Role Of Public Sector Research Articles

Role of public sector in developing agricultural biotechnology in Iran

Agricultural experts in the field of biotechnology in Iran were surveyed in order to explore their perception about factors influencing the participation of public sector in developing agricultural biotechnology in Iran. Based on the results of the study, policy making, marketing, infrastructural, educational and research factors determined about 74% of variance of factors influencing the participation of public sector in developing agricultural biotechnology. Key words : Biotechnology, agriculture, Iran, public sector.

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIVATE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE: JORDANIAN AND ITALIAN EXPERIENCES

Investment in the private traditional heritage buildings is facing a lot of problems, which makes its use, development (in a productive manner) and even its existence impossible. The biggest problem is the lack of methodology that determines the role of public and private sectors in the successful investment process of the privet heritage. The researcher makes a comparison between two development methodologies of the traditional building in two different realities. One of them is in Italy with a long experience regulated by local and European laws, the second is a young experience in Jordan. There are both positive and negative aspects deduced by the analysis of the two methodologies. At the end of the research there are conclusions on the organized development of the private traditional architecture.

모바일 공간정보산업 활성화를 위한 정책 제안 연구

The application area of spatial information such as urban planing, facility management, traffic service are expanded to new service areas such as environmental pollution, securing resources, u-City. In particular, the increased importance of spatial information application in mobile environment based on smart phone, a mobile spatial data infrastructure and related strategy suggestions to provide mobile spatial information service is required. In this paper, we derived strategy suggestions to foster the next generation strategic industry and proposed the role of public sector, the development of mobile spatial information services, the construction of mobile spatial information infrastructure and the stepwise strategies.

India 2039—Transforming Agriculture: Productivity, Markets, and Institutions

The central premise of this article is that Indian agriculture must undergo a fundamental transformation between now and 2039, both on the demand and supply side, by emphasizing higher value outputs, increased productivity, and redefined public and private sector roles. Driving this transformation will be the broader trends in the wider Indian and global economies: a dramatic shift in food demand away from staple food grains to higher value products (such as vegetables, milk, eggs, poultry, and fruits) caused by India’s affluence, rising energy costs, much higher rural wages, increasing international prices of agriculture inputs and outputs, the availability of new seeds and other technologies, and, importantly, adverse effects of global climate change. Given the limitations on expanding cultivable area and rising water distress, the only way to meet India’s food needs will be through dramatically increasing productivity and the efficiency of water use.

European experiences as guidelines for public, private and civil sector role redefinition in spatial policy formulation process in Serbia

The period of post-socialist transition in Serbia brings more complex actors environment compared to socialistic period, while institutional arrangements are not enough developed to actively involve different groups of actors in spatial policy formulation process. In order to gather certain knowledge as guidelines for redefining institutional practices in Serbia, institutional framework of Serbia was compared in this paper with institutional framework of three developed European countries, especially in relation to the roles of public, private and civil sector in spatial policy formulation process. The European countries selected for the analysis are United Kingdom, Netherlands and Germany because of diverse national administrative traditions, so different institutional arrangements could be researched. By comparing institutional framework in Serbia with the ones in developed European countries following questions are researched: which actors are missing in Serbia, what are the ways institutional arrangements for different groups inclusion into spatial policy formulation process are formed, what are the differences between the roles of certain groups of actors in decision-making process. Current roles of actors in spatial policy formulation process in Serbia are reviewed and possible directions for public, private and civil sector role redefinition in Serbia are discussed in accordance with experiences of developed European countries.

Social Entrepreneurship in Youth Culture: Morganics, Russell Simmons and Emile “XY?” Jansen

This article utilizes the concept of social entrepreneurship to explore one aspect of the increasing incorporation of youth cultures into the mainstream, in which youth culture participants undertake private and public sector roles simultaneously. The concept of social entrepreneurship is useful in understanding the mainstreaming of youth culture, suggesting that it does not just have value as a form of resistive expression, but can be harnessed by practitioners for both profit and socially progressive ends. Taking the subculture of hip hop as a case study, three contexts are explored — Morganics in Australia, “Russell Simmons: Philanthropist” in the USA and Emile “XY?” Jansen of the South African hip hop crew Black Noise. This investigation reveals how the concept of social entrepreneurship is inflected in local contexts, examining key differences around assets, funding, the role of government, the type of social entrepreneurship and the conditions under which it operates.

The Rise of the Postmodern Metropolis: Spatial Evolution of the Sacramento Metropolitan Region

This paper examines Sacramento, CA, as a case study of urban form in the evolving postmodern metropolis. Data were integrated from historical maps, aerial photographs and on-the-ground observation into a GIS database for the region, and historic and current built form were analyzed. Main findings include (1) the rapid spatial expansion and proliferation of built landscape forms within the postmodern region; (2) the rise of rural sprawl as a landscape type; (3) the peak in ex-urban land subdivision in the 1970s and 1980s; (4) the changing public sector role in driving urban expansion; and (5) the limited achievements thus far of growth management efforts and the New Urbanism.

The negative effects of construction boom on urban planning and environment in Turkey: Unraveling the role of the public sector

Construction sector is usually accepted as the engine that triggers economic growth due to its strong backward and forward linkages with other sectors. On the other hand, it is also argued that increased construction activity could end up with negative economic, social and environmental impacts. The literature emphasizes the role of public sector, especially the national governments in minimizing the negative impacts of construction activity. The related arguments mostly postulate that public sector is well aware of the environmental challenges caused by construction activity and devoted to the understanding of how to improve the sustainability performance of private developers. Yet the case of Turkey provides significant evidences to question these assumptions. In this respect, this paper elaborates on the negative impacts of increased construction activity in Turkey and argues the role of public sector in intensification of the negative environmental effects through deregulation on urban planning and housing production by public agencies. The findings of the research highlight the importance of sustainable construction and verify the need for mainstreaming of sustainable construction into public policy-making at national and local levels, especially in developing countries, where most, if not all, of the future urban population growth will take place.

Role and transition of public service in Malaysia: An effective governance perspective

Effective governance (EG) is a new term, with modified concept, popularized for governing a country well, particularly since the new millennium age. It has become more important with the urge and challenge of globalization, whereby managing a country is not by virtue of one man that is the leader, but a combination of three major entities, that is, the state, the private sector and the citizens. This article will, however, concentrate on the role of public service and the process of transition in the move towards EG. For the purpose of better cognition to the EG theory, the author presented the theory beforehand in two perspectives: contemporary and Islam. These two theories are used as the underlining background for the analysis. It is found that the role and transition of the public sector in Malaysia brought various forms of reformations that undeniably had produced positive impacts on the quality of the public delivery system, and therefore contribute to the realization of effective governance. Nevertheless, the report on management capability and corruption perception does not help in proving EG as an output, as it is merely a process. This article suggests that conceptualizing EG from both Islamic and contemporary theories could assist the government in continuously improving the public services.

The Relevance of Christopher Pissarides’ Contribution to Mena Labor Markets

High unemployment rates in MENA appear to be structural in nature and result from the significant segmentation of the region’s economies along formal-informal and public-private lines. It thus appears at first that Christopher’s Pissarides’ seminal contribution on the search theoretic underpinnings of unemployment are less relevant than a Harris-Todaro-type dual economy model. Nevertheless, I argue in this essay that Pissarides’ search theoretic framework is becoming increasingly relevant as the role of public sectors in the labor market is gradually attenuated.

From state to market and back: the role of the public sector in the energy markets—the European experience

During the last few decades, the contemporary ideology behind energy market regulation in most western nations has been that the introduction of competition will contribute to security of supply. Energy will respond to the economic rules of the markets, going where the prices are highest—its use, substitution and investments responding to prices. The presentation will focus on this idea and discuss the question of whether international competition and free markets can deliver security of supply or whether public intervention and control is necessary. The study builds on the experience of the European Union (EU). The central argument is that there are two significant caveats to this ideology. First, there are real world distortions that work against the price responsiveness of the energy investments. In the EU, these distortions have been underestimated. Second, although investments may respond to demand in the long run, they do not seem to do so in the short run. The failure of the market-based system in the EU will be illustrated through two case studies: the Nabucco pipeline project where the European Commission has assumed the role of a state in its support of the project; and, the third legislative package for electricity and gas entering into force in 2011, which marks a clear departure from the previous regulatory regimes—these emphasised the market-based approach. The incoming regime increases the role of the state in, for example, granting the public authorities a decisive role in certain situations in accepting investment plans from transmission system operators and monitoring that they are followed in practice.

Evolving Governance Model for Community Building: Collaborative Partnerships in Master Planned Communities

The development and management of master planned communities (MPCs) involve achieving the twin goals of building a sense of community and creating a distinctive place. The roles of private, public and community sectors in realising these goals of MPCs are evolving over time. The article reports on a case study of the MPC of Varsity Lakes in Gold Coast to investigate the role of key stakeholders as well as their collaborative initiatives for community building. It examines the community governance model being introduced by the developer for the management of the development once the developer has completed work on the MPC and moved on. Some of the key initiatives on community building in Varsity Lakes include establishing a community bank, setting up a community intra-net and developing local economic development strategies. The developer has also taken a proactive approach of establishing a not-for-profit company, Varsity Lakes Community Limited (VLCL), with representation from residents, business, community groups and education providers in the area. The VLCL provides a basis for a community governance model to be applied for the management of the development after the developer exits the scene. The case study provides important lessons for effective governance of MPCs with greater community leadership and community ownership and engagement.

Still broken: understanding the U.S. health care system

The debate over health care policy in the U. S. did not end when President Obama signed the landmark Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) on March 23, 2010. Since then, half the states have sued and federal judges have issued conflicting rulings about the law's constitutionality. In addition, the new Republican-controlled House of Representatives voted to repeal it, and Republicans have pledged to bring it up again during negotiations over the 2012 federal budget. The continuing controversies over PPACA are only one reason that Still Broken: Understanding the U.S. Health Care System is a must-read for engaged citizens, policymakers, students, and scholars alike. The book takes a close look at our problems, proposes solutions to them, and explains how to navigate our political system to effect positive change. It will help readers: * Assess the arguments made by partisans on both sides of the continuing debate. * Understand why President Obama was able to get Congress to pass a comprehensive reform bill even though most of his predecessors tried and failed. * Understand why so many Americans are either confused about its value or actually oppose it. In the book's first part, Stephen M. Davidson paints a lucid picture of the way that the health system works and the forces that produced the monumental problems that we face today. Then, he makes a compelling case for overhauling our system, offering six elements for inclusion in any plan for change. Davidson devotes the last three chapters to a detailed examination of the politics of reform. This assessment will help readers to appreciate both the political achievement represented by passage of the new law and the reasons that opposition to the law remains so widespread, despite all the good it does for the public. Whatever compromises, if any, are accepted by negotiators in the end, the book makes clear why, to fully solve the system's problems, the underlying goal must be to change incentives for all players who participate in the system and, finally, why this goal cannot be achieved by relying solely on market-based solutions. Davidson's captivating and persuasive book demonstrates that only a solution with a large public-sector role can lead us to real reform.

Chain Governance, Sector Policies and Economic Sustainability in Cocoa: A Comparative Analysis of Ghana, Côte D’Ivoire, and Ecuador

Achieving a sustainable cocoa economy is beyond the capacity of individual market-led initiatives and quality certification schemes. In the case of commodity chains like cocoa, due to the involvement of large numbers of poor and relatively unorganised smallholder producers, the public sector has a role to play in creating the right economic conditions for the desired improvement process. The performance of the cocoa value chain like production volumes, product quality and distribution of value between chain actors are to a large extent a result of the institutional governance system that has emerged in time in each country. Before replicating or transposing organisational frameworks and public sector roles from one context to another, it is important to identify the main ‘rationale’ and driving forces behind the historically evolved and currently prevailing public sector involvement. The policy challenge lies in finding appropriate and effective institutional arrangements that respond to context specific sector policies and that are based on transparent public-private configurations. The paper suggests that policy and strategy targeting sustainability in a complex and layered commodity chain may be more effective when they build on existing governance structures and policy measures instead of replacing them with an entire new organisational architecture, with a drastically changed division of labour between public and private domains. The success of cocoa sector policies seem to be related to service provision and policy measures in the cocoa chain that increase the ‘stability’ in the prices in both input and output markets.

Institutional Diversity and Performance in African Cotton Sectors

This article analyses the performance of cotton sectors across East, Southern, and West Africa, paying particular attention to the wide diversity of institutional arrangements that they now exhibit. It finds strong support for earlier contentions regarding trade‐offs between competition and coordination, and between the roles of public and private sectors. New insights provide concrete and context‐specific guidance to policy‐makers and stakeholders regarding the key challenges they will face and the risks they will need to manage as they work to improve productivity and ensure an equitable division of benefits within cotton sectors.

River basin organization performance indicators: application to the Delaware River basin commission

This paper reports the development of performance indicators of a river basin management organization's ability to undertake integrated water resources management, and applies them to a US basin organization: a river basin commission. Integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM) are defined, in the context of international and US advances in IWRM and IRBM. A suite of good governance factors was assembled from the reviews of consultants' practical experiences in river basin management, peer-reviewed literature, government reports and policy statements, and reports of river basin management practice. A list of impediments to the implementation of IRBM was also assembled. These sources were used as the data set to develop 115 indicators of best practice in IRBM; these indicators were grouped into ten categories: coordinated decision-making, responsive decision-making, goals and goal shift, financial sustainability, organizational design, role of law, training and capacity building, information and research, accountability and monitoring, private and public sector roles. This paper reports the results of a facilitated workshop with the Delaware River Basin Commission's staff and stakeholders to apply the indicators to their setting. The outcome of the workshop was a self-assessment tool for performance evaluation, involving triaging the basin organization situation, checking performance against 20 performance benchmarks and using 63 performance indicators for basin commission settings. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues surrounding the application of the performance indicators to other US basins and commissions.

Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: The search for appropriate public and private roles

Over the past decade, policymakers have been searching for an appropriate blend of public and private sector roles to accelerate the intensification of food staple production, smallholder commercialization, and sustainable market development in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, steps taken to liberalize markets in the 1990s and promote fertilizer and seed packages have yet to generate payoffs in terms of higher cereal yields, lower food prices, or reduced dependency on food aid. This raises concern about the performance of the agricultural sector, specifically in terms of the systems for providing improved seed, fertilizer, credit, and extension services. This paper examines the evolving roles of the public and private sectors in intensifying cereal production in Ethiopia. Findings suggest that while Ethiopia has an admirable record of supporting agriculture, its state-led policies has now outlived their usefulness. These findings for Ethiopia offer lessons that are potentially applicable to other sub-Saharan African countries facing similar challenges.

National Vaccine Advisory Committee 2008 Vaccine Financing Recommendations: Different Point of View

The US system for immunizing children involves a complex mixture of private- and public-sector roles and responsibilities. By most measures, the immunization program has been successful, having introduced a number of new vaccines and expanded the use of existing vaccines during this decade, so that the current immunization schedule protects infants, children, and adolescents from 16 infectious diseases. A universal recommendation establishes a medical standard that should be available to all children. However, emerging evidence indicates that substantial numbers of children do not receive new vaccines or the receipt of vaccines is delayed because of increased costs. Mechanisms in the public and private sectors to finance vaccines have become strained to the point that ad hoc prioritization of vaccine implementation is occurring throughout the United States, particularly for those with private insurance.1 This has led some to advocate for explicit prioritization of vaccines on the basis of the type of health insurance the child has.2 However, vaccine prioritization segregates children on the basis of insurance status and other issues … Address correspondence to Jon S. Abramson, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. E-mail: jabrams{at}wfubmc.edu

Managing water resources in a time of global change: mountains, valleys and flood plains

Series editor's preface, Henry Vaux, Jr, 1. High Water, Low Water, No Water: Upland Water Resource Management in times of Global Change, Ariel Dinar and Alberto Garrido, Part I. Mountain and upland areas, 2. Mountains of the World - Water Towers for the 21st Century, Bruno Messerli, Daniel Viviroli and Rolf Weingartner, 3. Upland Watershed Management and Global Change - Canada's Rocky Mountains and Western Plains, Dave Sauchyn, Michael Demuth and Alain Pietroniro, 4. System Hydrology Tools To Support Water Policy: The Case Of Lake Kinneret Watershed, Israel, Alon Rimmer, 5. Combined impacts of development and climate change on the Rhone river (Switzerland, France), Jean-Paul Bravard, Part II. Managing Opportunities in the face global challenges, 6. Adaptive Management of Upland Rivers Facing Global Change: General Insights and Specific Considerations for the Rhone, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Ger Berkamp and Katharine Cross, 7. Climate Change and Water Resources: Potential Impacts and Implications, Richard M. Adams and Dannele E. Peck, 8. Policy and Adaptation in the Jordan Valley, Yousef Hasan AYADI, 9. Upland Watershed Management in Developing World: The Case of Tunisia, Sihem Benabdallah, 10. Challenges In Upland Watershed Management: The Green-Blue Water Approach, Holger Hoff, Part III. The view of practitioners and stakeholders, 11. Factors for success: Public and Private Sector Roles in Securing a Safe and Reliable Water Supply, Don Lowry, 12. The International Joint Commission: A Case Study in the Management of International Waters, Dennis Schornack and John Nevin, 13. An overview of the IJC, Jack Blaney, 14. Water management in alpine regions, Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, Conclusions, 15. Overcoming the Constraints for a more Integrated and Adaptive Water Management: a New Agenda for Upland Waters , Alberto Garrido and Ariel Dinar.

PROACTIVE CONTRACTING IN FINNISH PPP PROJECTS

Public‐private‐partnership projects are long term, complex and very challenging contractual arrangements and relationships. They bring new roles for public sector and also for private sector in terms of construction and services. This paper will go through some features of the Finnish PPPs. Proactive law focuses in practical views as regards contract law and contractual issues. The main target is to prevent problems instead of confronting them. This paper will clarify what proactive law is about in terms of contract law and contracting especially in PPPs. For instance, 20–40 years’ partnership relation with PPPs brings up also dozens of different risks into the picture. This paper will discuss the risks and risk management in terms of proactive law and after that, focus on PPPs in Finland. Santruka Viešojo ir privataus sektoriu partnerystes (VPP) projektai ‐ tai ilgalaikiai, sude tin gi ir itin daug pastangu reikalaujantys sutartiniai susitarimai ir santykiai. Ne tik viešajame, bet ir privačiajame sektoriuje jie sukuria naujus, su statyba ir paslaugomis susijusius, vaidmenis. Šiame darbe apžvelgiami kai kurie Suomijos VPP bruožai. Iniciatyvi teise glaudžiai susijusi su prak ti nemis pažiūromis, sutarčiu teise ir pan. Pagrindinis tikslas ‐ išvengti problemu užuot jas sprendus. Šiame darbe paaiškinama iniciatyvios teises esme sudarant sutartis, ypač VPP. Pavyzdžiui, kai VPP trunka 20–40 metu, susiduriama su daugybe ivairiu rizikos rūšiu. Todel straipsnyje pirmiausia aptariamos rizikos rūšys ir rizikos valdymo būdai taikant iniciatyvia teise, o po to ‐ Suomijos VPP.