Public Private Sector Research Articles

Performance of Scheduled Banks in India

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the financial performance of scheduled banks in India, specifically focusing on the distinction between public sector banks and private sector banks. By utilizing financial ratios obtained from secondary data sources such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the study aims to uncover intrinsic differences and similarities between these two sectors. The ultimate goal is to provide insights that can inform decision-making and policy formulation for stakeholders such as policymakers, industry practitioners, and enthusiasts interested in the Indian banking sector. Research Design: The research design employed in this study is primarily quantitative and comparative. The study utilizes secondary data obtained from sources like the RBI and money control, covering a period from 2013 to 2023. A sample size of 12 public sector banks and 21 private sector bank is selected for analysis. Financial ratios such as net profit margin, operating profit margin, return on assets, and others are calculated and compared across the selected banks to assess their financial performance. Comparative analysis, aided by tools like Excel and graphical representations, is used to interpret the data and identify trends and patterns over the ten-year period. Results and Findings: The results of the study reveal significant variations in the financial performance of scheduled banks in India, particularly between public sector and private sector banks. HDFC Bank emerges as a top performer, consistently demonstrating high net profit margins, positive operating profit margins, and robust returns on assets. On the other hand, banks like IDBI Bank, IDFC First Bank Ltd., and Yes Bank Ltd. exhibit poor performance across multiple indicators, including negative operating profit margins and low returns on assets. Several banks, including ICICI Bank and Axis Bank, display inconsistent performance, indicating areas for improvement in operational efficiency and cost control. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of maintaining stable profitability, effective asset utilization, and prudent cost management strategies for sustainable growth in the banking sector. Originality of the Study: This study contributes to the existing literature on the Indian banking sector by providing a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of scheduled banks, with a specific focus on the distinction between public and private sectors. By utilizing a ten-year dataset and employing financial ratios as analytical tools, the study offers valuable insights into the dynamics of the banking industry in India. Furthermore, the comparative approach adopted in the study enhances its originality by allowing for a nuanced examination of performance trends and patterns across different banks. Overall, the study fills a gap in the literature by addressing the need for empirical research on the financial performance of scheduled banks in India, thereby offering valuable implications for policymakers, industry practitioners, and other stakeholders.

Do corporate governance mechanisms and ESG disclosures improve bank performance and stability in an emerging economy?

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance mechanisms and the environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure score on bank performance and financial stability. Further, this paper analyses how this relationship varies over the different ownership structures.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a sample of 41 Indian banks (including both public sector and private sector banks) over the period ranging from 2008 to 2020. The data is analyzed in both static and dynamic frameworks using panel regression and system generalized methods of moments.FindingsThe results indicate that the frequency of board meetings has a negative influence on the performance of the banks. Gender diversity reveals both linear and non-linear relationships with bank performance. In the sample of public sector banks, the board size and promoters’ ownership have a significant negative effect on the bank's performance. In private sector banks, CEO duality adversely affects performance. Further, the results indicate that ESG disclosure score is positively linked with the profitability of banks.Originality/valueThis paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of corporate governance mechanisms and ESG disclosure scores on bank performance and stability in the context of the Indian economy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no empirical investigation or study that has been conducted in this respect.

Public-Private Partnership: Optimising the Outcomes for Plastic Surgery in a Resource-Limited Setting at the University of Port Harcourt, (UPTH) Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Public Private Partnership (PPP) refers to a form of cooperation between public authorities and the world of business which aims to ensure the funding, construction, renovation, management and maintenance of an infrastructure or the provision of better services, better quality, better and better health in a relatively cost- effective manner or approach to the society.  Aim and Objectives: This paper highlights the role of PPP in optimizing outcomes for patients who require plastic surgical services.  Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to bring to light the perennial problems of the health care mixes within a period of 6 months in the Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery unit of The University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. This work looked at the Public Private sector mixes in health care system using Nigeria as a case study.  Results: Cases managed at the public facility alone, cases managed at the private facility alone and the cases managed through the combined effort of both the Private and Public sector (PPP) were analyzed.  Conclusion: Public Private Partnership is key to the success and effectiveness of healthcare delivery in a resource poor setting as the PPP drives the marriage of effectiveness in administration and business prototype in the marriage of government infrastructure and large medical market with turn over into a partnership where the private component brings in the specific funding and equipment and expertise needed to make the medical business model.

Demonised energy: Could nuclear power help Australia achieve net zero emissions by 2050?

Nuclear energy is probably the most controversial source of energy praised by some and demonised by others. Although several countries acknowledge the benefits of nuclear power and continue to support its use, there are some nations such as Australia that reject nuclear energy. The implementation of the nuclear moratorium by the Australian federal government in 1998, coupled with the shared net zero ambition of the country, has the potential to reinvigorate a crucial debate on nuclear power. Revaluating the nuclear moratorium could foster public debate and private sector involvement, potentially enabling financially viable, safe, and environmentally sustainable nuclear power in the future.

Loan Portfolio Management and Bank Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis of Public, Old Private, and New Private Sector Banks in India

This comparative study analyzed the impact of loan portfolio composition on the efficiency of different types of banks in India—public sector, old private, and new private banks—in the period between 2013 and 2022. Efficiency was evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study considered four loan variables—term lending, working capital, priority sector lending, and secured lending in proportion to the overall loans—as independent factors against the efficiency score as the dependent variable, using a random-effects generalized least squares (GLS) regression framework. The results indicate that there were no significant effects on the efficiency of old private banks, except for working capital, which had a marginally negative impact on bank efficiency. Working capital, priority sector lending, and term lending have been found to significantly impact the efficiency of new private banks. Only term and working capital loans significantly affected the efficiency of public sector banks.

Scrutinizing Public-Private Sector Investment Spending and Budgetary Deficit in the Health Sector of Pakistan: A Time Series Approach

The public and private sector spending is crucial for appropriate resource allocation. Private sector spending makes the government to be lenient since the obligations to provide facilities to the general public are shared with the private sector. Meanwhile, public sector spending rests at the allocation of the budget. A heavy budgetary deficit can cause the government to reduce its spending. This study attempted to evaluate the interplay of private-sector spending, budgetary deficit, and public-sector spending in the health sector of Pakistan within the period from 1980 to 2023. The standard econometric technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) is incorporated to find the desired results. Based on the empirical results, it is found that private and public sector spending on the health sector is a substitute for each other. At the same time, the budgetary deficit is found to increase government spending on the health sector. The study suggests that the private sector is sufficient in covering health-related issues; thus, the government can locate another sector that needs financial support. Also, a manageable budgetary deficit is not harmful if spending is carried out in the health sector.

Labor market segmentation and the gender wage gap: Evidence from China.

Although the Chinese government has implemented a variety of measures, the gender wage gap in 21st century China has not decreased. A significant body of literature has studied this phenomenon using sector segmentation theory, but these studies have overlooked the importance of the collective economy beyond the public and private sectors. Moreover, they have lacked assessment of the gender wage gap across different wage groups, hindering an accurate estimation of the gender wage gap in China, and the formulation of appropriate recommendations. Utilizing micro-level data from 2004, 2008, and 2013, this paper examines trends in the gender wage gap within the public sector, private sector, and collective economy. Employing a selection bias correction based on the multinomial logit model, this study finds that the gender wage gap is smallest and most stable within the public sector. Furthermore, the private sector surpasses the collective economy in this period, becoming the sector with the largest gender wage gap. Meanwhile, a recentered influence function regression reveals a substantial gender wage gap among the low-wage population in all three sectors, as well as among the high-wage population in the private sector. Additionally, employing Brown wage decomposition, this study concludes that inter-sector, rather than intra-sector, differences account for the largest share of the gender wage gap, with gender discrimination in certain sectors identified as the primary cause. Finally, this paper provides policy recommendations aimed at addressing the gender wage gap among low-wage groups and within the private sector.

Gender and social inclusion: impact of mobile payment system on micro-entrepreneurs' perceived success and subjective well-being

PurposeThe study examines how adopting e-paisa technology (a mobile payment system) enhances micro-entrepreneurs' perceived success and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 global pandemic. The study also theorizes the moderating effects of gender through a moderated-mediation model.Design/methodology/approachThe data are collected from 282 micro-entrepreneurs in Pakistan using a two-week time-lagged approach to test the hypothesized framework. The analysis was conducted using the PROCESS macro moderated-mediation method.FindingsThe results affirm that adopting e-paisa technology positively relates to perceived entrepreneurial success, ultimately increasing the entrepreneur's subjective well-being. Furthermore, in hypothesized moderated-mediation paths, the moderation effect of gender was stronger for women than men.Practical implicationsFrom the perspective of diversity, equality and inclusion, adopting a digital mobile payment system can be regarded as a catalyst for the inclusion of women entrepreneurs in marginalized communities, enabling them to continue their micro-businesses in times of global crises. Further, it is also suggested that public–private sector partnerships are essential for promoting a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem that subsequently leads to social and financial inclusion in marginalized communities.Originality/valueThe mediating role of perceived entrepreneurial success contributes to understanding the importance of psychological functioning among technology acceptance model (TAM) attributes and entrepreneurs' subjective well-being. In addition, theorizing gender differences in TAM and subjective well-being relationships revealed women's advantages, challenging the prevailing belief that women are less fortunate in entrepreneurial endeavors. This raises the need to reconsider and maybe change the perspective to consider women as a disadvantaged group in entrepreneurship.

Performance and returns volatility of banks in India: public versus private sector

PurposeThis current study draws a comparison between the performance indicators of public sector banks (PSBs) and private sector banks (or non-PSBs) in India. The study controls for the impact of COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses strongly balanced panel data for seven years of 12 PSBs and 10 non-PSBs from the Nifty PSU Bank Index and Nifty Private Bank Index. The study applies panel data methodology to arrive at the results.FindingsThe study demonstrates that the behavior of indicators of performance and returns volatility for PSBs and non-PSBs differs substantially. While factors like capital adequacy ratio (CAR), cost management (COST), liquidity (LIQ), inflation and economic growth exhibit a similar impact on both categories of Indian banks, the effect of credit risk (RISK), market power (POWER) and COVID-19 on performance and returns stability is different for PSBs and non-PSBs.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a limited sample size of banks in India.Practical implicationsPSBs and non-PSBs need distinct treatments when calibrating performance indicators.Social implicationsThe performance and stability of banks are essential for society at large, the depositors and the investors.Originality/valueThe study provides vibrant implications for insight for banks to calibrate the variables that determine performance and stability, regulators and policymakers for effective governance of the banking ecosystem and effective utilization of public funds and capital. The findings are relevant for policymaking today, when the government is considering the privatization of a few PSBs.

Investigating the Satisfaction of Students within Public Sector and Private Sector Medical Colleges: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Medical education is a highly regarded career choice among the majority of students in Pakistan. A significant number of students enroll in medical colleges in Pakistan with the aim of serving humanity, obtaining social and financial advantages, and fulfilling their parents' desire to see them become doctors. In that respect the consideration of student satisfaction is important in relation to effectiveness within their performance as well. Objective: To analyze the satisfaction level for the students within the public and private sector medical colleges in Pakistan. Methods: he semi-structured interviews were selected for the current research. The interviews provided the expressive possibility towards collecting efficient data in from of opinions and experiences from 5 medical students enrolled in the public sector medical colleges and 5 medical students from private sector medical colleges in Pakistan. Results: The research highlighted that on the main consideration there were different types of issues which are influencing the satisfaction of students within different considerations and backgrounds from the medical sector. The teacher perception, way of teaching and the aligned developments in relation to better consideration here were related to the specified orientation for the structure of transformative development in relation to the satisfaction of students. Conclusions: On a concluding note, it can be said that the students in private and public medical colleges in Pakistan has satisfaction issues. However, the teacher support and facility have the possibility to enhance satisfaction

CITTASLOW CITIES AND TOURISM GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF ISPARTA

With the increasing globalization of world cities and the increase in metropolitan city life, the similarity of cities has revealed the 'slow city' movement. The aim of the slow city movement is to protect the originality and local values of the cities, to highlight them in the most accurate way and to ensure sustainability. This movement is away from the complex city life where the traffic is heavy and the city noise is high; It has been very popular in recent years by people who want to return to a calmer, natural lifestyle. The aim of the study is to compare the places that adopt the slow city movement with the implementation and tourism policies and compare them with the governance dimension. Although it is important that public institutions and organizations and NGO’s (Non-Governmental Organizations) act in cooperation in order to prevent difficulties in fulfilling the criteria required for a slow city, this cooperation is possible with "tourism governance". In this study, a comparative analysis was made between the quiet cities of Isparta, Eğirdir and Yalvaç. In the study, the data obtained as a result of the use of qualitative research method were collected with the use of interview technique. Convenience sampling method and semi-structured interview technique were used in the research. As a result of the study, it was seen that the awareness of the people about preserving their culture, local food, tangible and intangible cultural heritage, history and natural beauties increased after the districts became slow cities. It can be said that it is very important for the public sector, private sector and non-governmental organizations to work in cooperation within the scope of tourism governance in order to ensure the continuity of the slow city criteria.

Upskilling and Reskilling in Improving Competence of Competitive Human Resources in the Era of Digital Economy

This research aims to analyse upskilling and reskilling in improving the competence of competitive human resources in the digital economy era, especially in MSMEs. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods, with data collection through online document searches and literature reviews. The results showed that increasing the competence of MSME HR in the digital economy era is prioritised on how to gather resources and create the right synergy to direct each workforce, especially those with low to high competence. Creating a comprehensive approach to low competency HR can be addressed in a coordinated and coherent manner, comprehensive and ensuring that MSMEs have ongoing support. The implementation of upskiling and reskilling to improve the competence of MSME HR needs to involve the public sector, private sector and other stakeholders so that a good and comprehensive ecosystem is built

Comparative financial performance analysis of commercial banks in India

Commercial banks are financial institutions that perform the functions of accepting deposits from the general public and giving loans for investment with the aim of earning profit. These banks play a key role in the growth and development of an economy. In India, commercial banks are broadly classified into public sector commercial banks, private sector commercial banks, and foreign commercial banks. In the present study, the researchers have made an attempt to examine the financial performance analysis of public sector and private sector commercial banks in India. The study covers the top five public sector commercial banks and the top five private sector commercial banks. The study is based on secondary data extracted from books, journals, financial statements of the banks under study, and other websites. The study period is 5 years—from March 2019 to March 2023. Financial performance and Market capitalization parameters along with key banking ratios were used for the analysis and ajudgmental sampling technique was used for selecting the sample.

WhatsApp como ferramenta para identificação de doenças em ruminantes e equinos não diagnosticadas e subnotificadas em Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT: This study explores the use of WhatsApp as a tool for identifying previously undiagnosed and underreported diseases in ruminants and horses in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The research, carried out from January 2022 to December 2023, involved a WhatsApp group of 302 public service and private sector veterinarians. The contacts were categorized as those that resulted in a necropsy by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory, the sending of a sample for histopathological analysis, or the non-sending of material. The results demonstrate the efficiency of using WhatsApp for diagnosing underreported diseases such as anaplasmosis, haemonchosis, rabies, blackleg disease, Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia, bovine herpesvirus encephalitis, multiple mineral deficiency in cattle and copper poisoning in sheep, thus increasing diagnostic efficiency for veterinary laboratories. The tool also facilitated communication, resulting in an increase in conclusive diagnoses, the identification of previously undiagnosed diseases such as Chlamydia pecorum encephalomyelitis in buffalo, peripheral neuropathy in cattle, phosphorus deficiency in cattle, vitamin A deficiency, and perinatal pneumonia caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae in cattle. In addition, it was possible to identify underreported occurrences, such as cases of abortion and neonatal diarrhea and to implement the correction of diagnostic approaches in real-time via WhatsApp. The study concludes that WhatsApp improves communication between field veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories, providing valuable information on disease occurrence and diagnostic challenges.

Do Merger Announcements Enhance the Wealth of the Shareholders? Evidence from India Banking Sector

The present study attempts to examine the impact of merger announcements on shareholders’ wealth of respective banks in the Indian banking sector. The study considers 13 mergers which include the merger of both public sector and private sector banks. Event Study Methodology has been used for the analysis purpose. The study uses both a one-factor model and a two-factor model to calculate the cumulative abnormal return in various time windows. The notable findings of the study demonstrate that the market reaction towards the merger announcement is negative in both the public and private sector banks. The impact on public sector banks is more compared to the private sector banks as the resulting Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) values are negative and significant. Contrary to the above findings, the shareholders of Kotak Mahindra Bank and ING Vyasa Bank have gained wealth as a result of the merger as the market has reacted positively to the merger announcement.

Dietary diversity and nutritional status of adults living with HIV during the COVID-19 era.

The coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about unique challenges in healthcare and nutrition, particularly for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Understanding their dietary patterns and nutritional status is crucial for developing targeted interventions and improving health outcomes. Therefore, this study assessed the dietary diversity and nutritional status of PLHIV during the COVID-19 era. We adopted a facility-based cross-sectional study design to enroll 220 PLHIV from two hospitals in the Central Region of Ghana. Dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recall. Anthropometric and body composition data were collected with a stadiometer and a body composition monitor. Dietary diversity was evaluated using the FAO's Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). Data analysis was conducted with SPSS version 20. Significance level was set p-value less than 0.05. A significant proportion (33.2%) of PLHIV had low dietary diversity, with the majority (55.5%) categorized as needing dietary improvement. Approximately 2 out of every 10 of the participants were identified as underweight. Participants aged 40 to 59 years were more likely to exhibit higher dietary diversity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.966, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.045-4.987). Participants who consumed meals at least three times daily were more likely to have a high IDDS (AOR = 1.641, 95% CI: 1.221, 8.879). Employed participants (public sector and private sector) were also more likely to have a high IDDS compared to unemployed participants (AOR = 1.448, 95% CI: 1.028-3.042; AOR = 1.165, 95% CI: 1.030-9.329, respectively). Factors associated with undernutrition included being female (AOR = 1.829, 95% CI: 1.294, 3.872) and first-line antiretroviral therapy ART (AOR = 1.683, 95% CI: 1.282-2.424). The study emphasizes the need for nutritional interventions for PLHIV, particularly during crises. It advocates for a policy collaboration to address food insecurity and promote resilient health outcomes.

Analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hotel occupancy in the main tourist destinations in Mexico

The article takes an innovative approach by longitudinally assessing the impact of the pandemic on hotel occupancy in key Mexican tourist destinations. Its solid quantitative methodology, through statistical comparisons before and after the crisis by season, denotes a rigorous scientific approach. The segmentation of destinations by cluster analysis according to post-pandemic recovery is a valuable contribution. The empirical findings provide deep insight into the resilience of destinations. It highlights the importance of diversifying sources of demand and strengthening human and social capital in the face of disruptive events. The study will set methodological precedents for future research given its replicability. Its modeling of the interaction between government policies and market response provides useful perspectives on public-private sector dynamics. The solid analytical basis will facilitate designing differentiated strategies to boost the sector's recovery. The recommendation to implement tourism intelligence systems denotes visionary public policy. In conclusion, this doctoral work exemplifies a holistic and innovative approach to a phenomenon of global interest.

Employee Trust in Management: Evidence from the Greek Private and Public Sectors

In contrast to the vast literature on trust in management, the aspect of employee trust towards managers in Greece is still under researched. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring the factors which determine employee trust towards managers in the case of the Greek dual labor market. Primary data collected through a questionnaire survey of employees are explored in a model where employee and workplace characteristics and employee’s experiences of economic depression are predictors of employee trust towards managers. The analysis of two different samples "public sector with workplace representation" and "private sector without workplace representation" allow for inferences and conclusions about the effects of the duality of the Greek labor market on employee trust towards managers. The results indicate differences in the effects of age, workplace tenure and hours worked on employee trust in management between public sector employees (trade union members) and private sector employees (not being members).

Critical risk factors of electric road uptake on motorways: a Swedish Delphi study

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a ranking-type Delphi study on the critical risk factors for the adoption of an electric road system (e-road) for trucks on the main motorways in Sweden. The investment cost of such a system is high, necessitating an upfront evaluation of the adoption risk factors to reduce the likelihood of budget overruns and project delays. Participating Swedish e-road experts (N = 52) from the public sector, private sector, and academia identified 32 unique risk factors, which were divided into five categories. The three most critical risk factors, as ranked by the experts, were ‘low expansion rate,’ ‘low utilization rate,’ and ‘lengthy public-sector evaluation.’ Overall, market and financial risks were ranked as more important than institutional, technological, and sustainability risks. This study has important implications for policymakers in countries considering e-road adoption.

School leadership in the United Arab Emirates: A scoping review

Global research identifies school leadership as a critical factor in school success and effectiveness, especially in an educational reform environment with an ever-increasing number of schools working within public–private partnerships, a feature that characterises the United Arab Emirates. To aid leadership development and practices in a fast-moving education context and to underpin future empirical research, this scoping review of the literature from across three databases provides practitioners and policymakers with an understanding of school leadership for the public–private sector in the United Arab Emirates. Our search yielded 38 publications for analysis. Findings indicate that over the last 20 years, school leadership research in the United Arab Emirates has mainly focused on four themes: (1) context: leaders’ roles and school reform; (2) competency: hiring and professional development of school leaders; (3) characteristics: leadership styles and (4) capacity building: teacher leadership. We conclude with recommendations for research, including exploring cultural, relational, and compassionate school leadership through indigenous paradigms. We also provide recommendations for policy and practice, including the need to modify recruitment methods, equip school leaders to lead reform through advanced models of leadership to suit the collectivist United Arab Emirates culture, and align professional development with the professional standards.