Public Property Research Articles

Adult white‐tailed deer survival in hunted populations on public and private lands

AbstractEstimates of sex‐ and age‐specific survival are important for guiding population management decisions for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, differences in deer survival between public and private lands can exist and, if unaccounted for, may affect wildlife agencies' ability to effectively manage statewide and local deer populations. From 2014 to 2016, we radiocollared and monitored survival of 79 adult white‐tailed deer (141 deer‐years; 62 male, 79 female) on 2 public and 2 private properties in Alabama, USA. We assessed the effects of sex, age, and landownership type (i.e., public or private) on adult white‐tailed deer harvest and survival patterns using an information‐theoretic approach. Hunter harvest accounted for 77% of observed mortalities (n = 23/30), but harvest and survival rates varied by sex and age. Harvest and survival were similar between public and private property despite more restrictive hunting regulations for antlered deer on public areas. Similar harvest rates were likely due to self‐imposed, quality deer management (QDM) harvest strategies on private land that emulated the effects of a state‐mandated antler point restriction (APR) on public land. Our findings indicate survival rates of adult white‐tailed deer may be applicable across landownership types where state‐mandated harvest regulations with respect to males are more restrictive on public than private property, due to the popularity of QDM by private‐land deer hunters. However, where regulations are similar across landownership types (e.g., no state‐mandated APR), differences in harvest and survival rates may exist.

The Knowledge Based View of the Firm: An Assessment

The knowledge-based view of the firm has gained currency in organizational theory since the 1990s. This paper evaluates it in a historical perspective, and suggests that the new theories of the firm as a receptacle of knowledge emerged in the context of the intensified knowledge communication within organizations in the early 1990s, and organizational practices that appropriated public property through the regime of intellectual property rights. This paper contends that organizational theory and practice are both in a state of dynamic mutual interaction, with theory often playing a lagging role. In other words, organizational actions precede, and are retroactively described (and legitimized) by theoretical developments. This paper subjects knowledge-based theories of the firm to scrutiny, and concludes that they resort to simplistic definitions of knowledge. Using information from other social sciences, this paper identifies some of the facets of knowledge that need to be considered in order to make the theories posited more meaningful.

More Circular City in the Energy and Ecological Transition: A Methodological Approach to Sustainable Urban Regeneration

Cities consume over 75% of natural resources, produce over 50% of global waste, and emit 60–80% of greenhouse gases. The scenario that by 2050 two thirds of the world population will live in cities, highlights how cities are still responsible for the growing consumption characterized by linear economic processes, with the production of various types of waste. In this unsustainable framework, the Circular Economy offers the opportunity to shape the urban system by means of rethinking the possibility to produce and use goods and services, exploring new ways to ensure long-term prosperity. The Circular City paradigm contains in fact all the principles of the Circular Economy: recovery, recycling, and sharing. In particular, Circular City also introduces actions related to the development of renewable energy communities, use of green materials, CO2 absorption approaches, and Proximity Cities. This work aims to develop a methodology to build a composite index (Circular City Index) capable of measuring the degree of implementation of urban policies that may enable an ecological transition of public assets. Circular City Index was applied to the military cluster of the city of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy), a significant case study to guide circular policies in public properties for civil and military uses.

Effects of Public Transport Accessibility and Property Attributes on Housing Prices in Polycentric Beijing

The public transit system is often developed in tandem with urban growth, bringing improved accessibility and raising housing prices around stations. The impact of public transport accessibility on housing prices demand in-depth empirical studies to understand the underlying factors. The confounding influence of polycentric cities, contrasting with monocentric ones, deserves more attention. We studied the effects of metro and bus accessibility on housing prices along metro lines 6, 7, 9 and 14 in Beijing under the polycentric scenario. Other property attributes, including building features, location characteristics and neighborhood amenities, served as explanatory variables. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to build the global (whole-study area) and local hedonic price models, respectively. The results indicated that GWR performed better than OLS in predicting the effects of public transport accessibility on housing prices. Residential properties with access to more metro lines and stations and bus stops were associated with higher housing prices, with metro stations exerting more effects. The premiums of monocentric and polycentric models showed similar spatial patterns. In polycentric Beijing, the premiums of metro accessibility were higher in the eastern part, and the effect of bus accessibility showed circular distribution. Beijing could be regarded as a monocentric city on a global scale, but the influence of subcenters should be considered in a local polycentric regression model. The findings can inform urban planning concerning land use and public transport provision in Beijing and selecting research models in cognate studies.

Ownership Verification of DNN Architectures via Hardware Cache Side Channels

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are gaining higher commercial values in computer vision applications, e.g., image classification, video analytics, etc. This calls for urgent demands of the intellectual property (IP) protection of DNN models. In this paper, we present a novel watermarking scheme to achieve the ownership verification of DNN architectures. Existing works all embedded watermarks into the model parameters while treating the architecture as public property. These solutions were proven to be vulnerable by an adversary to detect or remove the watermarks. In contrast, we claim the model architectures as an important IP for model owners, and propose to implant watermarks into the architectures. We design new algorithms based on Neural Architecture Search (NAS) to generate watermarked architectures, which are unique enough to represent the ownership, while maintaining high model usability. Such watermarks can be extracted via side-channel-based model extraction techniques with high fidelity. We conduct comprehensive experiments on watermarked CNN models for image classification tasks and the experimental results show our scheme has negligible impact on the model performance, and exhibits strong robustness against various model transformations and adaptive attacks.

О совершенствовании нормативных требований к конструкциям зданий и сооружений на взрывопожароопасных производственных объектах

The general approach to the industrial safety of capital construction projects in Russia, the EU countries, the USA is provided based on an analysis of the requirements in terms of explosion-proof design of buildings and structures. The analysis was carried out in order to determine the requirements for the construction of buildings and structures requiring revision or cancellation in order to harmonize Russian regulatory technical documents in construction and industrial safety with the foreign ones. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by its compliance with the main goals and objectives of the state policy of Russia in the field of industrial safety, aimed at consistently reducing the risk of accidents at industrial facilities and minimizing their negative consequences. The list of the main current regulatory and technical documents of the EU countries and the USA with the main requirements for the explosion resistance of buildings and structures and the assessment of explosive impact is presented. The methodology for calculating the explosive loads on buildings and structures is briefly described. It is shown how the response of a structure to the impact of an explosion is determined within the framework of a foreign approach. The main proposals for the creation of new requirements and updating previously approved Russian codes of practice in construction have been developed and compiled. The results of the implementation of the submitted proposals will contribute to improving the efficiency of the processes of domestic industrial construction of buildings and structures, updating the regulatory and technical base, ensuring the safety of hazardous production facilities. Also, it will maintaining the compliance of buildings and structures with their functional purpose, reducing the risk of harm to health, property of individuals or legal entities, public or municipal property and the natural environment.

An Empire Transformed: Remolding Bodies and Landscapes in the Restoration Atlantic

An Empire Transformed: Remolding Bodies and Landscapes in the Restoration Atlantic

Effects of Mobile Identity on Smartphone Symbolic Use: An Attachment Theory Perspective.

Smartphones are not only multifunctional tools but also users' personal extensions and identity symbols, as they are constantly with users and highly visible to the public while in use. Due to this public property as well as the close bond between smartphones and users, they are frequently used for personal identity expression besides functional purposes. The current study conceptualizes such behavior as symbolic use and aims to understand it. Anchoring on the attachment theory, mobile identity is postulated as an important antecedent of symbolic use. Mobile identity in turn is formed by mobile symbolism and mobile design esthetics. The research model was tested by a hybrid of both online and offline survey with 271 valid responses. SEM analysis was used to test the research model and SPSS was used for descriptive statistics. The results confirmed the role of mobile identity in affecting smartphone symbolic use. Additionally, individual materialism was confirmed as a moderator using hierarchical analysis. By defining and explaining smartphone symbolic use, this study clarifies the unique characteristics of the smartphone usage context as compared to non-portable technologies, thereby enriching the mobile usage literature and the application of attachment theory. It also defines the boundary condition of attachment formation by studying the contingent role of individual characteristics.

Do agrivoltaics improve public support for solar? A survey on perceptions, preferences, and priorities

Agrivoltaic systems integrate agricultural production with solar photovoltaic electricity generation. Given the proven technical, economic, and environmental co-benefits provided by agrivoltaic systems, increased proliferation is anticipated, which necessitates accounting for the nuances of community resistance to solar development on farmland and identifying pathways for mitigation. Minimizing siting conflict and addressing agricultural communities’ concerns will be key in continued deployment of agrivoltaics, as localized acceptance of solar is a critical determinant of project success. This survey study assessed if public support for solar development increases when energy and agricultural production are combined in an agrivoltaic system. Results show that 81.8% of respondents would be more likely to support solar development in their community if it integrated agricultural production. This increase in support for solar given the agrivoltaic approach highlights a development strategy that can improve local social acceptance and the deployment rate of solar. Survey respondents prefer agrivoltaic projects that a) are designed to provide economic opportunities for farmers and the local community b) are not located on public property c) do not threaten local interests and d) ensure fair distribution of economic benefits. Proactively identifying what the public perceives as opportunities and concerns related to agrivoltaic development can help improve the design, business model, and siting of systems in the U.S.

“THE GORBACHEV PHENOMENON”: THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE NEW POLITICAL ECONOMY

The tools of the new political economy are rarely used in the analysis of the problems of the Soviet economy. A homogeneous society without class contradictions, with a quota socialist electoral system, and the absolute dominance of one ruling party formally contradicts the basic premises of this toolkit. At present time most researchers agree, that Soviet society was heterogeneous (some scientists even attribute class contradictions to it), but do not go any further. This progress is contradicted by the idea of the USSR as an ideocratic state, based on the civil religion of Marxism-Leninism. But the latter explains the stability of the political regime, not its collapse. The new political economy makes it possible to notice that the USSR was a formal confederation, which became a reality when party influence was neutralized, as well as a corporate state, within which there was a sharp political struggle for resources. These relations were masked by the myth of public property, which was socialist state property. As it seemed to Soviet theoreticians, a single national economic complex was indivisible. The rupture of economic ties was not beneficial to both enterprises and national elites. Nevertheless, the Soviet conditions made the orientation towards obtaining the maximum of centralized investments with the subsequent withdrawal of the republic from the single economic space quite rational. Institutional conditions, within which the institutions that protect the state from disintegration are neutralized, are periodically encountered in situations of power transit. The «Gorbachev Phenomenon» is a situation in which there is a paralysis of power associated with sharp contradictions within the ruling coalition. In such a situation, the private interests of small groups become politically legitimate, and it is almost impossible to stop the collapse of the state.

A CASE STUDY OF 3D OWNERSHIP RIGHTS REGISTRATION AS A BASIS OF SMART URBAN GOVERNANCE

Abstract. The Land Administration System (LAS) is of strategic importance to any country. Effective modern LAS should facilitate land management as an important instrument for the implementation of land policy contributing to comprehensive and sustainable land governance. The infrastructure needed to support increasingly complex requirements or urban space management based on three-dimensional register of rights would bring substantial improvement, especially for management of complex 3D situations. Modern cities are increasingly deploying different types of infrastructure under/on/above ground. The Republic of Croatia decided to establish the Register of Buildings, a transitional register combining data about buildings from existing registers towards the 3D cadastre. The transformation from 2D to 3D LAS should follow international standards, firstly the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): ISO 19152:2012 but also other ISO and OGC standards. This study analyses the possible re-use of cadastral 3D datasets in smart urban governance procedures, the case of public purpose property valuation. To our opinion the establishment of a 3D LAS should facilitate and enable efficient and sustainable management of urban spaces.The prototype of 3D LAS, based on LADM conceptual model and its extensions, should enable efficient integration of 3D ownership rights register with the data from other domains - other key registers, taxation, and valuation data (property market data) and other sources of linked data. In this paper, the case study is used to assess the current practice of registration of buildings and their particular parts and analyse the differences between different implementation of 3D partitioned parts.

Bibliometric Analysis on Medical Education During Covid-19 Pandemic

Medical education encompasses vast topics related to teaching-learning, among medical students. Bibliometric analysis is a scientific method to review properties of academic publications using quantitative statistical techniques. Aim of this study is to provide a bibliometric analysis of scholarly publications specifically on medical education related topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. The relevant documents on medical education were obtained from the Scopus database. Database search performed on 20th March 2022 and analysed using Microsoft Excel 365, VOSviewer and Harzing’s Publish or Perish. A total of 1436 documents were retrieved from Scopus database, left with 782 documents after filtering. For the past 2 years, the total citations received are 4974, while 44% of the documents were never cited. The most productive journal is BMC Medical Education. Most cited article is entitled: Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19 published in 2020. Most frequently used author keyword is covid-19. Visualisation on citation analysis among countries reveal the strongest link by United States of America with other countries. The current study provides a bibliometric perspective on the available medical education related publications in addressing issues related to covid-19 that is useful to guide them in considering possible future studies.

Without permission: guerrilla gardening, contested places, spatial justice

ABSTRACT This article examines the guerilla garden as a contested space of knowledge and a means of (re)composing urban landscapes. Guerilla gardening is the radical transformation of public property for illicit cultivation. As a practice, it involves individuals or groups of people transforming public and private spaces of neglect through the planting of crops or decorative plants. The purpose is to (re)compose decaying or unproductive spaces into sites of resilience and fecundity as a practice of spatial justice.

The Business-Politics Nexus and Violations of the Water Bodies in Dhaka City

In the last four decades, Bangladesh has achieved a remarkable transformation and improvements in terms of its economic and social development. Bangladesh’s achievement in environmental governance and sustainable development, however, is far from satisfactory. Multi-dimensional tragedies have occurred in the public resources, particularly the water bodies in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Water and forest resources are grabbed, depleted, and destroyed by certain political and economic interest groups. Few studies had focused on the governance of the water bodies in Dhaka City by adopting a political economic approach. Against this backdrop, adopting such an approach, this paper explores how the water bodies of Dhaka City have suffered violations. The paper argues that the ‘tragedy of the public resources’, particularly of the water bodies of Dhaka City, occurred primarily not due to the increasing population pressure but due to business and politics links associated with human transgression. Although the population boom has contributed to the rising pressure for public property and resources, the political business links, combined with a low institutional capacity, have primarily caused the disasters of the water bodies in Dhaka City. Successive governments have designed policies, laws, rules, and regulations for saving and protecting land, forest, and river resources. The government environmental agencies, however, have largely failed to manage and protect the public land and river resources effectively and efficiently. Consequently, the water bodies have been encroached on, misused, and grabbed, endangering the very existence of the rivers and so, ultimately, the process of sustainable development in Bangladesh.

Property between Natural and Acquired Right

The main objective of this study is to discuss the bases of why some philosophers assume that property is an essential part of human rights based on accepting it as a “natural” right, and to assess the credibility of such an assumption. In order to deal with such problematic issue, we contrast John Locke and Georg Hegel with Friedrich Engels; Locke posited that privet property right is part of natural rights, while Hegel claimed that privet property is a right granted by the state. In contrast, Engels thought that the origin of property, during the early stages of humanity, was that of communal or public property, which later changed to privet property due to the division of labour and the emergence of class societies and class straggle. The study draws a comparison between Hegel and Engels on several points: family, society, social contract, and the state. The study concluded that property, be it privet or public, is not a right but a means for a right, because it is based on the ability to be transferred and exchanged, whilst the natural right ought to be nun-transferable. The only right the state have is to put forward policies of property that would not inflect the natural origin of human rights.

The evolution of cooperation in public goods games on the scale-free community network under multiple strategy-updating rules

Most social dilemmas have public goods properties, and social networks have scale-free characteristics and community structure features. Meanwhile, due to individuals’ diverse preferences, there are individuals in the network who use different strategy-updating rules. Based on this, this research explores how cooperation evolves in scale-free community networks with public goods games, as well as the influence of multiple strategy-updating rules on cooperation evolution. Pairwise comparison rules and aspiration-driven rules are the two types of strategy-updating rules discussed here. Several simulations are displayed, along with the results of their simulations. We discover that community structure facilitates the emergence of cooperation with public goods games. Meanwhile, the enhancement factor’s value determines the relationship between the proportion of the two updating rules and the cooperation density. There is a negative relationship between the initial ratio of pairwise comparison rules and the cooperation density under a weak enhancement factor. And the initial ratio of pairwise comparison rules and the cooperation density forms a “U”-shaped relationship under a strong enhancement factor. Pairwise comparison rules seem to be more sensitive to the variance in the proportion of the two strategy-updating rules. Our findings might help us better understand the evolution of cooperation in social networks.

The Rule of Law in a State of Disaster: Evaluating Standards for the Promulgation, Administration and Enforcement of Emergency Regulations in South Africa

This paper applies the rule of law test to emergency regulations adopted to combat a national disaster in South Africa. A declaration of a national state of disaster, such as a pandemic, triggers emergency powers which enable the executive to mitigate the disaster, assist and protect the public, provide relief, and protect property. However, emergency powers provide a pretext for the executive to limit constitutional rights and to curtail the enjoyment of freedoms. These unprecedented powers also pose a risk of arbitrary exercise of public power, which can only be prevented if the promulgation, administration and enforcement of emergency regulations conform to the principles of legality, rationality and proportionality. These principles are understood as tenets of the rule of law in South Africa. They require a strong commitment to respect, protect and promote human rights at a time when they are most vulnerable to violation by the State. Given the role of the judiciary in the maintenance of the rule of law, and the litigation against the emergency regulations adopted in response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper also discusses the ensuing case law to illustrate the practical application of the rule of law test to a national disaster.

Understanding the paradox between tragedies of the commons and the anticommons: From a cognitive psychology perspective.

The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of resources which are rival in consumption but lack excludability and it also refers to rent dissipation. While the tragedy of the anticommons is a tragedy closely connected with underuse of resources that are rival in consumption and with too strong excludability. The prior studies proved that the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons are symmetric from the perspective of pure mathematics, especially the game theory, which was later refuted by behavioral economics experiments. According to them, the tragedy of the anticommons is severer than the tragedy of the commons. The asymmetry of the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons is a paradox by these different research methods. This paradox shows that there are imperfections in the completely rational economic man hypothesis set up by neoclassical economics. As a fundamental theory, the tragedy of the commons is quite influential in many disciplines, such as microeconomics, public sector economics, ecological economics, environmental economics, management, sociology, property law, and political science. And the tragedy of the anticommons theory has also opened its door of both theoretical research and practical implications since its acceptance by Nobel laureate Buchanan, the main founder of public choice school. Only when theoretical issues are thoroughly discussed and made clear enough, can people avoid misunderstanding or misusing the commons theory. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the paradox between them. Based on Simon’s bounded rationality, Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory, value function, Thaler’s mental accounting, endowment effect, and other cognitive psychological tools, this study clearly shows that agents’ decision-making process is not just based on the long-believed marginal benefit and marginal cost analysis advocated by traditional neoclassical economists. Agents’ decision-making is a process in which agents selectively absorb, code the objective marginal revenue and marginal cost, and feed relevant information to their brain. Therefore, what plays a directly decisive role is not the objective marginal revenue and marginal cost per se, but the mentally perceived subjective utility of marginal revenue and marginal cost by the human brain. Followed by this research clue, the paradox between the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons is elucidated from the perspective of cognitive psychology.

Qualitative sustainability assessment of road verge management in France: An approach from causal diagrams to seize the importance of impact pathways

A road verge, also known as a roadside, is a strip of grass or vegetation, sometimes shrubs and trees, that forms a space on the public property located along a road or highway. They require regular maintenance, one of the most relevant reasons being the safety of road users, which implies for territory planners making decisions about the period of maintenance, frequency, the mowing height, or whether or not remove cut biomass from the roadside among others. As highlighted in previous studies, the maintenance strategy decided on has a range of positive and negative impacts on the ecosystem services provided by road verges. Today, however, there is a lack of a formal and holistic view of how these maintenance practices affect the ecosystem services (ES) provided by the roadside. In order to improve the sustainability management of these areas, this paper proposes to use the concept of causal diagrams from the systems theory and literature analysis. This concept helps to structure and represent the impact of road verge maintenance decisions on ES and their interrelationships through causal networks. Nine interrelated causal diagrams were then developed. These diagrams are the first attempt at a qualitative assessment of the impact of roadside management on ES. This work is the first step towards a formal holistic model to assess the sustainability impacts of road verges and the development of decision-making tools.

Land Planning, Property Rights and Management of Built Heritage: Some Hong Kong Observations of Colonial Military Buildings

There has been much confusion in property rights inquiry into real (immovable) property (i.e., land) between open access and common property, and between public property and common property because that is often also open access. This paper argues that the property rights and access control are two distinct dimensions of land resource management. Access control involves the exercise of exclusionary power relevant to the management of the immovable property (property management) for its optimal use. A review of the literature shows that definitions of property management tend to be too narrow but point towards the need to articulate issues within the property rights paradigm. As a contribution to sustainable resource use as a dimension of land planning, this paper points out and discusses the probable sources of the confusion between land property rights and property management. A “Land Property Rights and Management Matrix” (LPRMM) is developed as a theoretical tool for clarifying the confusion and the relationships amongst relevant concepts. The LPRMM is theoretically informed by Barzel’s not entirely correct distinction between legal (de jure) and economic (de facto) rights and enriched by relevant literature on property rights and property management. Practical use of the LPRMM is illustrated by its application to analyze the issues pertaining to the actual resource-use phenomena in colonial military buildings erected on both private and public land in Hong Kong. The results show that heritage buildings on land under public ownership as private property can be neglected or intensively managed. The LPRMM is not only a useful theoretical tool for precisely assessing the actual affairs of resource use but also a practical tool for identifying issues of property management in its widest sense. The LPRMM offered is a proper interpretation of Barzel’s distinction between legal and economic rights and contributes to systematically re-interpreting property management as town planning writ large in terms of de jure property rights and de facto access.