로 으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 구조방정식 모형 검증을 진행하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족기능은 자살사고에 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 사회부과 완벽주의는 가족기능과 자살사고를 부분매개 한다. 셋째, 공적 자의식은 가족기능이 사회부과 완벽주의에 미치는 영향을 조절한다. 넷째, 가족기능과 공적 자의식의 상호작용효과가 사회부과 완벽주의를 통해 자살사고에 영향을 미치는 매개된 조절효과가 확인되었다. 연구 결과를 통해, 자살사고를 가진 청소년을 상담·지원하는데 있어 가족기능이 중요한 변인으로 작용하며, 필요에 따라 공적 자의식과사회부과 완벽주의에대한 접근이 이루어진다면 보다 효과적일 수 있다는시사점을도출하였다는데 의의가 있다.The purpose of this study was tested effect of socially prescribed perfectionism and public self-consciousness on family function and suicidal ideation. The mediated moderating effects were tested among 565 high school students. The results are as follows. First, Family functions shows negative effect on suicidal ideation. Second, Socially prescribed perfectionism shows mediating effect on family function and suicidal ideation. Third, Public self-consciousness shows moderating effect on family function and socially prescribed perfectionism. Fourth, Socially prescribed perfectionism through public self-consciousness shows mediated moderating effect on family function and suicidal ideation. The significance of this study is as follows. Family function is important factor in counseling youths with suicidal ideation, and it can be more effective if a counselor approach to public awareness and social prescribed perfectionism.