Formulation Of Public Policies Research Articles

The influence of germline mutations on breast cancer

The ability to evade protection mechanisms and uncontrolled cell growth can lead to the development of mutations, whether somatic or germline, and consequently to the dreaded diagnosis of cancer. Breast cancer is considered the most common type of cancer in women in several regions of Brazil, mainly in the South and Southeast, second only to non-melanoma skin cancer. Approximately 5% to 10% of neoplasms are related to germline alterations that lead to hereditary predisposition. There is evidence of an association with mutations in nine genes, the highest risk being breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2). Due to its epidemiological importance, in this narrative review we observed the main genetic mutations and syndromes associated with breast carcinoma, the recommendations for screening in high-risk patients, and the indication for genetic counseling. Bibliographic research on the PubMed and Cochrane databases and analysis of the Guidelines Breast Cancer Risk Reduction and Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, from June 2022 to September 2023. In this review, we observed a greater influence of germline mutations on breast cancer related to the genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, PTEN, CDH1, STK11 and, in Brazil, considered a country of ethnic-racial diversity, to TP53. As cancer screening in the country is opportunistic, knowledge of germline mutations associated with breast cancer offers specific screening recommendations for high-risk patients, indications for genetic counseling, and guidelines for prophylactic surgery, in addition to impacting the formulation of public screening policies.

Formation of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises of the Kyrgyz Republic

The article presents a comprehensive study aimed at analyzing key trends and factors affecting the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in the Kyrgyz Republic, with an emphasis on their adaptation to changing economic conditions. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze internal and external factors that determine the efficiency and strategic development of the agricultural sector, as well as to formulate recommendations for the formation of supportive public policies. Research methods include an analytical review of statistical data, comparative analysis and synthesis, which made it possible to comprehensively consider the current state of the agricultural sector. Key findings identified significant challenges and problems facing the agricultural sector, including the need to adapt to economic changes and improve international competitiveness. Particular attention is paid to the importance of monitoring and analyzing both internal and external factors to ensure strategic planning and effective decision making. The findings highlight the need to develop and implement comprehensive public policies to support and stimulate sustainable development of the agricultural sector, suggesting specific directions for improving its economic stability and growth.

Assessing the impact of human behavior towards preventative measures on COVID-19 dynamics for Gauteng, South Africa: a simulation and forecasting approach

<abstract><p>Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the impact of human behavior on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in South Africa. Specifically, our model examined the effects of positive versus negative human behavior. We parameterize the model using data from the COVID-19 fifth wave of Gauteng province, South Africa, from May 01, 2022, to July 23, 2022. To forecast new cases of COVID-19 infections, we compared three forecasting methods: exponential smoothing (ETS), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRUs), using the dataset. Results from the time series analysis showed that the LSTM model has better performance and is well-suited for predicting the dynamics of COVID-19 compared to the other models. Sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations were also performed, revealing that noncompliant infected individuals contribute more to new infections than those who comply. It is envisaged that the insights from this work can better inform public health policy and enable better projections of disease spread.</p></abstract>

Caracterização e identificação das demandas das câmaras setoriais do agronegócio paulista de 2011 a 2020.

Sectorial Chambers (SCs) are forum made up of different links in the production chains that discuss collective interests. These may be forwarded by the SCs as demands to the public power and, thus, become public policies. The objective was to understand the functioning of the São Paulo agribusiness SCs, their effectiveness in subsidizing the formulation of public policies and identify the main claims of each one of them. For this, based on the reading of the minutes of the meetings from 2011 to 2020, the subjects addressed in each CS were categorized into groups wich were classified into themes and sub-themes, totaling 1,781 records, systematized in a database. We found: irregularity in the frequency of meetings and predominance of discussions on general themes, to the detriment of claims, and a low number of resolved demands. These lead to reflection on why the SCs have problems implementing solutions for the production chains, not fulfilling their primary role of proposing policies.

Introducing fine grained energy consumption variables into a public passenger transport simulation in SUMO

Improving energy efficiency in public passenger transport is key to achieving sustainability goals. In many developing countries, public passenger transport relies heavily on fossil fuels, which necessitates a strong focus on reducing emissions from energy consumption. Surprisingly, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of daily operations, with most research focusing on operational and infrastructural changes. This paper aims to fill this gap by introducing detailed energy consumption variables into a public transport simulation model using SUMO, a tool known for its seamless integration with Python. The development of two Python scripts underpins this endeavour. The first script facilitates the automatic generation of scenarios, allowing the manipulation of parameters such as station spacing, line length, passenger capacity and waiting times, among others. The second script is dedicated to estimating energy consumption for each scenario. Together, these tools allow us to calculate average energy consumption for different scenarios and modes of public transport. As a result, they provide valuable insights for the formulation of public policies aimed at saving energy in different public transport environments and lay the foundation for the integration and development of intelligent transport systems and simulation-based digital twins.

Public Policies Making Process and Governance: A Case Study National Ministry of Cabinet Affairs, South Sudan

The study explained public policy as important tool for good governance. The emphasis is placed on what is public policies making process? As such public policy is well-defined as articulated by early philosophers, is a projected programe of goals, values, and practices. Also it is essential for the policy concept that there be a goal, objective, or purpose. Generally public policies is defined as plans in that they are general statements or understanding which guide or channel thinking in decision making. In this regard the research explained Public Policy Formulation Process that indicates stages, types of public policies, implementation, and evaluation of public policy. On the other hand the study consider governanceas the manner in which power is exercised in the management of country's economic and social resources for development. Furthermore, governance system as posted by early writers is also explained. At the same time the articulation include governance system and state nation, governance characteristics, and governance system in South Sudan. The study has considered, the discussion, analysis, and finding for the research data collected, in which all respondents has expressed their opinion about important of public policies in shaping good governance. Moreover the study has included the explanation of challenges facing governance system in South Sudan and suggested solutions, including recommendations for public policy implementation.

Singhasari Special Economic Zone Development Strategy in Malang Regency

The government desires to accelerate equitable economic development by developing Special Economic Zonesin various regions of Indonesia. This research focuses on analyzing the Policy Formulation for the through a Study of Strategy, Planning and Priority Scale and obtaining alternatives/recommendations for good problem-solving. The theory of public policy formulation is a way to solve a public problem and overcome existing public problems from several alternatives. Alternative problem-solving is selected using SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). The analytical tool used in this research is a SWOT analysis approach.In contrast, the approach used is descriptive, namely collecting data through a perspective on a critical documentation approach. This research concludes that the planning for developing the Singhasari special economic zone(SEZ)is through the SO (Strength, Opportunities) Strategy, namely creating employment opportunities supported by the surrounding areas covering education and human resources. As well as the WT (Weaknesses, Threats) strategy, namely increasing the attractiveness of the Singhasari Special Economic Zone to foreign investors by making investment easier. The two priority programs were taken as the author's recommendations were given to be used as a discussion for preparing regulations. The government can propose two priority programs for the Singhasari Special Economic Zone in the current yea

Enlightenment of Hong Kong's Real Estate Regulation to the Mainland

At present, the domestic housing price is rising, and the housing problem is gradually exposed, especially for the middle and low income groups, which is difficult to solve the housing problem. It has affected the process of urbanization and has become a problem that the domestic government has to solve. This paper needs to study how to solve the existing contradictions under the current domestic housing system and can put forward plans for the future development of the housing market. Since the 1950s, in order to achieve the goal of "home ownership", Hong Kong has explored and gradually formed a public housing policy system of "leasing first and selling only second". Many problems have also been exposed in the process of achieving results. This paper sorts out the three stages and regulation policies of the Hong Kong government on the property market, analyzes the gains and losses of the Hong Kong government on the housing market in recent years, summarizes the success and shortcomings of the Hong Kong public housing policy, and provides inspiration and reference for the formulation of public housing policies in mainland cities.

Public policies for preschool education in Angola: from formulation to implementatio, what has changed?

This text seeks to reflect on the nature of the formulation of the current public policy for preschool education in Angola. Based on documentary analysis of the main official and legislative documents, we see the involvement of the state in regional and international challenges has increased the development of a set of policy texts directed at children's rights. Thus, the question arises as to whether the public policy for preschool education, fragmented in normative instrumentalization and in national development programmes and plans, mimics and complies with the international Agendas, or if they are functional and indicative of social justice in education that allows for the mitigation of inequalities in access, especially for vulnerable children, in a context where out of 10 children from low-income families, only two children have guaranteed access to attendance.

Media and public policy advocacy in India

The intricate relationship between media and public policy advocacy in India presents a complex terrain marked by both opportunities and challenges. As media assumes a central role in shaping public discourse and influencing policy outcomes, the dynamics of this symbiotic relationship raise critical questions and concerns that necessitate careful examination. The problem lies in the potential for bias, sensationalism, and manipulation within the media landscape, which can skew the public narrative and compromise the integrity of the policy-making process. The traditional media, comprising newspapers, television, and radio, faces challenges in maintaining objectivity, often succumbing to commercial pressures or political influences. This raises questions about the reliability of information disseminated to the public and the impact on the formulation and implementation of public policies. Furthermore, the advent of digital media, with its rapid proliferation and influence, introduces a new set of challenges. The dynamics of social media platforms, in particular, have the potential to amplify certain voices while marginalizing others, leading to the creation of echo chambers, and polarized public opinions. The democratization of information through digital platforms also raises concerns about misinformation, fake news, and the unchecked spread of unverified content, further complicating the relationship between media and public policy advocacy. In light of these challenges, there is a pressing need to critically evaluate the role of media in public policy advocacy in India. This study aims at selecting and analyzing specific case studies that highlight instances where media has played a significant role in shaping public policy outcomes.

Evidence – Informed Policy Formulation and Implementation: A case study of ‘Clean Air Policy’ in Punjab, Pakistan

Background: There has been an accelerating momentum globally, for the use of scientific research evidence to support public health policy formulation and implementation. Policymakers, nonetheless use a variety of information over and above research evidence in the process. A case study of ‘the Clean Air policy’ was undertaken to explore the Policy makers practices related to Evidence Informed Policy in Punjab, Pakistan. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate policy makers’ perceptions regarding ‘evidence’ and how it is gathered and used in policy formulation and implementation processes Methods: The empirical data was collected by qualitative research techniques. Document review and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 87 purposively selected policymakers between December’22-October’23. Data Analysis was guided by principals of grounded theory. A conceptual model for Evidence Informed Policy Formulation and Implementation (derived from the Frameworks of Bowen and Zwi and Dodson et al.) was experientially applied to organize the data. Results: The case study of the ‘Clean Air Policy’ of the Govt. of Punjab highlighted that the policy had been formulated in a structured manner with incorporation of relevant evidence (research and other) at all stages of policy formulation. Policy makers considered ‘evidence’ as an expansive concept not limited to research evidence. Overall, the use of evidence for policy-making and implementation is rooted in complexities inherent to the local context, policymakers understanding and organizational culture and processes. Conclusion: The study contributed to understanding the arena of Evidence Informed policy practices in Pakistan. Addressing the highlighted challenges can inform strategies for enhancing evidence use in policy processes for improving health system performance.

From People to Public Policy: the Role of Human Capital in Sustainable Post-War Development of Ukraine

The crucial role of human capital in enhancing the effectiveness of public governance systems and the principles of new public policy is investigated in the context of sustainable development and the most relevant United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The analysis begins with an overview of human capital as a fundamental asset for socio-economic development, highlighting its impact on innovation, productivity, and overall economic growth. The research methodology includes the application of several general scientific methods for literature review and concise analysis of official data, emphasizing the interrelationship between investments in human capital and improved governance outcomes. Key findings indicate that regions with higher levels of education, health, and skills among the population tend to demonstrate more robust governance and sustainable development indicators, as well as resilience to severe shocks (such as war), and this represents a manageable policy parameter for governments. The paper also discusses challenges and opportunities for optimizing human capital, including policy recommendations for education, healthcare, and workforce development to support sustainable development in line with the UN’s rationale. Through its analysis, the article contributes to strategic planning and public policy formulation, which is crucial for more effective utilization of human capital for regional development and better public governance.

Delays to Behavioral Therapy in Michigan for Children Diagnosed with Autism: A Summary of Needs Assessment Outcomes to Inform Public Policy Advocacy Initiatives

Delays to Behavioral Therapy in Michigan for Children Diagnosed with Autism: A Summary of Needs Assessment Outcomes to Inform Public Policy Advocacy Initiatives

Eğitim Yönetimi Süreç Odaklamasında Kamu Politikası Modelleri

The outcomes of public policy in education management process focusing are the concrete changes that occur after the implementation of the decisions taken regarding public policies and the services produced. The results of public policy and the outcomes of educational management process focusing are different from each other. When public policy consequences are mentioned, they mean the consequences that arise from the fact that the public administration chooses to implement or not, and that are intended or not intended for society. Policy demands in educational management process focusing are the demands or requests of other civil or official persons or groups within the political system and in public administration, decision makers who create public policy, when a problem or need arises in society. Individuals, groups and other non-governmental organizations that make up society in democratic countries exert influence on decision-makers in terms of public policy. Education management are decisions made by public officials related to the formulation and implementation of public policy, especially in process focusing, to direct public policy activities and regulate their content. These may be wide-ranging decisions that concern the whole of the country, or they may also be narrower-ranging decisions that concern a certain segment of society. Analysts and policy makers use different models for public policy in education management process focusing. Some researchers state that the use of models often simplifies policy making, suggesting that models are simplified representations of the real world and are used to organize and interpret situations and help predict and explain the consequences of specific options. Some other researchers state that policy models should be considered as indispensable elements in conceptualizing, understanding and clearly establishing the framework of elements related to public policy. Key Words: Education Management, Public Policy, Public Policy Models

Shareholder stewardship: autonomy and sociality

ABSTRACT Notwithstanding the prevalent facets of shareholder stewardship as a market concept, this paper advances the argument that there is another constitutive - though well hidden - element that is more apt to fully grasp its distinctive features and better inform market and public policy initiatives. This element regards stewardship's essence as a social norm. Indeed, what this article calls the `stewardship sociality' offers original insights into the dynamics developing between different stewards. In parallel, building upon the premises of a real entity theory of company law, this paper explores the social interactions within and between stewardship groups, by demonstrating that their autonomous action requires a minimally coercive response from law. It is thus `stewardship autonomy', as it is called in this paper, that suggests that any legal reform needs to be confined in soft law instruments that depict the sociality of stewardship within a constantly evolving global landscape.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and premature mortality in the German federal states in 2020 and 2021.

The mortality impact of COVID-19 has mainly been studied at the national level. However, looking at the aggregate impact of the pandemic at the country level masks heterogeneity at the subnational level. Subnational assessments are essential for the formulation of public health policies. This is especially important for federal countries with decentralised healthcare systems, such as Germany. Therefore, we assess geographical variation in the mortality impact of COVID-19 for the 16 German federal states in 2020 and 2021 and the sex differences therein. For this purpose, we adopted an ecological study design, using population-level mortality data by federal state, age, and sex, for 2005-2021 obtained from the German Federal Statistical Office. We quantified the impact of the pandemic using the excess mortality approach. We estimated period life expectancy losses (LE losses), excess premature mortality, and excess deaths by comparing their observed with their expected values. The expected mortality was based on projected age-specific mortality rates using the Lee-Carter methodology. Saxony was the most affected region in 2020 (LE loss 0.77 years, 95% CI 0.74;0.79) while Saarland was the least affected (-0.04, -0.09;0.003). In 2021, the regions with the highest losses were Thuringia (1.58, 1.54;1.62) and Saxony (1.57, 1.53;1.6) and the lowest in Schleswig-Holstein (0.13, 0.07;0.18). Furthermore, in 2021, eastern regions experienced higher LE losses (mean: 1.13, range: 0.85 years) than western territories (mean: 0.5, range: 0.72 years). The regional variation increased between 2020 and 2021, and was higher among males than among females, particularly in 2021. We observed an unequal distribution of the mortality impact of COVID-19 at the subnational level in Germany, particularly in 2021 among the male population. The observed differences between federal states might be partially explained by the heterogeneous spread of the virus in 2020 and by differences in the population's propensity to follow preventive guidelines.

PREVALENCE AND PAYMENTS PER CAPITA OF ADRD IN PUERTO RICO AND THE US: ESTIMATES FROM MEDICARE DATA

Abstract Puerto Rico is one of the oldest US jurisdictions (22.7% aged 65 and over – 65+), where over 40% of the 65+ population lives under federal poverty levels. However, very little epidemiological and health economics research on Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) has been conducted on this population. This work compares prevalence of ADRD and several of its risk factors, as well as Medicare Payments-Per-Capita (PpC) between the Puerto Rico (PR) and US National populations aged 65+, and between males and females 65+ in PR. We compared prevalence and PpC data for PR and US for ADRD and Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia and Depression from the publicly available CMS Multiple Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse 2018 file. All fee-for-service beneficiaries were included. Prevalence of ADRD in PR was 33% higher than in the US, while Medicare PpC were 146% higher in the US. Prevalence of Diabetes in PR was 77% higher than in the US, while Medicare PpC were 80% higher in the US. Prevalences of hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not significantly different, but PpC were almost double in the US. Prevalence of depression was 30% lower in PR. Prevalences of ADRD and all other conditions were higher among PR women than among PR men. Significant health disparities exist between PR and the US (and between PR males and females), both in terms of prevalence and PpC of ADRD and several associated risk factors. These findings are important evidence for the formulation of public policies that can help eliminate these disparities.

The Impacts of Floods on the Health of Riverside Communities in the State of Maranhão: An Integrative Review

Purpose: Through this research, the aim is not only to identify problems but also to provide valuable insights for the formulation of public policies aimed at improving the living conditions and health of these communities, making them more resilient in the face of frequent climatic challenges. Theoretical framework: Floods contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases due to the contamination of water sources and the lack of access to clean water during flooding periods. The presence of pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, in flooded environments increases the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to control these illnesses. Method/design/approach: Initially, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on studies related to the impacts of floods on the health of riparian communities, with emphasis on the specific context of the State of Maranhão. Academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) will be consulted to identify relevant research, theories, and concepts associated with the effects of floods on health. Results and conclusion: Among the 46 selected articles, a higher number focused on floods in the riverside communities of Maranhão (n=30). In second place are those related to health, though few include consequences related to floods (n=10). Fewer articles addressed the social and historical-cultural profile, as observed in (Chart 1) (n=6). The integrative review highlights the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the impacts of floods on the health of riverside communities in the State of Maranhão. The evidence presented indicates the need for public policies that address not only immediate challenges but also underlying causes, promoting sustainable interventions centered on communities. Research implications: The main managerial, academic, and social contributions of the research include the clear identification of challenges faced by riverside communities in Maranhão during floods. Originality/value: The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach by not only considering the direct impacts of floods on health but also exploring the social and cultural dimensions of riverside communities. This integration of health, environment, and social sciences enhances the understanding of the challenges faced by these communities.

A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Role of Religion in Public Policy

This comprehensive literature review explores the intricate and multifaceted relationship between religion and public policy. Drawing from an extensive body of scholarly works, this review critically analyzes the influence of religious beliefs, institutions, and actors on the formulation and implementation of public policies across various societies and historical contexts. It examines the evolving dynamics of this relationship, delves into key theoretical frameworks, and assesses empirical findings to elucidate the complex interplay between religion, politics, and policy-making. By synthesizing existing research, this article offers insights into the enduring debates, controversies, and nuances surrounding the role of religion in shaping public policies and contributes to a deeper understanding of this pivotal intersection in the modern world.

Survey of Weed Infestation of Three Levels of Pasture Degradation in the Municipality of Cahoeiras de Macacu, State of Rio de Janeiro

Objective: The objective of this work was to register weed species in pasture areas at different levels of degradation, as a subsidy for weed control and the recovery of degraded pastures. Theoretical framework: Well-managed pastures provide socio-environmental benefits, being important carbon sinks and providing food for livestock. Studies related to the registration of weed species in pastures are an important tool towards the recovery and renewal of degraded pasture areas. Method: A survey of weed species was carried out in pasture areas in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, State of Rio de Janeiro, using the inventory square method, in order to indicate the ideal moment to apply control practices due to the main registered weed species. Results and conclusions: Twenty-three weed species were registered and distributed in 11 botanical families. The families that most stood out in number of species were: Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae. The weeds with the highest degree of importance were in descending order: Paspalum notatum, Eupatorium maximilianii, Imperata brasiliensis, Desmodium incanum and Sporobolus indicus. The values obtained for number of weeds, density and abundance increased as degradation levels evolved. The weed density referring to the lowest level of degradation can be used as a parameter in decision-making about the most appropriate moment to carry out the control of weed species. Average density value equal to 6.0 plants m-2 indicates the appropriate moment for adopting weed control practices, based on the main registered species. The similarity indices among sampling areas were high, evidencing the homogeneity of species among the different levels of degradation. Research implications: The results obtained can be used as benchmarks in relation to the ideal time when farmers or ranchers should apply effective practices of weed control, based on the main species found in pastures. Consequently, minimizing or even avoiding the progressive degradation of pastures. Originality/value: In general, the control of weeds in pasture areas in Brazil is neglected or carried out without the use of technical-scientific criteria. Phytosociological surveys of weed infestation can be used as guides for decision-making on the ideal moment for the application of control methods based on the main incident species, and may also be used in the development and formulation of public policies.