Public-private Partnership Model Research Articles

Factors influencing the adoption of public–private partnership in low-cost housing development in Myanmar

Purpose To provide low-cost housing, the Myanmar Government is attempting to use public–private partnership (PPP) to attract private investors. However, there is little information concerning the influencing factors for implementing PPP low-cost housing projects in Myanmar. This paper, therefore, aims to identify and analyse these factors. Design/methodology/approach A total of 51 in-depth interviews were conducted with interviewees involved in various kinds of housing projects implemented through the adoption of PPP or other approaches. The methods of data collection and the analysis are based on grounded theory (GT) methodology. Findings Using the GT method to analyse the interviews, five categories emerged from 50 influencing factors regarding the establishment and implementation of the PPP model for low-cost housing in Myanmar: provision of incentives; obstacles in implementing PPP for all stakeholders; barriers to private sector participation; public sector responsibilities and challenges; and attraction factors and challenges for financial institutions. Among 12 newly found factors, the three most important for PPP low-cost housing in Myanmar are the availability of project funding, the resolution of land-acquisition issues and the development of a sound financing system. Research limitations/implications Our findings strengthen previous studies by identifying factors affecting PPP low-cost housing either specific to Myanmar or common among other countries. Of the 50 factors identified, 38 factors were found in previous studies, but 12 are likely specific to Myanmar. Practical implications Our findings can be used by governments, particularly the Myanmar Government, and financial agencies to understand the low attractiveness of PPP low-cost housing for investors and to develop/improve policies to stimulate PPP low-cost housing, especially in Myanmar. Originality/value Many previous studies have been undertaken to identify factors that influence the implementation of PPP for low-cost housing. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no prior studies specific to Myanmar in this context.

Adoption PPP model as an alternative method of government for funding abandoned construction projects in Iraq

The Iraqi construction sector is facing complex issues and a number of problems. Abandoned construction projects are considered one of the most common and serious problems in the construction industry in Iraq due to a lack of funding, which reflected by exceeding the time limit for completion of the projects. The number and value of the projects involved are usually large. reconstruction, maintenance, and operation of unfinished projects in Iraq require better coordination between these issues, and the country’s other affairs, this goal, cannot be accomplished unless the project is financing in the most successful way. This study aims to use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)technique to select the appropriate type of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) contracts to finance abandoned projects in Iraq. using a questionnaire survey to select the most significant criteria for choosing an appropriate financing approach for the abandoned project. The reliability of the questionnaire is achieved, by using the Cronbach Alpha calculated by SPSS software (Version 26). The results obtained illustrate the final weight of the Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) contract from AHP is 0.261 is the best type of the (PPP) contracts in the alternatives suggested to finance the project.

Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Models in the Field of Ecological Modernization of the Environmental Safety System

The article considers various forms of public-private partnership, which allow extensive use of private capital in solving many problems not only in the production of public goods and public services, production of natural monopolies, but also in providing natural and man-made and environmental security. It is determined that for the Ukrainian practice it is important to apply the best foreign experience in the implementation of innovative projects on the basis of public-private partnership (PPP). Positive foreign experience highlights the use of PPP in Ukraine as an alternative mechanism for financing innovative projects to implement and accelerate modernization transformations in the national economy. It is established that the implementation of PPP in Ukraine requires the formation of certain institutional conditions: definition of requirements to be met by operators wishing to enter the relevant industries, in particular: evidence of its financial security, evidence of its ability to operate; introduction of the project form of realization of the planned plans; substantiation of local self-government bodies for choosing the form of involvement of the private sector; introduction of an effective system of control by local governments over the performance of current functions and investment obligations by private operators; development of requirements for the reporting system of a private operator; involvement in decision-making on the transfer of infrastructure to the private sector, as well as determining the frequency and types of public control; development and implementation of a mechanism for determining the liability of private sector representatives for causing damage to the property of territorial communities by their actions or inaction and, conversely, determining a mutually acceptable mechanism for return of invested funds, etc. The PPP mechanism forms the basis for the joint responsibility of the state, community and business for the development of sectors that have priority for the regional economy, environmental protection, development of territorial communities.

Digital Health Tools for Managing Noncommunicable Diseases During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Patients and Caregivers.

BackgroundA reduction in the number of face-to-face medical examinations conducted for patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to health care professionals quickly adopting different strategies to communicate with and monitor their patients. Such strategies include the increased use of digital health tools. However, patient preferences, privacy concerns, a lack of regulations, overregulation, and insufficient evidence on the efficacy of digital health tools may have hampered the potential positive benefits of using such tools to manage NCDs.ObjectiveThis viewpoint aims to discuss the views of an advisory board of patient and caregiver association members. Specifically, we aim to present this advisory board’s view on the role of digital health tools in managing patients with NCDs during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify future directions based on patients’ perspectives.MethodsAs an initiative under the NCD Partnership (PARTners in Ncds Engage foR building Strategies to improve Healthy ageing In Patients) model of Upjohn, a web-based advisory board of patient and caregiver advocates was held on July 28, 2020, to bring together key stakeholders from public and private sectors.ResultsThe following key themes emerged: (1) technology developers should understand that the goals of patients may differ from those of health care professionals and other stakeholders; (2) patients, health care professionals, caregivers, and other end users need to be involved in the development of digital health tools at the earliest phase possible, to guarantee usability, efficacy, and adoption; (3) digital health tools must be better tailored to people with complex conditions, such as multimorbidity, older age, and cognitive or sensory impairment; and (4) some patients do not want or are unable to use digital health care tools, so adequate alternatives should always be available.ConclusionsThere was consensus that public-private partnership models, such as the Upjohn NCD Partnership, can be effective models that foster innovation by integrating multiple perspectives (eg, patients’ perspectives) into the design, development, and implementation of digital and nondigital health tools, with the main overall objective of improving the life of patients with NCDs.

Mitigating poverty through solar panels adoption in developing economies

AbstractMotivated by a widely practiced strategy to combine the growth of the solar energy sector with poverty mitigation, we propose stylized models of households selling extra solar energy back to the grid, which generates a steady stream of income to overcome adoption barriers for solar panels, that is, high adoption cost and generation variability. By considering households' strategic consumption shifting behavior in response to varying intertemporal market electricity prices, we have presented the equilibrium adoption number and households' equilibrium profit. We have also demonstrated the government's optimal subsidy to reach a socially optimal adoption level. Furthermore, we investigate the popular Public Private Partnership (PPP) model in developing countries to promote the investment of solar panels. Under the PPP program, the private firms share both upfront cost and electricity revenue with households, while the government may provide subsidy to further encourage adoption. Despite the popularity of the PPP scheme, our model documents an unexpected negative implication by inducing a lower overall adoption level than the traditional scheme: As the PPP scheme relieves budgetary burden of households in adopting solar panels (infrastructure cost), anticipating the long‐term revenue loss, they are less likely to participate in the first place. However, combined with the government intervention via adoption subsidy, the PPP scheme can lead to a win‐win solution for all.

Partnership Model for Optimizing the Use of Village Funds

Since 2015, the Government has allocated village development funds in the form of Village Fund policies of IDR 20.7 trillion, then in 2016 it increased to IDR 46.9 trillion, and continues to increase in the following years. However, based on field research in a number of regions in Indonesia, it turns out that the use of Village Funds is not optimal, some of which have been proven wrongly targeted, not transparent in use, and not accountable in reporting. The aspect of planning activities and the quality of human resources implementing policies and coordination between parties that should play a role are still a major problem.
 The PPP (Public-Private Partnership) model is actually intended for the development of large-scale projects, such as the construction of highways or seaports and airports. But by taking the substance of cooperation from the parties that each have strengths, the PPP model (and its variants) may be applicable in the use of Village Funds. Using secondary data analysts, the following article discusses the theoretical aspects of the advantages of the PPP model. This model is juxtaposed with cases of success in building the economic self-reliance of rural communities with the help of private parties and academics. It is assumed that the partnership model can be an alternative solution to further optimize the use of Village Funds in order to reduce poverty in rural areas.

A Government Subsidy Model for Expressway Public Private Partnerships Projects Based on Project Revenue Features and Whole Life-cycle Management

Popularisation and application of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) model is an important measure used to deepen the investment and financing reform of China. The transportation industry actively explores and promotes the wide application of PPP models as they have injected new impetus into the construction and development of transportation investment. For PPP projects of expressways that are subsidised by government in the construction or operation period, since the traffic flow in the project construction period or the early operation period is low, the government subsidy is more concentrated and the payments are high, which aggravates pressure on the fiscal purse in the current period and is not conducive to the realisation of smooth fiscal expenditure in the project cooperation period. In this regard, aiming at the features of the investment revenue of expressway projects, a whole life-cycle government optimisation of subsidy mode is proposed through the analysis of the problems existing in the general subsidy mode of the PPP model in the present work. The results show that the proposed model can not only smooth government expenditure in the project’s cooperation period, but also fully exploit the advantages of higher income in the middle and later stages of project operation and maximise the growth potential of government revenue. The results of the research can provide decision-making reference for the development of innovative PPP models for transportation infrastructure in the new Era.

Research on the participation path of private enterprises in PPP projects

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model is an important measure for transferring government functions and promoting socialist market economy in China. After four years of high-speed development and standardized development in recent years, PPP model has achieved good effect in our country. However, multiple problems emerged. In China, the “public” party of the model has always been dominated by state-owned enterprises. Although private enterprises have the willingness to participate, the actual participation degree and volume are not high which is not good for the sustainable development of the PPP model. This paper applied grounded theory to carry out in-depth interviews with the representatives from government, private enterprise, and SPV company in some key PPP projects with private participation, propose four coral categories to construct the whole process of private enterprises’ participation and summarize the behavioral features, and explore private enterprises’ realization of their participation willingness into actual participation behavior and the generation of their continuous participation willingness so as to clear the private enterprises’ participation path in PPP projects.

Value for money evaluation for conversion of highway stock project from BT model to PPP model based on improved risk quantification method

With the accelerated urbanization progress, the governmental financial funds fail to satisfy the needs of highway project construction in some areas. The building-transfer (BT) model and public-private partnership (PPP) model have been carried out in succession in China to solve the shortage of financial funds. However, the emotion analysis method in Guide of Value for Money Evaluation for PPP Project (trial) enacted by the Ministry of Finance is of great subjectivity when applied to the calculation of risk quantification, which is the key to quantitative evaluation, so it is in urgent need of perfection through scientific methods to promote the implementation of PPP projects. On this basis, under the research background of conversion of a highway stock project from BT model to PPP model in city Z, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (HAHP) and set-valued statistics method were applied to the method improvement for the risk quantification part of value for money (VFM) evaluation cases in this project. The results show that the VFM (calculated based on the improved risk quantification method) of the BT-to-PPP model for the highway stock project in city Z is elevated from the original 248,240,000 RMB to 271,643,500 RMB. The conclusions can provide a certain reference basis for further improving China’s VFM evaluation system, and boosting the development of PPP model in China.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP MODELS

In recent years, cooperation between the state and private business is one of the prerequisites for implementing the strategy of economic development of Ukraine's economy. The separation of forms and models of public-private partnership depending on the industry, type of partnership and form of socio-economic significance of projects will ensure the creation of a platform for the formation of national competitiveness. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze domestic and foreign models of public-private partnership, the formation of prospects, priority areas for their implementation and realization. To achieve this goal, a set of general scientific methods is used: theoretical generalization - to determine the nature and content of public-private partnership models, the method of scientific abstraction - to identify areas of application of models of cooperation between government and business, comparison - to identify models -logical - for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. The analysis and generalization of public-private partnership models revealed the content of their classification proposed by the World Bank and taking into account the basic principles of risk sharing between the state and the private sector: "Management and lease contracts", "Concessions", "Projects from scratch" "And" Transfer of assets ". It is noted that the main PPP models used in the implementation of infrastructure projects in the European Union differ slightly from the above classification, mostly in the degree of involvement and transfer of project risks from the state to the private sector. The main models of public-private partnership in the European Union are analyzed, which according to the study include: service contract; management and operation contract; lease agreement; turnkey construction; design, construction, financing and operation. It is studied that in the United States three models of PPP are most often used: design and construction; design, construction and operation / maintenance; construction, operation and transmission. It is proved that for the full effect for the national economy it is necessary to implement the characteristic features of several of the analyzed models of public-private partnership. A promising area of ​​research is the need to improve approaches to implementing the principles of public-private partnership, given the study of structural classification of forms and models, the etymology of the concept of partnership in dynamic economic conditions, and the uncertain realities of today.

Public-Private Partnership Development in Russia and Abroad: Issues and Solutions

The public-private partnership (PPP) model, which means long-term pooling of resources of public and private partners with agreed upon division of risks, responsibilities, and results between them, in order to solve important state tasks and/or implement infrastructure projects in the public interest, has been successfully used by many countries for the development of public infrastructure. In addition to direct economic effects, public-private partnership can have indirect effects, including a positive impact on institutional development, which is one of the key conditions for economic growth. In Russia, this form of cooperation between the state and private individuals holds great untapped potential. To analyze the ways in which it is used more actively the authors of the present article conducted an applied study aimed at identifying reasons for the state’s appeal to the PPP model, as well as the forms of interaction that preceded PPP in solving important state tasks. Success factors for this model of infrastructure development were identified as a result of thorough analysis of its implementation in advanced economies, on the one hand, and econometric analysis of the quality of infrastructure and infrastructure gap for a wider array of countries, on the other. An analysis of patterns of infrastructure projects launched under the public-private partnership scheme in Russia is presented, including regional and sectoral analysis of the use of PPP schemes. The study’s results allow identification of key areas of improvement needed in economic policy designed to increase the attractiveness of PPP for private investors and boost its economic effectiveness. Finally, the authors issue recommendations that take into account international experience.

How Would the Trackless Tram System and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Apply to Bulawayo?

The City of Bulawayo urgently needs to rebuild its dilapidated infrastructure and stimulate its economic activities. A Public-Private Partnership funding mechanism could enable the implementation of Trackless Trams on its corridors bringing mobility, a new solar power system and other multiple economic and social benefits, especially demonstrating the intention of Bulawayo to leapfrog into a 21st century future. This study designs a PPP model referred to as a Three Multifaceted PPP Model (TMPM) that will enable the implementation of the Trackless Tram project in Bulawayo. The TMPM model is composed of three layers of players each required to structure a separate PPP arrangement. The city council would lead the first layer responsible for road construction. The real estate developers would lead the second layer and be responsible for constructing station precincts especially the construction of a solar-based Transit Mall. The Trackless Tram consortium and public transport agency will manage the third layer that provides and operates the trams. The split of the project into three layers should enable its quicker delivery by lowering capital risk through spreading it over a number of players. Climate finance could be tapped. This model should be replicable to other developing cities.

Project specifics for the construction of a municipal solid waste treatment plant

Environmental trends and growing tendency to think about ecology play an important role in the development of modern industry. Significant role in this field takes a construction of plants for the processing of municipal solid waste, contributing to the neutralization of the harmful effects by different waste. This article represents development and stages of project implementation for the plant OOO «Kamskoye» that works with solid municipal waste in the city of Chaykovsky, Perm Territory. Investment efficiency of the construction of this facility was calculated. A model of interaction between business and government bodies, which regulate investment to waste disposal projects, is presented. The main structural elements of construction of a plant for processing municipal solid waste are shown. The project was developed using a public-private partnership model. The implementation of the project will ensure the production of secondary raw materials for its further use as an alternative source of heat and electricity generation, as well as the use of products necessary for the market in the production process. The main feature and advantage of the project is the possibility of using a principle «waste to income», which allows to provide your production with energy resources from reusable waste.

Choosing a model of public-private partnership in aviation industry

Choosing a model of public-private partnership in aviation industry

Public-private partnership: nature, features, and development problems in the COVID-19 pandemic

The paper addresses the approaches of foreign and domestic researchers to the definition of the public-private partnership concept. The origin of the public-private partnership concept is examined, and the state’s role in securing the public infrastructure is emphasized. The key features of the public-private partnership in domestic and international practice are outlined. The paper proves that deviations from the standard model of public-private partnership might be the perspective causes of failures of projects and contracts concluded by the public-private partnership pattern. The examples of projects that do not constitute the classical patterns of the public-private partnership are explained. The negative aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the financial side of public-private partnership agreements are outlined, including the loss of income, breakage of supply chains, growing expenditures, and inability to meet liabilities. The paper argues that governments might implement two groups of measures to overcome the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the public-private partnership projects: those not requiring additional or unprecedented financial expenditures and those requiring substantial expenditures. The condition of public-private partnership agreements implementation in Ukraine in 2018-2020 is analyzed and the following conclusions are made: the trend towards the declining number of implemented public-private partnership agreements and a growing number of non-implemented agreements has been observed since 2018. In 2020, the number of implemented agreements decreased substantially despite the growth of their overall number. Military actions in the East of Ukraine, unstable political situation, the controversy of the domestic situation in the country for foreign investors as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy of Ukraine may be the factors causing this course of events.

Public-Private Partnership as an Institute of Combined Public and Private Efforts to Solve Socially Important Tasks in Ukraine

It is determined that, the Ukrainian economy is facing systemic challenges which it needs to overcome to ensure sustainable development of its communities. This requires working out new effective mechanisms and forms of interaction between the government and businesses that would balance the interests and rely on the principles of mutual gain maximization. The limited investment resources of the state render it impossible to properly finance regional socio-economic projects and develop infrastructure. Historically, it so happened that the world would tackle the above problems, especially under unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, using the potential offered by the public-private partnership (PPP) as a form of interaction between the public and private sectors. The private sector tends to increase profits; obtaining more resources for doing business through attracting public resources; improving the efficiency of the use of their resources due to the effect of financial leverage in the merger of own resources with state resources; creation of a certain set of guarantees and preferences; removal of barriers to its development. It is concluded that, the specific nature of the state and municipal property and the limitations of the budget funding for social and infrastructure facilities, as well as the need to address socio-environmental and economic problems in an effective and efficient way determine the need to imtroduce PPP models into practice. Ukraine has embarked on the trajectory of PPP development as a pre-requisite for ensuring self-sufficiency of the state and its territorial communities. Its course is reasonably sensible because it strated with the relevant changes in the legal framework and creation of the supporting units to facilitate the PPP implementation and development. The main spheres the PPP projects are being implemented are major infrastructure facilities (electric power and heat production, water treatment, waste management, roads) and social life (health care and leisure).

Analysis of public-private partnership models in high-speed railway transport in Portugal

European railway transportation is not as efficient as it could be. Several factors contribute to this absence of efficiency, including a lack of private investment and exclusively public railway administrators and enterprises. Public-private partnerships can yield higher efficiency in railway transport. Within the high-speed railway sector there are a few implemented infrastructures through public-private partnerships and, in many of them, the result has not been the expected one. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop a list of recommendations and good practices that allow governments, private investors, and railway stakeholders to take better and more efficient decisions on the implementation of new high-speed rail lines. Consequently, this research has analysed the Portuguese high-speed rail network called Rede Ferroviária de Alta Velocidade (RAVE) designed through public-private partnership. The research methodology is based on exploratory case study and on the identification of critical success factors. This article has made it possible to develop the following list of recommendations and good practices, cross-border cooperation for international sections, unique contracts for substructure and superstructure and an independent contract for signalling and communication systems.

Зарубіжний досвід реалізації концесійних проєктів у соціальній сфері в умовах пандемії COVID-19

The article substantiates that concession is an effective instrument for the implementation by countries of social projects aimed at solving the urgent needs of territorial communities in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is emphasized that the application of concession activities allows countries to remain the owner of objects, while maintaining administrative and control functions. The peculiarities of application of public-private partnership models under the concession agreement are presented. The foreign experience of implementation of concession projects in the social sphere is generalized, in particular, successful practices of attracting investments in the conditions of financial decentralization are considered. It is determined that the most popular areas for the implementation of concession projects are transport (34%), environment (16%), education (14%), telecommunications (7%), healthcare (5%), and other sectors (24%). It is specified that concession activities abroad, as a rule, are regulated by separate legislation, the cooperation of the public and private sectors is based solely on contractual relations, according to which the private operator is guaranteed to receive remuneration for the work performed or services provided from a public organization and/or direct users. Based on the carried out research, the reasons for the widespread use of concession as a form of public-private partnership in different countries are determined, among which the main are: more effective management of projects on the part of the private sector; lack of financial resources of the State and the willingness of the concessionaire to take most of the risks from the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects. Concessional shortcomings are also presented, which include: lack of professional management experience at the regional and local levels from private partners who implement projects for the first time; significant level of financial risk to the private sector, including the likelihood of bankruptcy; political and socioeconomic situation in the world due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon the grounds of a generalization of world experience, the main directions of monitoring the impact of COVID-19 on concession projects are allocated, which can assist in determining the appropriate level of actions that can be taken by governments.

Выявление и предотвращение рисков коммерческих банков, участвующих в проектах ГЧП

In recent years, the Government of the Russian Federation has promoted the development of the Public-Private Partnership model. As the most powerful provider of funds for PPP projects, commercial banks, due to the large differences between financing PPP projects and other conventional projects, they face different risks. This article analyzes the risks faced by commercial banks in the process of participating in PPP projects, and then proposes countermeasures and suggestions in five areas. It is mainly reflected in the commercial banks’ attention to the federal government’s PPP model policies, project evaluation, financing agreements, cultivating professional financing management departments, building dynamic risk management processes, and establishing a good corporate social image.

Patient Satisfaction Survey In City Hospital Case Of Isparta

Patient satisfaction is an important issue in terms of the quality and performance of health institutions. In this study, the patient satisfaction levels of the city hospitals, which were brought to the agenda within the scope of the Health Transformation Program and built with the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, were examined. The aim of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction of Isparta City Hospital patients and to determine the relationship between the demographic characteristics of the participants and the physical environment, general satisfaction, staff satisfaction and time sub-dimensions for patient satisfaction level. The sample of the study consists of 275 participants who receive service from the city hospital in Isparta province. The patient satisfaction questionnaire, which Gökkaya, İzgüden and Erdem (2018) used in their studies, was used as a data collection tool in the study. The data obtained within the scope of the study were analyzed with the SPSS Statistics 22 program. As a result of the normality test, the “t Test” and “ANOVA Test”, which are among the parametric tests, were used in the data that was suitable for normal distribution. It has been examined in four different dimensions as patient satisfaction, physical environment, general satisfaction, staff satisfaction and time. It was observed that the participants were satisfied with the general quality of the city hospital in these four dimensions. Participants expressed their satisfaction especially with the cleanliness, hygiene and the new and spaciousness of the building. On the other hand, it has been revealed that factors such as waiting in line, confusion and size in the hospital, not getting enough information and parking lot are decrease the level of patient satisfaction.