Public Sector Interests Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS FOR HOME LOAN SERVICES IN THE MARATHWADA REGION

It has been considered in the study that customer satisfaction, which, by home loan services provided by public and private sector banks, is seen as an important factor, and the research intends to support initiatives like Viksit Bharat 2047, where key influencing factors, such as interest rates, processing time of loans, and customer service quality, are found to be important in determining satisfaction of customers, as well as preferences of customers, and brand reputation and accessibility are factors that should also be considered.Data collection through surveys, which were structured, and the customers who had taken home loans were surveyed, is done. A quantitative approach has been adopted, and statistical tools, by which analysis was done, were used to identify patterns and trends. The satisfaction levels were compared and analyzed among selected banks. In the public sector banks, interest rates and processing time for loans were the driving force for customer satisfaction, while in the private sector banks, service quality and accessibility are given more importance. A relatively high gap was identified in the customers perception regarding service quality in urban and rural areas. Also, a significant gap has been observed in the perception regarding service quality by customers in urban areas and rural areas, which indicates that the technology adoption, could make public sector banks more competitive. 4. Originality/Value:Insightshave been provided by the researcher, focusing on the Marathwada region. Public and Private sector banks can use the findings for enhancing customer services. The study contributes, by addressing specific preferences and needs of customers, toward financial inclusion and economic development, for achieving the broader goal of nation development.

Accountability, Probity, Transparency and Good Leadership in Public Sector Promote Societal Development

Projecting accountability, probity and good leadership in the management of public sector activities are part of every public official’s duty to adopt processes, practices and behavior that enhance and promote public sector values and interests that will enhance societal development. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine accountability and probity: necessity for good leadership and societal development. In order to achieve this objective, primary data were gathered through field trips from the use of well-structured questionnaires. The study employed a descriptive survey method as the research design. Data were presented in a simple descriptive format using frequency tables and were analyzed using mean and Pearson Chi-square contingency test with statistical tool (SPSS version 22). The findings revealed that the weakness in law enforcement and punitive measures in curbing corruption and reducing the incidence of mishandling of public resources are a common occurrence noticed in Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA). It also recognized that despite good management of probity, mistakes, delays and disputes can arise and affect fund and resource management in public organizations. However, the study recommends that the government should be more active in imposing greater accountability and probity in the management of public funds. There is need for more proactive measures not only to sustain it but to re-invigorate it to ensure that things are properly done and public funds and resources are not just being embezzled in a rather reckless manner.

Smart Mixes for Sustainable Value Chain Management: An Evaluation of the Conflict Minerals, Palm Oil, and Green Bonds Sectors.

Fragmented governance of international value chains, operating in multiple jurisdictions, is insufficient to prevent social and environmental mismanagement. Smart Mixes, which are combinations of compulsory and voluntary measures, have been proposed as a possible means of securing environmental and social standards, but the concept has not been operationalized in the academic literature. We aim to identify the factors that have contributed to, or hindered, the performance of existing Smart Mixes in three international value chains (conflict minerals, palm oil, and bonds) using data from interviews with 32 experts, supplemented by a literature review. The results suggest that Smart Mixes are effective when they cover a specific issue under conditions in which enforcement mechanisms create a level playing field: thereby aligning public and private sector interests. The keys to success in a Smart Mix include positive interactions, harmonization, and complementary and supportive measures, which combine to motivate engagement by the private sector. We conclude that Smart Mixes can contribute to sustainability in value chains but their effectiveness is dependent on the strength of the relationships between the measures that compose them.

The Public Sector Personality: The Effects of Personality on Public Sector Interest for Men and Women

An important factor in vocational choice is whether to pursue a career in the public sector or the private sector. The perception of each sector impacts career choice, attracting individuals with certain traits. This perception-based attraction is important for public sector managers to understand what the ramifications of their branding are on recruitment, and whether it is impacting their workforce or ability to attract appropriate talent. Despite this importance, existing literature is very limited and presents contradictory findings. The present study investigated the impact of the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) on interest in public sector employment generally, as well as separately for all three levels of government (local, provincial, and federal), for men and women enrolled in a first-year management program. Extraversion was negatively related to an interest in the public sector for all three levels of government. Men and women did not differ significantly in their level of attraction to the public sector, and no statistically significant differences in personality-based interest were found between the three levels of government. An exploratory analysis of general interest in each level of government found that interest in the federal government was significantly higher than the municipal and provincial governments, although still low for all three levels of government. These results indicate potential challenges for public sector managers to attract candidates for highly social roles requiring an extraverted character.

Engaging publics in the transition to smart mobilities

Commercial and public sector interests surrounding technological developments are promoting a widespread transition to autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation systems and smart phone communications in everyday life, as part of the smart mobility agenda. There is, however, inadequate understanding about the impact of such a shift on potential users, their readiness to engage and their vision of transportation systems for the future. This paper presents the findings from a series of citizen panels, as part of a 2-year project based in south-west England, focusing on in-depth discussions regarding the future of commuting, the flow of the daily commute and the inclusion of publics in smart mobility planning. The paper makes three key propositions for researchers: enabling publics should lead to a visionary evolution in the development of sustainable transportation systems; commercial interests, public bodies and IT innovators must employ a holistic approach to mobility flows; and, processes engaging publics need to be inclusive when co-creating solutions in the transition to smart mobilities.

Метавселенные и государства: вместе и порознь

Introduction: the introduction of digital technologies into the sphere of politics and public administration has long ceased to be an innovation. The “digital” shift since 2012 has become the main trend in raising the efficiency of management processes. The dynamic development of digital technologies requires a flexible response and skillful adaptation of authorities to innovations. Since 2021, Web 3.0 technologies have become the main focus of attention, both in the scientific community and among managers, IT specialists and heads of commercial companies. A special position among the new generation of innovations is assigned to the metaverse, the development of which is linked to the fundamental transformations of all sectors of life, including public administration. Objectives: to identify the existing problems and prospects for the introduction of metaverses in the practices of public administration in Japan, the Republic of Korea, and China. Methods: comparative analysis, document analysis, case study, institutional approach, rating. Results: a correlation between a high level of public administration efficiency and the development of digital technologies has been revealed. The introduction of metaverses into public administration depends on the specific political regime and the strategies of the ruling actors. It is shown that there is an increased public sector interest to the NFT and the metaverse in Japan, the Republic of Korea, and China. These countries have been the first to actively introduce Web 3.0 at the state level. Conclusions: the introduction of metaverses demonstrates a high level of adaptivity of the political regime to innovation and its constant support for new technological developments. Metaverses are likely to become a key factor in the creation of national strategies and goals for Japan, the Republic of Korea, and China in the coming years. The governments of the countries under study are aware of the importance of introducing advanced technologies in the digital race, their desire to take a leading position in this direction being already reflected in numerous strategic documents they have adopted

What innovations would enable the tourism and hospitality industry in the Caribbean to re-build?

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to identify the opportunities for resetting Caribbean tourism along the lines of sustainability, the use of SMART technology and social inclusion so that it benefits all of its stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper that draws on research about the limitations of Caribbean tourism and the emerging needs of tourism stakeholders in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic.FindingsThe paper proposes five areas of focus - educating smartly, becoming a smart and strategic employer, using technology smartly to identify value and values of internal and external customers, thinking, buying, using sustainably and connecting the dots in joined up government.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper draws on current research on problems associated with pre-pandemic tourism and proposes ways that these can be addressed. It utilizes the service-profit chain model to identify the relationships between internal and external service value.Practical implicationsCaribbean tourism interests have the choice of using the pandemic as an enforced pause or an opportunity to reset. This paper assumes the latter choice and makes specific recommendations for private and public sector interests to shape a sector that is socially inclusive and sustainable and that incorporates smart technology.Social implicationsThe Caribbean is the world's most tourism dependent region but a critical examination indicates that the pursuit of tourist numbers and dollars has come at a cost to local residents. The paper utilizes the new three Ss of smart destinations, social inclusion and sustainability to recommend ways in which tourism can better serve the region and a new generation of tourists.Originality/valueTourism in the Caribbean has grown exponentially but not always in a way that benefits all of its stakeholders. Covid-19 forced a cessation of most activities and created an opportunity to rethink tourism. This paper recognizes that the changing needs of external and internal stakeholders must be considered if tourism is to be successful and sustainable, and proposes five overlapping and important innovations.

Negotiating the nation: public diplomacy and the publication of English-language tourist guidebooks of Japan in the Meiji period (1868–1912)

Tourist guidebooks are powerful instruments of public diplomacy: as supposedly ‘impersonal’ descriptions, intended for ‘average’ readers, they can be used to subtly promote careful national narratives, and to draw the attention of foreign publics to a country’s soft power. This article analyses, in this light, the English-language tourist guidebooks of Japan published by the Society called Kihinkai (Welcome Society, 1893–1912), the earliest Japanese organization for the promotion of inbound tourism. It relates them to the popular handbooks of Japan published by the British House of Murray, which were adopted as their model. Murray’s handbooks ‘created’ Japan as an international tourist destination for a majority of English-speaking travellers, responding to common travel tropes and expectations about the country. The Kihinkai’s guidebooks engaged with them in the form of ‘autoethnographic’ texts, adopting their style and language, as a way to partake in their established reputation of authoritativeness. At the same time, they carefully reframed their narrative of Japan, in a way that was coherent with the Kihinkai’s general ‘diplomatic’ strategy – born of the background of its founders and supporters, and of the coming together of private and public sector interests.

Cooperation and business networking of small and medium enterprises in forestry and wood industry in Juznokucajsko forest region

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), quite often do not have the capacity to independently meet all the requirements set by the market, which is why they strive for cooperation and business networking. This research aims to determine the attitudes of SME representatives in the forestry and wood industry towards cooperation and business networking in the Juznokucajsko forest region (JKFR). The paper uses methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative and statistical methods. Primary data were collected in two phases. At first, surveys were conducted with 43 representatives of SMEs in the forestry and wood industry, which operate on the territory of JKFR. After that, in the second phase, interviews were conducted with representatives of leading enterprises (six respondents), institutions and organizations from the public sector (three respondents) and business-professional and interest organizations (one respondent). The results of the research indicate that the majority of SMEs in forestry (78.9%), primary (60%) and final wood processing (92.9%) cooperate with other enterprises. The most common forms of cooperation are joint appearance on the market, and cooperation through the purchase of raw materials. However, in terms of business networking, the results indicate that none of the analysed enterprises is a member of an association. Regarding the cooperation with the competent institutions and organizations, it was determined that it is not present in most enterprises. Based on the conducted analyses, it can be concluded that there is support for the implementation of the proposal related to the establishment of SME associations in the forestry and wood industry. Also, respondents agree that it is necessary to improve cooperation with relevant institutions and organizations, by increasing the awareness of SMEs in the forestry and wood industry about their activities and work programs.

Determinants of Private Investment in Pakistan

Private investment has a significant relation with the economic growth of the country. It plays an important role in reduction of unemployment and poverty by promoting efficiency and competition among the firms. This study is an attempt to investigate the determinants of private investment in Pakistan. For this purpose, time-series data is utilized for the period 1974-2013. The ARDL (Auto Regressive-Distributed Lag) modeling technique of co-integration was employed to estimate the short-run and long-run determinants of private investment in Pakistan. Empirical findings of this study indicated that in the short-run private investment in Pakistan is determined by the growth rate of GDP, public sector investment, and domestic savings. While in the long run it is determined by the official exchange rate, the growth rate of GDP, public sector investment, domestic savings, trade openness, and interest rate. The results also revealed that in the case of Pakistan different political regimes (democratic, non-democratic) have no significance in the determination of private investment. Stability tests of CUSUM and (CUSUMSQ) (Cumulative Sum Control Chart) were performed in this study. These tests indicated a stable, long run as well as short-run structural stability of the model.

Opportunities and Challenges to Fisheries Policy in the Philippines Today

A framework on the structure and dynamics of fisheries management is described. It is used to identify four opportunities and two challenges for fisheries policy in the Philippines if it were to rationally harness fisheries as fulcrum for sustainable food and protein security in the country in the next 10-30 years. This is, when climate conditions in the country (and in the world) may reach ireversible changes per some reports. Four specific recommendations on the focusing policies are presented if the Philippines were to achieve a more environmentally-anchored (“greener”) management of fisheries: reconciling and balancing public and private sector interests over fisheries; providing incentives for “green investments” on fisheries; ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability of culture fisheries as a pressure-easing complement to capture fisheries, and rationalizing land use to improve the viability of culture fisheries.

Building the Integrity of Urban Development Planner Through Corruption Risk Management and Assessment: Literature Review

Planning in the broadest sense covers definition and selection of needs to evaluation and audit phase. Planning and planners have unique and strategic positions, roles, and functions, because they bring together two sides of interests: public sector interests and private sector interests. This uniqueness causes the field of planning and planners to have a political role and bargaining position in the development planning process. This political role can cause the presence of two sides, which are the bright side as the planner with integrity, who can design internal control systems and risk management for prevention and detection of corruption, and the dark side as the conspirator with public officials and the contractor or business corporation to bring corruption together. The dark side of planning becomes the entry point for corruption and/or fraud. The bright side of planning can be used to build the integrity of community and society, through the application of internal control systems and risk management that are based on specific corruption indicators such as Government Institution Risk Indicator (GIRI), Contractor Risk Indicator (CRI), and Political Connection Indicator (PCI).

Green Capital Accumulation: Business and Sustainability Management in a World of Global Value Chains

ABSTRACTTackling climate change and other environmental crises entails a critical reflection on processes and outcomes that are behind sustainability management by business. Sustainability has become a commodity itself, to be traded, bought, sold and managed like all others. How lead firms in global value chains (GVCs) address sustainability issues has become a key competitive element and a source of value creation and capture – facilitating a process of ‘green capital accumulation’. Sustainability management is emerging as a fourth key capitalist dynamic in addition to cost minimisation, flexibility and speed (Coe and Yeung 2015) – leading corporations to devise new spatial, organisational and technological ‘fixes’ to ensure continued capital accumulation. Public actors and civil society groups can address this situation, but their strategies need to be informed by the daily practices, power relations and governance structures of GVCs. Sustainability orchestration by these actors is more likely to succeed when: it employs appropriate combinations of directive and facilitative instruments that reinforce each other; improves issue visibility; provides incentives that facilitate the alignment of private and public sector interests; and leverages specific pressure points at key nodes of GVCs.

Communicating Economic Impact Assessments: How Research Results Influence Decision-maker Attitudes toward the Local Food Sector

The local food sector continues to evolve as consu­mer preferences for economic, environmental, and social values create markets for a range of prod­ucts. Although measuring the economic impact of these complex systems can provide new insights, it remains challenging. This paper provides evi­dence of the effectiveness of presenting economic impact results to decision-makers as a way to increase public-sector interest in developing a small and growing local food system. Surveys of local leaders and statewide service providers indicate that most local decision-makers who were presented with the economic impact results say they are now more supportive of local food system develop­ment, especially in rural areas. In this region, both pro­ducing the economic impact study and pursuing a strategy for communicating the results of this study have promoted thinking about the potential of local food production in new ways and have informed conversations with policy-makers.

Informal networking in the public sector: Mapping local government debates in a period of austerity

Studies in digital government research have not sufficiently considered the internal networking aspects of social media beyond interactions with the public. This article examines the function of social media as informal networks of professional practice within the public sector. The empirical study is based on a longitudinal analysis of the Twitter hashtag community #localgov used by British local government actors (dataset of 235,681 tweets posted within 2013–2015). In a period of significant budget reductions, Twitter conversations involved a wide range of responses about the impact of the cuts and future of services. #Localgov shows high level of cross-service exchanges in the institutional sharing of good practice while the dynamics of interaction reflect the traditional landscape of intergovernmental relationships in England. We argue about the importance and characteristics of hashtag communities like #localgov as spaces that bring together different actors with a public sector interest.

A decision framework for successful private participation in the airport sector

Abstract As private participation in public airports becomes a global trend, there are a number of concerns and debates over the conflicting interests of the private and public sectors. For instance, the private sector's interest in maximizing profits often opposes the public sector's interest in protecting the public interest and social welfare. In this paper, we reframe the conflict in terms of principal-agent theory, and inform policymakers to understand public-private management problems in a broader context. Firstly, we demonstrate how various ownership and governance structures shape the private participation based on (1) ownership-type, (2) mode of ownership shift, and (3) ex-post government control. Secondly, we then highlight that this process should be context-based, and examine the recent case of Incheon International Airport (IIA) in South Korea to illustrate the importance of contextual factors. Lastly, we provide comprehensive recommendations to policymakers involved in bringing private partners into the airport sector, which include setting a clear agenda, exercising a reasonable level of control, understanding the sharing of risk and responsibility under different structures, and assessing technical, economic and political factors that may affect the policy outcome.

Long-range forecasts: Linseed oil and the hemispheric movement of market and climate data, 1890–1939

Crop and weather forecasting are some of the least predictable elements of agri-business, and public and private sector interests have developed different approaches to improving results in each area. This article examines how organisations produced, acquired, and shared the environmental knowledge they needed for success in the increasingly global supply chains of agri-business. Crop knowledge was extensive and growing in the late nineteenth century, including a series of nascent forecasting methods. Climate knowledge was limited and retreating because of underfunding and spurious theories about solar radiation. But the records of Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM) and crop scientists in the Northern Great Plains show that linseed oil manufacturers created extensive knowledge networks to gather crop and some climate information in almost real time. Business associations served an asymmetrical role in these knowledge networks, and some manufacturers, like the members of the Flax Development Committee, treated scientists as a crop reporting service. As Argentina became a major linseed producer the US oilseed sector used public and private intermediaries to develop specialized knowledge of grassland agriculture in both the Prairies and the Pampas.

Economic Democratization in Korea and Governance from a Canadian Versus a U.S. Corporate Law Perspective

대한민국의 경우 연속된 정치적 또는 경제적 위기로 인하여 최상위급 결정권자 차원에서 공적 영역과 사적 영역이 구분되지 않고 있다는 공통의 인식이 더욱 입지를 더해가고 있다. 지배권의 개혁이라는 주제에 대한 가장 기본적인 단서가 미국회사법을 관통하고 있는 모델을 불행하게 패러디한 경제민주화라는 이상론에 집중되어 있다. 개혁을 이야기함에 있어 경제민주화라는 이상으로 인하여 주주권의 범위와 행사를 조정하는 정도를 넘어, 그 이상일 것이 요구된다. 즉 대한민국의 경우 미국회사법상 2가지 가장 중요한 원칙이라 할 수 있는 주인과 대리인모형(principal and agent theory) -즉 주주권을 원칙으로 하는- 및 대안정책팀(alternative team model) 모형 -즉 이사회의 권한을 강화하여 모든 이해관계자의 권한을 조정토록 하는 -이 적절하게 적용되지 못하고 있다. 본고는 이러한 문제에 당하여 대안으로 BCE v. 1976 Debentureholders에서 확인된 2008 캐나다대법원을 판결을 지지하는 이론 등 캐나다회사법을 적극 검토할 것을 제안하려 한다. BCE 사건은 동사건에서 캐나다의 집중주주(concentrated shareholders)의 경우처럼, 한국 재벌들이 이사회가 주주들의 부를 착취하는 것을 못하도록 하여 대리인 비용을 절약할 수 있다는 논리를 지지하는 근거가 될 수 있다. 대한민국법의 경우 이사는 선량한 관리자로서의 주의의무가 있는 바, 이는 BCE 사건에서 확인인 이사의 충실의무와 기능적으로 동일한 것이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 충실의무는 선량한 회사원의 기준에서 회사에게 가장 이익이 되도록 형평과 공정의 이념에 따라 행동함으로써, 회사의 경제적 이익을 증진하여야 할 의무를 말한다. 대한민국 회사의 경우 지배주주 및 기타 주주들간의 이해의 충돌을 최소화하기 위해 이사들의 법적 의무를 발전시키고 실제로 이행되도록 하여야 할 필요가 있을 것이다. 그러나 헌법 제119조2항의 한국경제의 민주화 조항은 제119조1항을 포함하여 시장경제를 지지하고 있는 다른 헌법조항과 균형되게 이해되어야 한다. 즉 민주화를 위한 이사회제도 개혁문제 등에 있어 제2항은 제1항, 즉 원칙적 시장경제 조항에 부차적인 것이라는 학자들의 논의에 귀를 기울일 필요가 있다.In Korea series of major political and economic crises reinforce the common perception that public and private sector interests are intertwined at the highest levels of decision-making power. A main thread of governance reform discourse centers around the idealism of “economic democratization” based on what may be an unfortunate parody of the model dominating U.S. corporate law. Economic democratization should not be limited to adjusting shareholder rights and powers, and the two major theories of corporate law in the United States, the prevalent principal-agent model, supporting shareholder primacy, and the alternative team production model, proposing to empower directors to balance the interests of all residual constituents, do not adequately describe the situation in Korea. This paper proposes instead that greater scholarship be directed to Canadian corporate law, such as the theories that support the holding of BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders , a 2008 opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada [BCE]. The decision in BCE helps to support the argument that, as with concentrated shareholders in Canada, the heads of Korea’s chaebols may help to reduce agency costs by discouraging directors or managers from expropriating wealth from shareholders. Under Korean law, a director has a duty of care of a good manager, which may be “functionally equivalent” to the fiduciary duty of directors, as confirmed by the BCE Court, to promote the firm’s economic interests, by acting equitably and fairly, in the best interests of the corporation viewed as a good corporate citizen. Minimizing conflicts of interests between controlling and other shareholders in Korean firms may require further development and enforcement of the directors’legal duty of care. However, the democratization of the Korean economy, enshrined in art.1 19-(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Korea, must be balanced against the constitutional provisions supporting the market economy, including art.119-(1) of the Constitution, requiring attention to the argument of scholars that art.119-(2) is subordinate to art.119 (1) of the Constitution.

Consequences of removing cheap, super-strength beer and cider: a qualitative study of a UK local alcohol availability intervention.

ObjectivesIncreasingly, English local authorities have encouraged the implementation of an intervention called ‘Reducing the Strength’ (RtS) whereby off-licences voluntarily stop selling inexpensive ‘super-strength’ (≥6.5% alcohol by volume (ABV)) beers and ciders. We conceptualised RtS as an event within a complex system in order to identify pathways by which the intervention may lead to intended and unintended consequences.DesignA qualitative study including a focus group and semistructured interviews.SettingAn inner-London local authority characterised by a high degree of residential mobility, high levels of social inequality and a large homeless population. Intervention piloted in three areas known for street drinking with a high alcohol outlet density.ParticipantsAlcohol service professionals, homeless hostel employees, street-based services managers and hostel dwelling homeless alcohol consumers (n=30).ResultsParticipants describe a range of potential substitution behaviours to circumvent alcohol availability restrictions including consuming different drinks, finding alternative shops, using drugs or committing crimes to purchase more expensive drinks. Service providers suggested the intervention delivered in this local authority missed opportunities to encourage engagement between the council, alcohol services, homeless hostels and off-licence stores. Some participants believed small-scale interventions such as RtS may facilitate new forms of engagement between public and private sector interests and contribute to long-term cultural changes around drinking, although they may also entrench the view that ‘problem drinking’ only occurs in certain population groups.ConclusionsRtS may have limited individual-level health impacts if the target populations remain willing and able to consume alternative means of intoxication as a substitute for super-strength products. However, RtS may also lead to wider system changes not directly related to the consumption of super-strengths and their assumed harms.

‘Set Adrift’: Fatalism as Organizational Culture at Canadian Seaports

Abstract This paper takes an anthropological approach to understanding the governance of seaport security in Canada; it uses cultural theory and the concepts of regulation and integration as key determinants in understanding how organizations respond to risk. This paper draws on data from 29 semi-structured interviews with transportation specialists, including owners, operators, managers and regulators. Nine of the interview subjects came from seaports, in particular. The interviews occurred between 2011 and 2013. We argue that Canadian seaports exist in an area of confusing multi-level governance; they are immovable, are expected to be competitive and serve a number of (at times competing) public and private sector interests. These institutional arrangements have resulted in a security environment that is heavily regulated, but the community itself is not well integrated. Interview subjects raise concerns about the ports’ ability to respond to security threats. The paper then uses cultural theory to examine alternative governance arrangements enhancing, for example, community, competition or regulation. While most options to improve security will likely reduce the competitiveness of the seaports, it would help to instill more confidence among port staff and enhance organizational learning.