Public Security Sector Research Articles

Fragment dispersion characteristics of uncoupled charge structures with internal explosive loading

The demand for uncoupled charge structures has risen alongside advancements in warheads and protective design technologies in defense and public security sectors. Consequently, this work investigates the fragment dispersion characteristics of uncoupled charge structures and the impact of different structural parameters through numerical simulations. A modified equation derived from the Gurney formula is proposed using numerical simulation and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, tailored to the uncoupled charge concept and the foundational theory of the Gurney formula. To validate the fragment velocity prediction model for uncoupled charge structures, explosion experiments and other testing methods were utilized. By examining the theoretical underpinnings and the application of numerical simulation methods, this paper provides a robust foundation for the uncoupled charge structure, offering a crucial reference for designing protective measures against improvised explosive devices.

Artificial Intelligence as an Innovative Element of Support in Policing

Currently, the public security sector is faced with an increasing administrative burden that limits the ability of police officers to focus on core security tasks. This paper focuses on the possibility of using large-scale language models (LSMs) as an innovative tool to address this challenge. Based on a careful literature review and analysis of current trends in artificial intelligence, the author team develops a concept for integrating GPTs into police practice, with an emphasis on the potential for reducing administrative burden and supporting efficient processing of relevant information.As part of this research, we have identified key areas of policing where AI could bring significant value, including data analysis and document production assistance. However, it should be emphasized that this technology is still in its early stages of development and its implementation would require a carefully considered approach involving interdisciplinary collaboration and further research to test the theoretical assumptions presented in this study.Thus, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of integrating GPT into policing practice and outlines a path towards future innovative solutions in the field of public safety.

To Assess the Efficacy of Current Training Programs in the Private and Public Security Sectors and Their Impact on Partnership in the Provision of Security in Nairobi County, Kenya

Interactions between the public and private security sectors were crucial in maintaining public safety in Nairobi County, Kenya, under the framework of security services. The purpose of this research was to assess how successful previous training programs were in bringing together public and private security agencies to provide better protection for the public. Combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, the research process was all-encompassing. Primary data were acquired through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews, and secondary data were sourced from a variety of other sources. The data collection was centered around Nairobi County because of its ever-changing security scene, which reflects the wide range of activities and difficulties encountered by the two security sectors. In order to evaluate the gathered data, statistical analysis was performed using software like SPSS. An examination of previous training programs and how they impacted the formation of a partnership between public and private security agencies was the primary goal of the study. The research sought to refine training programs to improve collaboration and partnership between the public and commercial security sectors by analyzing previous efforts and their strengths and shortcomings. Policymakers, security agencies, and training institutes can all benefit from this study's results, which should lead to a better coordinated and efficient security strategy in Nairobi County. In addition to achieving the short-term goal of assessing training programs, this study paved the way for longer-term conversations on strengthening security partnerships in Kenya. This study laid the groundwork for future research in this important field and helped improve safety and security measures in Nairobi County by illuminating the connection between good training and collaborative security provision.

Volunteer Security Outfit and the Fight against Terrorism in Nigeria: A Study of Civilian Joint Task Force in Borno State

The war waged by the Nigerian military against Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State and the North-East at large had suffered setbacks as the complexity of the contemporary security challenges overwhelms the public security sector and therefore government has subscribed to the need to extend the security sector to include ‘private security providers’ and the citizens as stakeholders. This study assessed volunteer security outfit and the fight against terrorism in Nigeria with focus on Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in Borno State. The study employed a qualitative method and the Partnership Theory of Crime Prevention and Resistance Theory was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. KIIs were conducted with ten (10) stakeholders from different professions. Data elicited through KII was analyzed thematically. The study findings revealed that volunteer security outfit is an approach in combating terrorism in Nigeria. The findings further revealed that Civilian JTF activities have helped other government security agencies in coordinating and arresting key Boko Haram members in Borno State thereby becoming a fundamental component to assisting and winning the war against Boko Haram insurgency. The study therefore recommends that educating and sensitizing members of the community and CJTF to be alert to their patriotic duty of reporting crime and illegal entry of other nationals should be advocated and intensified by the Borno State government. The study further recommends that with the current insecurity confronting Nigeria, establishment of local vigilante group of youth in communities across Nigeria should be encouraged to assist and support the security agencies. Since terrorism is a global problem, countries should adopt volunteer security outfit model to end organised crime and terrorism. This should be executed with the highest sense of local ownership and in collaboration with key stakeholders in their domain. Above all, for lasting peace, security and stability to prevail in Borno State, committed and sincere leadership should be demonstrated at all levels of governance in the State.

Exploring hybrid security strategies in Ghana: State and private sector partnerships

ABSTRACT Mounting security challenges in the Global South provoke scholarly discussions on multi-actor and multi-dimensional interventions, especially the role of private security organisations. Yet, while broadly revealing the growing influence of private security firms and/or anecdotes of periodic private-public security collaborations in contemporary security provision in developing countries, the related literature offers little discussion about the potential for sustained systemic partnerships between public and private security organisations to tackle contemporary security challenges. Contributing to the broader discourse on hybrid governance, this research examines the potential of private-public security operational collaborations and how they could address contemporary security dilemmas in Ghana. The article draws on semi-structured interviews with actors from private and public security sectors to demonstrate the potential of effective private-public security partnerships in the areas of intelligence gathering and logistical (re)enforcement; community education and operations; and surveillance. The data suggest that while private and public securities operate under different structures, codes, and conditions, the three areas present real possibilities for a hybrid security context, which could significantly reduce crime and general security concerns in the country.

The ongoing electrification in light vehicle public fleets: Lessons learned from an experience at Brazilian public safety sector

This paper reports a pioneering experience in Brazil of implementing an electrified fleet for the Civil Municipal Guard of the city of São José dos Campos - SP. The main objective is to bring contributions to the expansion of light vehicle public fleet electrification through lessons learned and recommendations established from this case study linked to the public security sector. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to fleet managers and users, in addition a survey of data on vehicles, fuel and electricity prices, to then present implementation barriers, financial savings estimations and lessons learned with recommendations. The bureaucracy present in public hiring processes and convincing users to change to an unknown technology were the main barriers raised. The implantation presented economic viability, considering the characteristics of the fleet, and demands some adjustments related to the technical specification of the vehicles and chargers to avoid influences on the core activities. Based on these results, the main recommendations are the early and detailed construction of the basic project for contracting, establishing a maintenance plan that includes preventive actions and stock of imported spare parts and a training plan that involves all users, prior experimentation and emphasis on vehicle efficiency and autonomy.

Values, Competences and Sustainability in Public Security and IT Higher Education

Values find their full completion only in the competent behaviour of university members. The values of a university are directly linked with the competences of university teachers and, together with the principles of sustainability, are the crucial pillars of a ‘sustainability triangle’ of higher education institutions that is introduced and modelled in this paper, which examines these phenomena and the potential ties existing between them. We experimentally define the 10 principles of sustainability in higher education based on the personal academic experience of the authors as well the most frequently cited opinions in the literature. The paper subsequently presents the results of a sociological survey performed in two European countries and compares the results of Czech university students in the public security sector (n = 396) with those of Slovak university students in the IT sector (n = 246). An almost perfect correlation between student opinions from both sectors was confirmed with the use of Pearson’s product moments and an unpaired two-sample Student’s t-test. The results help to affirm all the postulated principles of sustainability and to approve the accuracy of the model presented, i.e., a Triangle of/for Sustainable Higher Education Institutions. The results obtained as well as our arguments simultaneously call on the governing bodies of ministries and universities to focus efforts on the harmonisation of personal and institutional values, opinions, principles, aspirations, and various motivations of all members of the university, i.e., students, teachers, and advisers.

Mortality surveillance in Brazil: factors associated with certification of unspecified external cause of death.

This article aims to analyze the association between characteristics of death - type of certifier and place of death - and the odds of an external cause death being certified as unspecified in Brazil. Cross-sectional study of deaths due to external causes from the Mortality Information System, 2017. Unspecified external cause (UEC) is the outcome variable in the models. Type of certifier physician, place of death and the interaction of these variables were the explanatory variables. Confounders were controlled by multiple logistic regression. UEC were the initial underlying cause for 22% of the 159,720 deaths from external causes in Brazil and 31% of hospital deaths issued by coroners. After adjustment for confounders, the odds of UEC in a hospital death certified by a coroner was 98% greater (OR=1.98; 95%CI: 1.53; 2.56) than in a home/street death issued by another certifier. This was greater than the odds for certifications by coroners (OR=1.23; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.33) and hospital deaths (OR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.32; 1.58). External causes certified by coroners and/or occurring in hospitals have a higher presence of UEC than other deaths; and indicate the need for coordinated initiatives by the health and public security sectors.

Inter-sectorial network for assisting women in situations of violence: handicraft work built by the people.

to discuss the meanings attributed by professionals to the construction of the service network for women in situations of violence. Convergent Care Research developed with the application of a convergence group with 32 participants from the health, social assistance, or public security sectors, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The data was produced during ten meetings, based on the problematization methodology, and submitted to analysis of thematic content and interpreted with the referential of networks. the construction of the network is an artisanal work carried out by people continuously, permeated by bonds, communication and partnerships between services and knowledge of work processes. Lashings require permanent movement. building a network implies defining intertwining lines; form nodes that create cross-sector connections. There is a need to institutionalize processes through care continuity protocols, associated with an efficient communication system between sectors.

Upgrading Big Brother: Local Strategic Adaptation in China\u2019s Security Industry

What are the circumstances under which latecomer firms can develop indigenous innovative capacity and compete globally? China’s construction of a vast domestic security apparatus has contributed to it becoming the world’s largest supplier and consumer of video surveillance products and services. It has also produced several globally competitive companies, including those engaged in digital surveillance. Although security equipment producers initially emerged in Guangdong province, China’s leading technology companies are concentrated in Zhejiang province. This comparative study is motivated by the puzzle of why Guangdong, which has a larger security equipment industry with more local investment and earlier introduction of foreign technology, has lagged behind Zhejiang in technological upgrading. We trace this provincial variation to the policy choices of local state bureaucracies and the business strategies of local enterprises. While macro-level variables such as market demand and establishing national industry standards are important for industrial development, this study demonstrates the critical role of local technocrats and entrepreneurs in facilitating technological innovation in a rapidly evolving surveillance regime. Our analysis also reveals how latecomers to a technology-intensive industry were able to adapt their products strategically to meet the technical demands of a major segment of the domestic market, China’s public security sector.

Challenges of Security Guards in Selangor State Government Hospital

The process of strengthening defense and security has indeed begun since 1957, either from the aspect of physical or non -physical development. Generally, by the 1990s, it has become a starting point for Malaysia to accelerate and strengthen the strength of the defense and security system with the principle of forward defense. Several public security sectors have managed to strengthen good and mutually beneficial relations such as the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM) and the Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM). This job has a well-being structure as Employee Wellness Programs and Assistance Employee Programs such as the Auxiliary Police, Territorial Soldiers, Navy Reserve Force and others that have been provided to help address the needs and challenges in their work. In Malaysia, on the other hand, the private security sector does not have a mutually beneficial relationship, with no structure specifically designed to address the needs and challenges of employees.

Analisis Relasi Fenomena Kriminalitas Dengan Kebijakan Publik

This study revealed the phenomenon of crime in North Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The aim, in addition to getting a complete picture, is to analyze the relationship between empirical phenomena and local government policies. This type of research is "descriptive-analytic" using a qualitative approach. The techniques used are mostly based on in-depth interviews, documentation, observation and focus group discussion. The results of the study show that the crime rate in North Lampung Regency in the past 5 (five) years was quite alarming, although in the 2017-2018 range there was a significant downward trend.This decrease was caused by (1) District Government policies in the field of public security, which were implemented in the form of intensive government apparatus (police) in effort to eradicate crime, and (2) policies in the field of non-Public Security in the form of developing a creative economy and youth coaching. This study concludes that out of the 2 (two) types of policy, the handling of the public security sector is only effective in tackling crime for short-term needs. While for long-term needs, the District Government needs to develop a policy of economic development based on local potential.

Within the asylum‐advocacy nexus: An analysis of Mexican transgender asylum seekers in the United States

AbstractDespite that Mexico has experienced significant legislative gains for LGBT rights, why is transphobic violence on the rise, driving increasing numbers to immigrate to the United States, even though the United States also experiences high levels of transphobic violence? This paper uses action‐based research from within the “asylum‐advocacy nexus” to analyze the experiences of Mexican transgender and gender non‐conforming persons within both the Mexican society and the US society and asylum process. Data show early childhood socialization is deeply informed by conservative religious (trans‐ and homophobic) ideas and practices that extend from the family and church into each sector of society—educational, employment, health care, public security, popular culture, sports, etc. Despite some legislative advances and possibilities for empowerment, there remains a programmatic need to address a culture of violence against sexual minorities within family, educational, legal, and public security sectors in both countries.

The Combination of Fighting Against the Crime of Trafficking in People of Police Forces during the Period of International Integration

The combination of fighting against human trafficking is a matter of principle and governed by the State's legal documents, the Directive and the Resolution of the Public Security sector. In fact, good implementation of coordination between police forces in the fight against crimes of trafficking in people has the effect of promoting cooperative forces, supporting each other to find common solutions. for the struggle, set up a legal basis to conduct activities to exchange information on crimes, support material facilities, human resources and technical progress for timely application of measures professional operations to detect and prevent crimes of human trafficking in the current international integration period. Keywords : Coordination, police force, human trafficking DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/85-03 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Review of the Literature on Multicriteria Methods Applied in the Field of Public Security

Public security is a topic with increasing relevance over the years. In this context, the growing demand requires decisions that consider multiple points of view, some of them subjective. This work is based on the assumption that few studies have been conducted in the public security sector employing multiple criteria techniques to support the decision making procedure. In this context, this research had the objective of mapping the application of MCDA methods within the scope of public security. A literature review in the journals of the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases was carried out in October 2016, accessed through Capes portal, integrating the following themes: public security and multicriteria decision aid. A systematic search was conducted by applying the Webibliomining method. After applying specific keywords and filters 965 records were returned from Scopus and 788 records from the ISI Web of Science. The review of findings summary resulted in a set of 19 articles validated as compliant for inclusion in the revision, where 19 were from Scopus and 6 were shared with the Web of Science base. The analysis of the articles showed that there is no predominant multicriteria method in the context of the search. The recurrent applications refer to the resolution of the policing distribution problem, and classification of crime rate by region. The key contribution of this work is to provide the reader with a map of public safety problems already addressed in the context of MCDAs approaches and to highlight aspects of this problem that have not yet explored in the context of the MCDA.

Managing collaboration in public security networks in the fight against terrorism and organized crime

The fight against terrorism and organized crime requires collaboration between public security organizations. Due to a lack of strong hierarchical structure, managing networks is not similar to managing a single government agency. This study examines the factors influencing network effectiveness in the public security sector. The study highlighted the importance of inter-organizational trust, network leadership style, goal convergence, and organizational culture on network effectiveness. In order to find these relations between study variables, a self-reported survey was conducted with 305 current and previous public network leaders. The study found that inter-organizational trust and goal convergence have a positive relationship with network effectiveness, with co-producer network leadership being the most convenient leadership style for effectiveness. Points for practitioners Government and network managers should focus on establishing relationships to promote trust and decrease the goal divergence between partner agencies, with increased open communication in the network. Governors should ensure an accountable system of public security, identify the boundaries of member organizations, network principles, and values, and appropriately coordinate joint actions. In order to promote governors to implement behaviors in co-producer leadership styles, the government should strengthen the governor’s authority and financial power over military units and intelligence departments.

Facilitating a transition from compulsory detention of people who use drugs towards voluntary community-based drug dependence treatment and support services in Asia.

Evidence indicates that detention of people who use drugs in compulsory centers in the name of treatment is common in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The expansion of such practices has been costly, has not generated positive health outcomes, and has not reduced supply or demand for illicit drugs. United Nations agencies have convened several consultations with government and civil society stakeholders in order to facilitate a transition to voluntary evidence- and community-based drug dependence treatment and support services.In an effort to support such efforts, an informal group of experts proposes a three-step process to initiate and accelerate national-level transitions. Specifically, the working group recommends the establishment of a national multisectoral decision-making committee to oversee the development of national transition plans, drug policy reform to eliminate barriers to community-based drug dependence treatment and support services, and the integration of community-based drug dependence treatment in existing national health and social service systems.In parallel, the working group recommends that national-level transitions should be guided by overarching principles, including ethics, human rights, meaningful involvement of affected communities, and client safety, as well as good governance, transparency, and accountability. The transition also represents an opportunity to review the roles and responsibilities of various agencies across the public health and public security sectors in order to balance the workload and ensure positive results.The need to accelerate national-level transitions to voluntary community-based drug dependence treatment and support services is compelling—on economic, medical, sustainable community development, and ethical grounds—as extensively documented in the literature. In this context, the expert working group fully endorses initiation of a transition towards voluntary evidence- and community-based drug dependence treatment and support services across the region, as well as the steady scale-down of compulsory centers for drug users.Components of voluntary community-based drug dependence treatment and support services are being implemented in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. However, significant technical and financial support will be required to be allocated from national budgets and by international development agencies in order to complete the transition and reduce the reliance on detention of people who use drugs in Asia.

Curto-circuito, falta de linha ou na linha? Redes de enfrentamento à violência contra mulheres em São Paulo

Este artigo examina as abordagens das/os agentes do Estado sobre violência doméstica e os fatores que condicionam a aplicação da Lei Maria da Penha no que se refere às diretivas para a constituição e expansão de serviços criminais e não criminais a serem integrados em uma "Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência contra Mulheres". Com base em uma pesquisa de campo realizada na cidade de São Paulo entre 2012 e 2014, o artigo mostra que, além das delegacias da mulher criadas nos anos 1980 e 1990, surgiram, na última década, novos serviços não criminais nas periferias da cidade, contribuindo para a expansão da Rede. No entanto, há várias redes, não apenas uma, as quais ora se cruzam e se alinham numa mesma abordagem sobre violência, ora se acham em conflito, ora funcionam em paralelo. As/os agentes do Estado abraçam diversas abordagens sobre violência doméstica contra mulheres, que variam entre uma perspectiva familista e perspectivas de gênero, feminista e interseccional de gênero, raça e classe social. Esta diversidade ilustra a heterogeneidade da cultura jurídico-política do Estado em relação aos direitos das mulheres, um Estado que caracterizo como "bipolar", regulado, por um lado, pelo regime de gênero/mulher nas políticas para mulheres, e, por outro lado, pelo regime de família na assistência social e na segurança pública. Além do contexto político, três fatores contribuem para a heterogeneidade do Estado: o vínculo institucional dos serviços; o tipo de formação das/os agentes do Estado; a história dos serviços e suas relações com a comunidade local e com os movimentos sociais.

Responsible risk-taking in conflict-affected countries: the need for due diligence and the importance of collective approaches

AbstractThis article discusses some of the challenges that may be encountered by companies seeking to adhere to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights when operating in conflict-affected countries. The authors argue that corporate respect for human rights may not be sufficient to correct or compensate for state failure and also suggest that the leverage or influence enjoyed by individual companies in relation to the conduct of security forces and host governments may be limited, particularly in times of crisis. There is therefore a need for a collective approach to human rights risks in conflict-affected countries, and this should focus on public security sector reform and good governance as well as on corporate due diligence.

Partnering with law enforcement to deliver good public health: the experience of the HIV/AIDS Asia regional program

In the South-East Asia region, the drug control and supply reduction agenda is of high political importance. A multitude of law enforcement agencies are engaged in this work. Nationwide campaigns such as the “Strike- Hard” campaign in China or the “war on drugs” in Thailand dominate the landscape. Viet Nam’s response to drug use has historically focused on deterrence through punishment and supply-side measures. This policy environment is further complicated by lack of evidence-based drug dependence treatment in several settings. The public health consequences of this approach have been extremely serious, with some of the highest documented prevalence of preventable blood-borne viral infections, including HIV, and hepatitis B and C. The wider socioeconomic consequences of this have been borne by families, communities and the governments themselves.The HIV/AIDS Asia Regional Program (HAARP) aims to stop the spread of HIV associated with drug use in South-East Asia and parts of southern China. HAARP works across five countries (Cambodia, China Burma, Laos, Viet Nam) chiefly through the Ministries of Health and Social Affairs, National Drug Control Agencies, and Public Security sectors, including prisons. HAARP has also engaged with UN agencies and a wide range of civil society organisations, including organisations of people who use drugs, to ensure their meaningful involvement in matters that directly affect them. We describe the experience of HAARP in implementing a large-scale harm reduction programme in the Sub-Mekong Region. HAARP chose to direct its efforts in three main areas: supporting an enabling environment for effective harm reduction policies, building core capacity among national health and law enforcement agencies, and supporting “universal access” goals by making effective, high-coverage services available to injecting drug users and their partners.The activities supported by HAARP are humble yet important steps. However, a much higher political-level dialogue is needed. The current huge gap of human rights standards in drug control practices also needs to be bridged immediately. Public health that embraces a rights-based approach must be given its fair share of policy space, budget and influence.