Evaluation Of Public Policies Research Articles

Assessing Political Demoralization: A Framework for Public Policy Analysis and Evaluation

Background: The United States symbolizes democracy in the new world and contributes to global prosperity. Nevertheless, incrementalism is a historically dominant national approach to public policy implementation that delays democracy and undermines human dignity. Human flourishing and national development are endangered by slow-moving democratic changes. This necessitates a social justice framework that traces the exploitation of incrementalism and the consequences of opportunity gaps. Objectives: This study aimed to answer and address the following research question: Are anti-democratic concepts part of a process or strategy that hinders democratic change, and what reinforces it, if anything? Methods: Two categories emerged from a grounded theory of democratic social change. This combination of anti-democratic tenets and democratic principles led to abductive reasoning to fill the research gap. Results: The key finding was the existence of a systematic approach that led to democracy while simultaneously disempowering the same group through legal and extralegal means. Two processes hinder democracy: incrementalism and an anti-democratic demoralizing process. A constructivist social justice grounded theory was developed to analyze and evaluate public policy for barriers and facilitators of democracy. A thorough analysis and evaluation of the impact and consequences of public policy is recommended to better understand how such policies impede democracy and influence American perceptions of justice.

Desafios na tessitura da Rede Socioinstitucional de acolhimento e cuidado às mulheres vítimas de violência

Abstract This article analyzes how the socio-institutional network for assisting women victims of violence, provided for in the plans of the three levels of government, materializes in a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. This is qualitative research carried out along with services, actors, and actresses of this network using the ethnographic method. For the analysis, the theoretical framework of social networks was applied. From the identification of flows, exchanges, and values that circulate in this network, understanding how these aspects impact the quality and the way support assistance is provided to women was possible. Absences and disarticulations between services were identified, as well as the need to implement participatory management at various levels to meet the real expectations of women. In conclusion, the Social Networks framework contributes to the structuring, planning, and evaluation of Public Policies for gender equity.

Educational Incompatibility: The Necessary Interdisciplinarity of Overeducation

Introduction: the fragility of academic discussions about overeducation is often limited to the scope and macroeconomic consequences of these discussions, ignoring the social, anthropological, political, and educational aspects of education. This study aims to find out and analyze how important education must take precedence. Method: This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the type of library research (Library Research). Publications were searched in four scientific databases: Scielo, Thesis and Dissertation Digital Library (BTD), Portugal Scientific Open Access Repository (RCAAP), and DIALnet. Results: The development of academic research on educational dissonance recapitulated, placed its findings within the scope of economics, and demonstrated that, to date, economics has remained the main driving force of study in the field. Interdisciplinary tools are essential for dealing with the integrality of the problem of over-education in order to propose viable solutions. Conclusion: Now, if the solutions found so far in economics are not feasible (given the obvious contradictions of reality), it is necessary to overcome educational incompatibility from an interdisciplinary prism, which results in points such as the formulation and evaluation of public policies.

Towards a systemic understanding of sustainable wellbeing for all in cities: A conceptual framework

We are facing socio-ecological crises and failing to meet the basic needs of everyone in society whilst living within planetary boundaries. These interconnected problems are complex, which require urgent transdisciplinary efforts informed by theories of change. How can we address this in cities in a way that is equitable and sustainable, since cities are complex, dynamic ecosystems with interdependent relationships? What processes, dynamics and determinants are involved? What and how are local policies designed and implemented with the intention of achieving sustainable wellbeing for all? How do normative competences shape cities' capacities to directly respond to social and ecological needs? How can we effectively assess and compare advancements being made in different cities? Given this complexity, more systemic, integrated, and theoretical understanding is needed. We present a new conceptual framework which aims to strengthen understanding of the processes, dimensions, determinants, bi-directional relations and dynamics that influence the opportunities for cities to become more equitable and sustainable. The framework places a specific emphasis on political determinants, and can serve as a tool to guide public policy design and evaluation, and monitoring of the progress made across the various dimensions of sustainability wellbeing for all in different urban contexts.

Public policies and social progress: two evaluation models

AbstractThe article presents two models of public policy evaluation: one named idealistic and the other named pragmatic. In the former, social progress occurs when changes in the form of how society is organised bring us closer to social institutions and public authority conduct considered ideal. In the latter, social progress occurs if the prevailing social state (postchanges) is taken to be better than the previous social state (prechanges), according to certain pre-established judgement criteria. It is argued that the adoption of different models is one of the main obstacles to clarity in the public debate on the implementation of public policies, namely, that of making the points of disagreement explicit. The article presents a defence of the pragmatic model, which is considered more compatible with the use of scientific criteria in order to assess the effectiveness of policies.

The impact on air quality of PM10 emissions from the bus fleet of Buenos Aires City

Abstract Automobile transport in megacities poses serious problems in the area of sustainability and environmental security. In the City of Buenos Aires (CABA) it represents 37% of GHG emissions and is an important source of pollutants dangerous to human health. As such, it is an energy consumption sector targeted for the implementation of methods that allow for sustainable urban transport. At the same time, very few previous studies about transport vehicle emissions have utilized the PM10 as an indicator of environmental contamination, considering that the negative impact of this environmental contaminant on human health is widely studied. An emission model linked to an atmospheric dispersion model, statistically validated, were used to study different scenarios of emissions generated by diesel buses. It was observed that in a scenario of zero bus emissions (E0), PM10 immission (air concentrations) concentration in CABA is reduced by half. When studying the energy transition from diesel buses to electric energy, while the rest of the vehicle fleet was maintained at the expense of fossil fuels, the local immission concentration of PM10 in CABA was of the same magnitude of that which was obtained when simulating the (E0) scenario of only private vehicle fleet. This study is relevant in the evaluation of public policy on vehicle emission mitigation that seeks to reduce health risks from poor air quality and to develop a more progressively sustainable city. Article Highlights Transition energy exclusively for buses could reduce PM10 immission values of CABA by 50%. Thermal energy needed to the energy transition does not significant impact the PM10 immission values on the local air quality. Electric buses could reduce the maximum PM10 immission value by half.

Health Policies for Rare Disease Patients: A Scoping Review.

To identify and map the available evidence on the implementation of public health policies directed at individuals with rare diseases, and to compare the implementation of these health policies between Brazil and other countries. A scoping review guided by the PRISMA-ScR and JBI checklists. The search for articles was conducted in eight electronic databases, MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and LILACS, using controlled descriptors, synonyms, and keywords combined with Boolean operators. All steps of this review were independently conducted by two researchers. The selected studies were classified by evidence hierarchy, and a generic quantitative tool was used for the assessment of the studies. A total of 473 studies were identified, of which 13 which met all the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed. Of these studies, 61.5% (n = 8) had final scores equal to or greater than 70%, i.e., they were classified by this tool as being well-reported. The comparative analysis of international rare diseases demonstrates that public authorities' priorities and recommendations regarding this topic also permeate and apply to the Brazilian context. The evaluation and monitoring of public policies directed at rare disease patients are urgent and necessary to improve and implement such policies with less bureaucracy and more determination for this unique population that requires timely and high-quality care.

The ATO Longitudinal Information Files (ALife): Individuals—A New Dataset for Public Policy Research

AbstractThe Australian Taxation Office Longitudinal Information Files: Individuals (ALife: Individuals), is one of the most comprehensive tax administrative datasets in the world. The ALife: Individuals dataset, which currently covers the period 1990‒1991 to 2017‒2018, is based on a 10 per cent longitudinal sample of administrative unit‐record personal income tax data. This new, high quality, longitudinal, de‐identified, research‐ready dataset is available to approved researchers through secure environments that safeguard taxpayers' information. The availability of ALife: Individuals opens exciting new possibilities for public policy research and evaluation that will improve understanding of taxpayer behaviour and support policy development and its administration.

Evaluation and evaluation of public policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the theory of good governance

Public policy is a phenomenon that appears in the form of a government program in a section of society or a geographic space. Good governance is also a paradigm for changing the role and function of the state, and it can be used as a pretext for confronting the challenges facing the government, the empowerment of the state, and the participation and satisfaction of citizens. The main purpose of this study is to review and evaluate public policy in Iran based on the theory of good governance. The research method of the library type and the results of analyzes have shown that the Islamic Republic of Iran's system of public policy based on the indicators of good governance has not been successful and has had some problems in its implementation. Of course, there are different capacities such as the constitution, the 20-year perspective, and even development plans to guide the policy-making system towards a good governance pattern, which, by communicating the general policy of the administrative system and, recently, the general policies of the resilient economy of the processes and processes of the strategic and A strategy has been designed to move towards a good governance model.

The evaluation of students’ progression in lower secondary education in Brazil: Exploring the path for equity

Improving the access to and quality of compulsory education among children is one of the most promising measures to tackle poverty in the medium-long run. This study examines the individual sociodemographic and educational attributes related to the probability of students’ progression through lower secondary public education in Brazil. Based on the longitudinal design track of a cohort of Brazilian 5th grade public-school students, multilevel logistic regression models are applied to merged databases of the Educational Census and Prova Brasil, which have a national coverage. The response variable is whether the pupil was steadily promoted from the 5th to 9th grade, or not. The predicting variables include students’ prior achievement in reading and mathematics, early experience of grade repetition, preschool attendance, and several sociodemographic attributes such as gender, self-declared race/skin color, socioeconomic status, and proxies of being exposed to extreme poverty. A distinctive aspect of this study is the use of big identifiable data collected by the institute in charge of Brazilian educational evaluation. Our findings show that lower secondary education completion in due time is strongly associated with prior achievement, and that the main effect of students’ socioeconomic status is modest, having a moderator effect with maths. Estimates obtained also give emphasis to the cumulative effect of early grade repetition, preschool attendance, and extreme poverty exposure. Gender and race/ethnicity gaps are shown. Moreover, the students’ progression varies randomly across schools, municipalities, and states; this provides an opportunity for compelling insights into school and higher levels of public policy design, implementation, and evaluation. Results highlight the role of preschool and primary education in the path for equity. Policy and practice implications to reduce the educational equity gap are discussed.

Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: protocol for a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence

IntroductionThe increasing incidence of pathogen transmission from animals to humans (zoonotic spillover events) has been attributed to behavioural practices and ecological and socioeconomic change. As these events sometimes involve pathogens...

Making the case for the governance of (digital public) health futures

Abstract Digital and data tools are fundamentally changing approaches to health and the design of health systems, but governance models have neither followed nor kept up with the pace of innovation. In response to this challenge, The Lancet & Financial Times Commission on Governing health futures 2030: Growing up in a digital world explores the convergence of digital health, artificial intelligence, and other frontier technologies with universal health coverage to support attaining the SDG 3. Children and young people are crucial groups requiring particular attention to ensure that no one is left behind in achieving universal health coverage and SDG 3 amidst the digital transformation in health. Today, there are 1.8 billion people between the ages of 10 and 24 - the largest youth population in history - 90 percent of whom live in developing countries. This cohort represents an unprecedented powerhouse of human potential and digital engagement that could transform health to reach sustainable development goals. This presentation introduces several key findings from the Commission's report which pertain to the governance of (digital public) health futures amidst digital transformations in health. It will highlight how human-centred approaches to health are vital to navigating the digital transformations and maximising their benefits for population health and well-being. Further, it will provide an action plan for meaningful youth engagement in the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of digital public health policies, programmes, and services.

Methodology for a Comprehensive Health Impact Assessment in Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes for Brazil.

Based on the broader concept of health proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/ WHO), 2018, and the absence in the literature of indices that translate the causal relationship between sanitation and health, a methodology for assessing the health impact of a water and sanitation programmes, known as a Health Impact Assessment (HIA), was developed, specifically in the Brazilian context, and focused on a school in the northeast of the country. Through exploratory and descriptive evidence, and using documentary research as a method, a retrospective survey was carried out from 2000 to 2022 using documents proposing evaluation methodologies. A single document was found to fit the research objective, which was used to develop the proposed HIA methodology. Development of the methodology consisted of two stages: definition of the health dimensions and selection of the indicators making up each dimension. The HIA methodology was then applied to a school in northeast Brazil to test its use, before a water-efficient management intervention was going to be used. The overall score of 46% indicated that there was room for improvement, which the new management approach could facilitate. This methodology is therefore proposed to be an instrument for the evaluation of public water and sanitation policies, thus assisting managers in the decision-making process and in guiding sanitation programs and plans.

An interview with Oscar Ocampo: On reaching net zero in Mexico

Mr. Oscar Ocampo is an energy coordinator at the Mexican Institute for Competiveness (IMCO), a non-profit, non-partisan research center that researches and acts on evidence to solve the most important challenges in Mexico. Prior to IMCO, he worked as an advisor to the independent directors of the Board of Directors of the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). He was also a consultant in public affairs at De la Calle, Madrazo, Mancera, SC, where he participated in the design and evaluation of public policies, regulation, legislative reforms, sectoral studies, matters related to international trade and the North American Free Trade Agreement, as well as in the review of international best practices for various industrial and service sectors. He studied Political Science at the Universität Hamburg and has a Master’s degree in Public Policy from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Masyarakat Terhadap Dampak Pengadaan Tanah Jalan Tol Ruas Terbanggi Besar Pematang Panggang

The implementation of land for the construction of toll road infrastructure has been regulated in a clear and detailed manner, the stages of land implementation are in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations, but there are several legal problems which are: First, what is the impact on the community. second, when people's rights are fulfilled. Third, what steps has the government taken to protect the affected communities.
 This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze a phenomenon that is supported by the data obtained by the researcher. The theory used in this research is the theory of public policy, policy evaluation and legal protection.
 The impacts that occur on the construction of high-rise toll roads – bund roasting loss of land, loss of building property, loss of productive assets, loss of livelihoods, loss of public utility services, loss of public property resources, loss of access to civil services and shared resources, loss of cultural property, displacement of vulnerable groups, changes in social interactions, dust and noise pollution. The government has established a policy to overcome the impacts that occur on the community due to the construction of toll roads and has fulfilled thlocal government in dealing with human resources in order to compete in economic development.
 The implementation of land for the construction of toll road infrastructure has been regulated in a clear and detailed manner, the stages of land implementation are in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations, but there are several legal problems which are: First, what is the impact on the community. second, when people's rights are fulfilled. Third, what steps has the government taken to protect the affected communities.
 This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze a phenomenon that is supported by the data obtained by the researcher. The theory used in this research is the theory of public policy, policy evaluation and legal protection.
 The impacts that occur on the construction of high-rise toll roads – bund roasting loss of land, loss of building property, loss of productive assets, loss of livelihoods, loss of public utility services, loss of public property resources, loss of access to civil services and shared resources, loss of cultural property, displacement of vulnerable groups, changes in social interactions, dust and noise pollution. The government has established a policy to overcome the impacts that occur on the community due to the construction of toll roads and has fulfilled thlocal government in dealing with human resources in order to compete in economic development.

Quantitative Evaluation and Empirical Analysis of Educational Policies for Ethnic Minorities in Border Areas Based on the PMC Index Model

China is a multiethnic country, and the border areas are the gathering places of ethnic minorities. Strengthening the ethnic unity education in the border areas is an important measure to maintain the social stability and national security in the border areas of China. Colleges and universities in the border areas are the cradle of cultivating outstanding ethnic minority cadres, and colleges and universities in the border areas shoulder an important historical mission. In recent years, many domestic experts and scholars began to try to use the PMC index model for policy evaluation. Chinese scholars also have a deeper understanding of the standards of policy evaluation and put forward policy evaluation standards that are more in line with the actual needs of China’s public policy evaluation research. This paper takes the education policy text of the border ethnic minorities as the research object, takes the policy evaluation as the research perspective, constructs the transformation policy text evaluation model according to Ruiz Estrada’s PMC index model construction method, defines the calculation method and rating method, draws the PMC surface of each sample, and makes a comparative analysis of the PMC index. According to the comparative analysis results of PMC index and the scanning results of policy text, this paper puts forward three optimization strategies for the education policy of border ethnic minorities.

Perceptions and experiences on data sharing and linkage for research and the evaluation of public health policy.

ObjectivesThis research seeks to understand viewpoints on the use of data containing personally identifiable information by a range of organizations for divergent purposes, focusing on the sharing and linkage of administrative data for the purposes of conducting research and evaluating public policies in Brazil.
 ApproachAn exploratory approach was employed to perceive how the concepts relevant to this subject are understood, experienced and expressed by our interlocutors. A semi-structured interview technique was chosen to establish a base of scripted questions capable of building on and adapting to discussions with the participants, as well as addressing the questions that emerged during interviews. The interviewees were divided into three groups: data subjects (patients and beneficiaries of social welfare programs), researchers, and managers with experience in public policy in the areas of health and social protection. Specific scripts were elaborated for each group of respondents.
 ResultsGroups and individuals are constantly balancing risks and benefits with regard to exposing and sharing their data; risks weigh more heavily depending on the individual’s socioeconomic context, which is permeated by intersectionality. The processing of personal data by the government raises more fears than actions taken by large technology companies. Individuals and social groups want to receive feedback on research carried out in their communities, and also desire to participate in the design of scientific research and the analysis of evidence used to guide public policies which directly affect them. Data governance is indispensable, requiring not only data management but also specific conditions on data sharing and linkage, principally regarding the sharing of administrative data aligned with legitimate public interests.
 ConclusionRaising awareness and providing information on individual and collective rights on personal and sensitive data collection, as well as informing the public about the purposes of data sharing and linkage, is of utmost importance for responsible data management. Administrative data governance should be planned and implemented to foster trust and transparency among all involved and interested parties.

On the behavioral consequences of reverse causality

Reverse causality is a common attribution error that distorts the evaluation of private actions and public policies. This paper explores the implications of this error when a decision maker acts on it and therefore affects the very statistical regularities from which he draws faulty inferences. Applying the Bayesian-network approach of Spiegler (2016), I explore the equilibrium effects of a certain class of reverse-causality errors, in the context of an example with a quadratic-normal parameterization. I show that the decision context may protect the decision maker from his own reverse-causality error. That is, the cost of reverse-causality errors can be lower for everyday decision makers than for an outside observer who evaluates their choices.

The "Boyfriend Loophole" and Intimate Partner Homicides: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the National Violent Death Reporting System.

Intimate partner homicides (IPHs) often occur in the context of violent relationships, and firearms often facilitate lethal outcomes. Accordingly, policies have been implemented to reduce firearm access among individuals with histories of intimate partner violence (IPV) or violent propensities. There is considerable variation, however, in the enactment and implementation of such state-level firearm protection laws. Some states fail to extend IPV-related firearm related protections to dating partners, creating what has been referred to elsewhere as the "boyfriend loophole", or what will be referred to here as the "partner loophole". The goal of this analysis was to examine trends in National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) data to assess the relationship of IPHs among unmarried victims in association with state partner loopholes. State policies were abstracted to identify partner loopholes. A series of negative binomial generalized estimating equations were performed using lagged policy variables, year fixed-effects, robust standard errors, and errors clustered by state. Model findings suggest that increased firearm access is related to higher rates of unmarried IPH victimization, however, the associations between the presence of a partner loophole and IPH rates amongst unmarried victims varied between racial subgroups. Significant, protective relationships with closed partner loopholes were identified for the IPH rates amongst white unmarried victims, however, not amongst victims of color. The partner loophole policies considered here, and other individual IPV-related and/or firearm-related policies may be an important component of protections, however, our findings suggest they are not independently sufficient to equitably reduce the burden of IPH. Continuing to develop public health and policy evaluation literature will be essential to progressing towards a policy landscape and cultural environment that are equitably protective.

Atenção primária à saúde infantil: a maior avaliação de base populacional da história do SUS

Abstract The IBGE has been playing a leading role in the public policy evaluation in Brazil since 2019. After the National Health Survey (PNS) evaluated primary care services in the Unified Health System (SUS) provided to adults, in 2022, the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD-C) investigated child health. To this end, it adopted one version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), developed and disseminated by Starfield and Shi to assess the existence and extent of the attributes of PHC services. The target audience surveyed included children under 13 years of age, and the questionnaires were answered by their guardians/caregivers. It included all the 27 federative units of the country in random probabilistic samples, also unfolding in the Brazilian metropolitan regions and capitals. This is the largest household survey on child health assessment ever conducted in Brazil. With the PNS-2019 and the PNAD-C in 2022, IBGE inaugurates its greatest legacy for Brazilian primary health care regarding the evaluation of SUS users, with all federative units recognizing and understanding how Brazilian society evaluates health services at the first level of care.