Public-private Partnership Program Research Articles

Aviation Noise Review

The U.S. airlines have long understood that if we are to remain a critical engine of prosperity and progress, we must proactively address the environmental impacts associated with aviation, including noise. Through enduring research and development and public-private partnership programs bringing together government, industry, and academic institutions, significant technological advances have led to the development of much quieter aircraft. U.S. airlines have worked in cooperation with the FAA and other aviation stakeholders for decades to reduce aircraft noise, achieving tremendous results. This paper will include a review of the airline response to FAA's recent noise policy review, including a review of the evolution of noise standards for aircraft, which has resulted in a lower number of people exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise, even while the number of passenger enplanements continues to grow. Despite this progress, aircraft noise remains an important issue for many communities and an array of aircraft noise management regulations and procedures must be pursued to address noise concerns.

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Case-Finding Strategies: Scoping Review.

Finding individuals with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is important to control the pandemic and improve patient clinical outcomes. To our knowledge, systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of different DR-TB case-finding strategies to inform research, policy, and practice, have not been conducted and the scope of primary research is unknown. We therefore assessed the available literature on DR-TB case-finding strategies. We looked at systematic reviews, trials, qualitative studies, diagnostic test accuracy studies, and other primary research that sought to improve DR-TB case detection specifically. We excluded studies that included patients seeking care for tuberculosis (TB) symptoms, patients already diagnosed with TB, or were laboratory-based. We searched the academic databases of MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL (Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Epistemonikos, and PROSPERO (The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) using no language or date restrictions. We screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles in duplicate. Data extraction and analyses were carried out in Excel (Microsoft Corp). We screened 3646 titles and abstracts and 236 full-text articles. We identified 6 systematic reviews and 61 primary studies. Five reviews described the yield of contact investigation and focused on household contacts, airline contacts, comparison between drug-susceptible tuberculosis and DR-TB contacts, and concordance of DR-TB profiles between index cases and contacts. One review compared universal versus selective drug resistance testing. Primary studies described (1) 34 contact investigations, (2) 17 outbreak investigations, (3) 3 airline contact investigations, (4) 5 epidemiological analyses, (5) 1 public-private partnership program, and (6) an e-registry program. Primary studies were all descriptive and included cross-sectional and retrospective reviews of program data. No trials were identified. Data extraction from contact investigations was difficult due to incomplete reporting of relevant information. Existing descriptive reviews can be updated, but there is a dearth of knowledge on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of DR-TB case-finding strategies to inform policy and practice. There is also a need for standardization of terminology, design, and reporting of DR-TB case-finding studies.

Tax Incentives for Economic Growth in the Russian Far East: Broad vs. Targeted Stimuli

The purpose of this study is to justify the choice of tax incentive policy instruments aimed at the economic development of the Russian Far East, which is facing acute demographic and environmental problems. To model the dynamics of the region’s real economic system, this study employed a mathematical model based on actual data from 2010 to 2021, covering economic, technological, and socio-ecological aspects. Using the versatile AnyLogic 8.0 platform for agent-based and system dynamics modeling, experiments on alternative tax incentive policy options involving both broad tax incentives and targeted economic development measures were conducted. Specifically, a 50% investment tax deduction for residents in special economic zones in the Russian Far East was implemented. The experimental results show that, despite comparable population dynamics, targeted stimulation of growth poles through public-private partnership programs outperforms broad tax incentives for economic entities in the Russian Far East. This is evident in higher economic growth rates in the region, particularly during the experimental period, except for 2040–2050, where adverse demographic trends constrain growth in both scenarios. The theoretical significance of the application of this method has shown that it allows us to obtain new significant results in the subject area of research due to the consideration of the complex interaction of factors of influence both at the micro- and macro-level, primarily behavioral factors that are fundamentally important for understanding the action of taxes. The practical implications of this study lie in defining the parameters of tax policy to target and stimulate growth poles in regions serving as hubs for generating and disseminating new technologies. The planned perspective is to encourage population growth and ensure sustained economic development in Russia’s Far East. It is advisable to explore comprehensive tax and budgetary regulations that simultaneously address economic, socio-demographic, and environmental issues in the region. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-021 Full Text: PDF

The governance of affordable housing through public-private partnerships: Critical entanglements

The debates about Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in planning and housing are characterised by varying perspectives, with some considering PPPs efficient and others viewing them as inherently problematic. These differing views often revolve around the perceived dichotomy between public and private sector objectives and timelines. While dichotomies can provide initial clarity, they often oversimplify the nuances and complexities of real-world issues, including in PPPs. This paper draws on the literature on governance, planning and housing with a focus on teasing out public-private sector relationships in land and property. Using a case study approach of a PPP programme for affordable housing led by Lisbon Municipality, the three main goals of the paper are to, first, determine whether and how partnerships can contribute to social infrastructure provision, including affordable housing; second, determine the multiple objectives of the various stakeholders involved in a public-private partnership; and third, determine the timelines for those objectives. Our findings suggest that there is a tendency for PPP participants and observers to rely on overly simplistic interpretations of the public interest, and on dichotomies or simplistic viewpoints on the objectives and timelines of the various stakeholders. By avoiding these oversimplifications, we can better understand the growing complexity of urban governance in the development of social infrastructure, particularly in affordable housing.

Status and Development of Agricultural Public-Private Partnership Program Implementation in China

<p>As the initiator of the Belt and Road Initiative, the Chinese Government’s goal in agriculture is to promote the sustainable development of agriculture throughout China and the world. One of the feasible ways to realize this goal is to adopt the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. This study aims to analyze the current status of agricultural PPP projects in China and their impacts. This study utilized the Ministry of Finance database to collect 2014 to 2022 data on agricultural PPP projects in China. The collected data were organized and analyzed to analyze the current situation and return mechanism of Chinese agricultural PPP projects. The results show that China’s agricultural PPP projects are less attractive than other sectors, government and social-private sector cooperation is less sustainable, and laws and regulations and risk assessment are not well developed. Therefore, this study proposes to promote the development of agricultural PPP projects by standardizing the law, improving the return mechanism, and strengthening the risk assessment. Thus, it further promotes the sustainable development of agriculture and plays a certain positive role.</p>

Bridging the gap? Evaluating the effectiveness of Punjab's public–private partnership programmes in education

The study examines the effectiveness of Punjab's Public Private Partnership (PPP) programmes in Education in improving value-added math, English and Urdu test scores for grade four pupils. The use of an instrumental variable (IV) approach was possible to assess the impact of PPP schooling on student achievement for two (out of four) PPP programmes. Using the IV approach, the study finds that of the various PPP models being implemented in Punjab, only the private school subsidy programme has a positive, statistically significant association with math student achievement, with students scoring 0.5 standard deviations higher than public school students. However, an Oster (2019) bias adjustment procedure suggests the magnitude of the effect may be overstated. This study finds no evidence that PPP schools are more effective than public schools at improving learning outcomes for socio-economically disadvantaged students.

Promoting health and productivity management in small companies through outreach-based public-private partnership: the Yokohama Linkworker Project.

With health promotion initiatives in small companies lagging behind those in larger corporations, strengthening health and productivity management in small companies through innovative strategies is an urgent priority. We hypothesized that an outreach strategy involving a public-private partnership would be beneficial for this purpose. The present study examines the implementation of a public-private partnership strategy in Yokohama City, Japan, assessing its impact on health and productivity management in small enterprises, focusing on implementation outcomes. As part of the Yokohama Linkworker Project (Y-Link Project), this study describes and examines a public-private partnership program in Yokohama City, Japan, involving the city's government and a private life insurance company. Trained insurance sales representatives served as "Linkworkers" for the program, reaching out to small enterprises in the city. These Linkworkers provided tailored support to these companies, assisting them with obtaining the "Yokohama Health and Productivity Management Certification" issued by the City of Yokohama authorities and collaborating with external entities to offer health promotion programs for employees. Program interventions took place from August to September 2020. The RE-AIM framework was utilized to evaluate the Project. Data were extracted from Linkworkers' activity records, certification records, the Linkworker survey, and follow-up surveys with participating companies at 6- and 18- months post-interventions. Within 2 months, 71 Linkworkers visited 500 companies (50% were small firms, <50 employees). Among them, 224 (45%) enterprises received certifications, contributing to an increased regional certification rate. Linkworker-assisted companies tended to be significantly smaller in size. The odds ratios of implementing workplace health promotion programs in certified firms, compared to non-certified firms, were 4.09 (95% CI: 1.79-9.35) at 6 months and 2.31 (95% CI: 1.04-5.11) at 18 months. For small firms, the odds ratios were 6.87 (95% CI: 1.74-27.06) at 6 months and 3.42 (95% CI: 1.17-10.03) at 18 months. The certification retention rate at 24 months was 60%, irrespective of company size. Linkworkers perceived the outreach strategy as having a positive impact on their primary operations. The Y-Link Project's outreach strategy enhanced health and productivity management in small enterprises in Yokohama City, enabling long-term health promotion programs addressing program availability disparities related to company size.

Application of international experience in solving problems of technical and logistical support of troops of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article discusses the current problems of technical and logistical support of the troops of the Republic of Kazakhstan and ways to solve them, including the use of international experience of the leading developed countries of the world. It is strategically important for our country to study the world practice of modernization of the logistics support system on its preparation for actions during operations to resolve crisis situations both independently and as part of the OSCE coalition group. Despite the fact that the provisions of the Military Doctrine of the state on the use of military force are strictly defensive in nature, the military security of the republic directly depends on new forms and methods of using armed forces. The logistics system plays an important role in this regard. The article highlighted problems like national differences in approaches to the preparation and conduct of joint military operations; incompatibility of a number of national military systems; an underdeveloped network of transport infrastructure facilities and the complexity of logistics of supply transportation. As an option for their solution, the development of a logistics support system model based on cooperation with the civil sector of the economy under the Public-Private Partnership program is proposed. At the same time, digitalization and automation of logistics management processes, accounting and distribution of material resources should be highlighted as the main direction of modernization of logistics and technical support.

Improving Reproductive and Maternal Healthcare Uptake in India: An Evaluation of Project Ujjwal Public-Private Partnership Program

Background and Objective: Project Ujjwall was a public private partnership established to improve maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes in Bihar and Odisha in India. This paper examines whether Project Ujjwal meaningfully increased the usage of family planning methods and maternal health services to determine whether the Ujjwall program model should be expanded in India. This is the first attempt to establish the causal impact of Project Ujjwal on access to reproductive healthcare in India. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Family Health Survey of India. A difference-in-differences strategy and linear probability models were used to estimate the likelihood of ever having encountered family planning information or ever having used contraceptives, antenatal care, etc. Results: The sample size for Odisha was 4,540; the sample size for Bihar was 3,818; the total sample size for all states in the control group was 24,922. Within Odisha and Bihar, Project Ujjwal increased the likelihood of ever having used any contraceptive by 8.9%, increased the likelihood of having ever accessed antenatal care from a licensed doctor or nurse by 2.5% and increased the likelihood of having ever encountered family planning media by 5.1%. However, most results seem differentially driven by the success of the program in either Odisha or Bihar: among all results, only the odds that a woman received delivery assistance (2.8%) and the odds that a woman will have used oral contraceptives by (9.3%) increased statistically significant in both states. Conclusion and Implications for Translation: These results are promising and show Project Ujjwal may have been more effective than existing government programs. Limitations of this analysis include a lack of information about the demand generation tactics and an inability to include state-level fixed effects due to over-specification concerns. Disparities in the impact of Project Ujjwal on Bihar and Odisha and the lack of specific information about latent demand both suggest the need for further investigation. Copyright © 2023 Lokhande. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.

A SURVEY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN MALAYSIA: PUBLIC PRACTITIONERS' PERSPECTIVE

This study aims to determine the importance of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) programs as perceived by public practitioners in Malaysia. Other than that, we examine the differences in perceptions between groups of public practitioners, particularly from the PPP unit, the Ministry of Finance (MOF), and implementing ministries/agencies pertaining to the same matter. The study also explores public practitioners' opinions on the program's weaknesses and possible improvements for future undertakings. A questionnaire survey was utilised to elicit the perceptions of public practitioners concerning the importance of the PPP programme. Here, 106 usable responses were obtained and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to rank the programme’s important rationale. Subsequently, it examines the differences in perceptions between groups through descriptive statistics, mean scores, and Kruskal-Wallis test analysis. Subjective responses have also been elicited to obtain respondents’ input on the weaknesses of the PPP programme and suggestions for future improvement. The results reveal that the crucial reason for PPP is to enhance private sector participation in economic development. Furthermore, overall responses suggest that every 14-rationale inquiry is either moderately important, important, or strongly important, with reasons relating to economic growth and development becoming the leading objective for PPP. Apart from that, the findings indicate no significant differences in perception among groups of respondents in the public sector. For the subjective responses, some respondents have highlighted many valuable inputs, and some require further qualitative research to analyse the issue independently.

Usage of electronic health record (eHR) viewer among healthcare professionals (HCProfs): A territory-wide study of 3972 participants

BackgroundThe Electronic Health Record Sharing System (eHRSS) is an electronic platform for two-way communication between the public and private sectors in Hong Kong. The authorised healthcare professionals (HCProfs) could access and upload patients’ health records on the eHR Viewer in the eHRSS. This study aims to evaluate the usage of eHR viewer among the HCProfs from the private sector by 1) examining the correlation of various factors and the data access of eHR viewer; 2) investigating the trend on data access and upload to eHR viewer by time period and domain. MethodsA total of 3972 HCProfs from private hospitals, group practice, and solo practice were included in the study. Regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation between various factors and the data access to eHR viewer. Trends on accessing and data uploading to eHR viewer by time period and domains were evaluated. Trends on data uploading to eHR viewer by time period and domains were presented in the line chart as well. FindingsAll types of HCProfs had a higher likelihood of accessing the eHR viewer as compared to those from private hospitals. HCProfs with specialities (apart from anaesthesia) had a higher possibility of accessing the eHR viewer than general practitioners without specialities. HCProfs participating in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Programme and the eHealth System (Subsidies) (eHS(S)) were more likely to access the eHR viewer. The overall trend of accessing eHR viewer was rising notably from 2016 to 2022, every domain showed rising trends, especially the laboratory domain with a 5-times increase between 2016 and 2022. ConclusionHCProfs with speciality were more likely to access the eHR viewer (except anaesthesiology), compared with the general practitioners. Participation in the PPP programmes and eHS(S) also increased the access rate of the eHR viewer. Besides, the use of eHR viewer (accessing and data uploading) would be influenced by social policy and the epidemic. Future research should focus on the impact of government programmes on eHRSS adoption.

Skema Kerjasama Pemerintah Dengan Badan Usaha (KPBU) Dalam Penyediaan Infrastruktur Alat Penerangan Jalan (APJ)

The purpose of this study is to identify the infrastructure needs for Street Lighting Equipment (APJ), analyze financial performance Government Bandung Regency area, and the Government Cooperation with Business Entities (PPP) scheme in providing APJ infrastructure in Bandung Regency. The local government is only able to provide less than half of the funding. For this reason, it is necessary to look for other alternative sources of funding in funding its infrastructure needs. Through literature and policy/regulation studies, one of the alternatives that is expected to be an important model for providing infrastructure is the Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme in which the private sector can participate in providing infrastructure starting from the aspects of funding, design, construction, operation, to maintenance. infrastructure based on cooperation agreements. To support this PPP program, the Government of Bandung Regency through the Ministry of Finance has provided fiscal facilities at each stage of the PPP project implementation for the provision of APJ infrastructure.

Analisis Current Ratio, Return on Assets, dan Ukuran Perusahaan, serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Nilai Perusahaan yang Dimediasi oleh Struktur Modal

The purpose of this study is to identify the infrastructure needs for Street Lighting Equipment (APJ), analyze financial performance Government Bandung Regency area, and the Government Cooperation with Business Entities (PPP) scheme in providing APJ infrastructure in Bandung Regency. The local government is only able to provide less than half of the funding. For this reason, it is necessary to look for other alternative sources of funding in funding its infrastructure needs. Through literature and policy/regulation studies, one of the alternatives that is expected to be an important model for providing infrastructure is the Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme in which the private sector can participate in providing infrastructure starting from the aspects of funding, design, construction, operation, to maintenance. infrastructure based on cooperation agreements. To support this PPP program, the Government of Bandung Regency through the Ministry of Finance has provided fiscal facilities at each stage of the PPP project implementation for the provision of APJ infrastructure

Public investment as downward benefit distribution: Theory and evidence from China’s public–private partnership programs

Although previous studies have documented the political cycle of public investment in various countries, we still know little about its distributional consequences. We address this question by analyzing an emerging form of public infrastructure investment in China: public–private partnership (PPP). We argue that mayors use infrastructure investment to distribute benefits, thereby securing local compliance and support. Our empirical analysis draws on a unique dataset that matches PPP contracts with Chinese mayors who served from 2010 to 2017. We demonstrate a salient tenure effect: mayors decrease public investment over time during their tenure. Moreover, the tenure effect is more salient among mayors who lack local work experience. Contract-level evidence shows that mayors disproportionately allocate more investment to local firms, especially local state-owned enterprises, to garner local support. We show that the downward tenure effect is mainly driven by officials’ survival concerns rather than promotion incentives.

Factors Supporting Local Governments in Program Implementation Government and Business Entity Cooperation

Currently, there is a difference in the need for financing infrastructure development in Indonesia which cannot be provided by the APBN/APBD, nor capital expenditure by SOEs. Therefore, there is a gap between development needs and the availability of funds, causing the emergence of a need for the availability of assistance from outside the government through funding mechanisms outside the APBN to fill this gap. One of the mechanisms currently being promoted by the government is the Public Private Partnership (PPP) program. However, the PPP projects currently underway in Indonesia have yet to run optimally. Several factors are considered to support or hinder the running of a PPP project in a country. In addition, it is also necessary to analyze the form of the PPP project scheme that is most suitable for the conditions in Indonesia.

Պետություն-մասնավոր գործընկերությունը որպես ենթակառուցվածքների զարգացման խթան / Public-Private Partnership as a Promotion for Infrastructure Development

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is widely recognized in the world as an effective mechanism contributing to the implementation of significant public programs, particularly in infrastructure formation, development, and service provision. This paper highlights the crucial role of public-private partnership in the development of infrastructures, and also emphasizes the importance of combining material, financial, human resources of both the state and private sectors. It argues that public-private partnerships are effective because they leverage private sector technologies and innovations while utilizing public sector incentives, acknowledging that government funds alone cannot finance all infrastructure maintenance and development projects. As a result of combining state and business resources within the implemented projects, additional competitive advantages are formed, and risks are distributed between the state and business entities. In the Republic of Armenia, where public financial resources are limited, there is a decline in the quality of services provided to the population and a number of obligations carried out by the state. In the current situation, the importance of PPP formation and development is undeniable, which in the long run will lead to a stable qualitative growth of infrastructures and provided services. The authors presented the PPP programs implemented in some sectors of the RA economy, identified their features. The findings of the study allowed us to conclude that the implementation of PPP programs in our country can also become the pillar of innovative development of production and social infrastructures.

Tree-based Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Predicting Investor Intention to Public Private Partnership

Public private partnership (PPP) is the government initiate in accelerating public infrastructure development growth. However, the scheme exposes private sector to various risks including political risk which in turn affect financial performance and reporting of participating firms. Given that one of the issues facing the government is the lack of participation from the private sector in such arrangements. Thus, the main objective of this study is to observe the machine learning prediction models on private investor intention in participating the PPP program. Tree-based machine learning and deep learning are two different types of promising algorithms, which proven to be useful in widely domain of prediction problems but never been tested on the concerned problem of this study. Based on real data of investors for Indonesian listed firms, this paper presents the ability of the selected machine learning algorithms by means of different assessments point of view. First assessment is on the algorithms’ performances in producing accurate prediction. Second assessment is to identify the variance of PPP attributes in each of the prediction model with the machine learning algorithms. The performance results show that all the prediction models with the machine learning algorithms and the PPP attributes were well-fitted at R squared above 80%. The findings contribute a significant knowledge to various fields of scholars to implement a more in-depth analysis on the machine learning methods and investors’ prediction.

Impact of Public-Private-Partnership Programmes on Students’ Learning Outcomes: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

Learning outcomes refer to the performance of the students in academic tests pertaining to the respective grade level. In Pakistan, survey evidences from Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) show a significant dispersion in learning outcomes of public schools as compared with private sector counterpart. The perceived results of learning outcomes in private schools very clear but less evidence is found for educational outcome of schools run under public-private partnership programs. This becomes especially relevant when status of curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular activities is compared between public school, private schools, and schools run under public private partnership. In recent literature, it is found that schools taken up by public-private partnership have been providing a better learning environment—Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Development, Administrative changes, Academic Innovation and Planning, Teacher Reform and Student Affairs—is perceived to have a positive impact on learning outcomes. It is to investigate and document that the investments in these areas are justifiable. To promote this fact, we conduct a quasi-experiment to examine the profiles of students in a public-private partnership school at Karachi (running under Zindagi Trust program) and a public school (as counterfactual) in the same neighbourhood. We also recorded the household and socioeconomic characteristics to create a good set of control variables. The propensity-score results show that public-private school is performing better than that of comparison group in attaining learning outcomes thus showing positive effects of PPP. Finally, the study probed into household and parental covariates of student's educational outcomes to enhance internal validity of results. JEL Classification: I21, C21, L32. Keywords: Educational Learning Outcomes, Public-Private Partnership, Quasi-experiment.

Unlocking India’s Potential in Managing Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs): Importance, Challenges, and Opportunities

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a prime concern for the environment and health globally. Research shows that in developing countries such as India both the environment and human populations are severely exposed to EDCs and consequently experience rising incidents of adverse health effects such as diabetes and cancers. In this paper, we discuss the current EDC management approach in India, critically assess its limitations, and describe opportunities for potential improvements. Foremost, current EDC management actions and interventions in India are fragmented and outdated, and far behind the modern and comprehensive approaches adopted in the European Union and other developed countries. Strong and well-planned actions are required on various fronts of science, policy, commerce, and public engagement. These actions include the adoption of a dedicated and modern regulatory framework for managing EDCs, enhancing capacity and infrastructure for EDC monitoring in the environment and human population, employing public–private partnership programs for not only managing EDCs but also in the sectors that indirectly contribute toward the mismanagement of EDCs in the country, and raising awareness on EDCs and promoting health-preserving consumption habits among the public. As India hosts a large proportion of the global human population and biodiversity, the success or failure of its actions will substantially affect the direction of global efforts to manage EDCs and set an example for other developing countries.

Ajyal Salima a novel public-private partnership model for childhood obesity prevention in the Arab countries.

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity among children is on the rise around the world. Meanwhile, comprehensive multi-sectorial approaches have been found to be effective in improving nutritional status among children. Ajyal Salima is a public-private partnership (PPP) school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention program implemented in six Arab countries. Its objective is to promote healthy eating and physical activity habits among 9-11-year-old students. The stakeholders, involved with the implementation of the program, comprised (1) local authorities, ministries of Education and Health, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as public partners, (2) The American University of Beirut (AUB) as the academic/regional scientific partner, and (3) Nestlé as the private partner. The Ajyal Salima program encompasses four coordinated educational components: classroom sessions, family involvement, food service intervention, and training of trainers. The program's educational material has been culturally adapted to each country's needs, as well as pilot tested. This paper describes the strategies used to build the PPP framework of Ajyal Salima, and the role of each stakeholder. The Ajyal Salima program is an example of a promising and sustainable comprehensive PPP program to address childhood obesity, that can be exported to other countries in the region and globally.