Public Passenger Transport Services Research Articles

The field of efficiency of subject interaction in the transport sphere

A formal sign of the existence of the transport services market is the existence of trade relations in this area. The development potential of the services market directly depends on the effectiveness of regulation of trade in services. Over the past decades, trade in services in general (and transport in particular) has been regulated based on bilateral relations. The purpose of the article is to investigate the features of interaction of economic entities in the field of socially significant services on the example of public passenger transport within the modern business environment and to determine the field of their effective interaction. To achieve this goal, the article examines the essence and features of the business environment as an economic category, as well as the evolution of relations between the state and economic actors in the field of socially significant public passenger transport services. The article reveals the problems of building relationships between the authorities, business structures and society in the process of providing public passenger transport services related to the category of goods of a special nature – socially significant. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach using methods of logical-structural, situational, and comparative analysis. The obtained results and recommendations can become the basis for decision-making by economic entities in the provision of transport services.

Proposal for Using IT Solutions in Public Passenger Transport in Slovak Republic to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19

Abstract The unexpected emergence of the viral disease COVID-19 has caused many changes in all areas of life. People suffered from the fear of contracting the disease, which resulted in the decrease in the use of public passenger transport services. People’s uncertainty and frequently changing measures with a lack of information caused a shift of passengers from public passenger transport to individual transport. The analysis identified important criteria that passengers considered very important during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to public transport. If these criteria are not met, passengers will not be willing to use public passenger transport and the use of individual transport will continue to grow. To ensure passenger satisfaction, new innovative software solutions have been analysed and then implemented into one specific solution. The proposed solution can meet the requirements of passengers, facilitate their travel using public passenger transport and provide them with regular information related to viral illnesses and important information and will ensure their satisfaction.

Competition on the Railway Market in a Segment of Public Service Obligations in Terms of Effectiveness: Study in V4 Countries

Since the introduction of new European Union legislation seeking to establish a single European railway area and increase the railway sector’s competitiveness, competition has also become a reality in this, until then, monopoly market. In addition to allowing open access to the railway market with freight and passenger services, competition in the regulated part of the market has been increasing, specifically in the segment of public passenger transport services. Public tendering for providing public services has increased the quality of services for passengers and contracting authorities; however, the question remains whether this model of awarding these services is also effective from a socioeconomic viewpoint. This study focused on evaluating contracting authorities of public services in the Visegrád-4 countries regarding public spending effectiveness. Based on the chosen model inputs and outputs related to performance and value indicators of public service contracts, we calculate individual contracting authorities’ relative effectiveness using nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. We subsequently tested assumptions of the difference in effectiveness according to awarding services, individual countries or ownership of railway undertakings. We came to the conclusion that it is not possible to confirm that public tenders in V4 countries significantly increased the effectiveness of public spending in comparison with direct awards or other ways of awarding PSO. Discussions on the main results and research limitations are also part of this paper.

Exploring the Patterns of Resident Resettlement in Rural and Suburban Areas and Their Influence on the Passenger Trip Generation

The region is a complex multi-element and heterogeneous dynamic system. Regional public transport systems are characterized by heterogeneity and incompleteness of information about the processes that take place in them. The factors determining the demand for public passenger transport services, the structure of suburban population transit and the economic consequences of changing this structure have not yet been sufficiently investigated. There is no quantitative assessment of the control factors’ influence on the results of the passenger transport system functioning in suburban traffic, which complicates the effective management in this field.In order to determine the mutual influence of objects with unclear functional connection, one of the methods of computational geometry is considered, which allows quantifying and obtaining tabulated functions of various components and parameters of settlements' interaction and centers of gravity. The numerical characteristics obtained by the described method are further used in the modeling of the processes of efficient functioning and collaboration of urban passenger transport with other external transport types, in particular at interchanges.As a result of the proposed operations, we obtain a tabulated function of the investigated parameter for the area of spatial interaction of infrastructure objects and visualize the calculated parameters in the form of graphical dependencies or in the form of a three-dimensional surface. Thus, using the method of computational geometry, with constructing a Voronoi diagram and executing the Delaunay triangulation, it is possible to obtain tabulated characteristic parameters for inhomogeneous zones of mutual influence where infrastructure objects with unclear functional connection are located.

The liberalisation of the European Union passenger rail market: New challenges for future public service contracts

The process of European Union(EU) rail market liberalisation is now at a tipping point, with the fourth railway package approved by the European Parliament and Commission and the Member States that have to embed its mandates and provisions into their national legislation. To a large extent, this has already been achieved. The railway package is structured in two main pillars – market pillar and technical pillar – with specific objectives. My paper will focus on the market pillar, particularly on the new challenges that the liberalisation of the EU passenger rail market will generate on public service contracts in effect as of 2023. The establishment of the single European railway area requires common rules on the award of public service contracts in this sector, while taking into account the specific circumstances of each Member State. Public service contracts for public passenger transport services by rail should be awarded on the basis of a competitive tendering procedure. Procedures for competitive tendering of public service contracts should be open to all operators, should be fair and should respect the principles of transparency and non-discrimination. This paper will analyse the new legal challenges that public service contracts in railway transport will encounter and what their impact will be on the process of liberalisation or the EU passenger rail market.

Assessing the satisfaction of residents with the work of public transport – regional experience

The paper presents the results of the analysis of theoretical approaches to assessing the satisfaction of the population with the work of passenger transport and regional experience in studying the opinions of service consumers. The review of modern publications on methods for assessing customer satisfaction and the actual results of research in different regions of the world confirms the theoretical and practical significance of the topic. The issues of coordination of the development of transport infrastructure with the main needs of the population are relevant, and research in this subject area is going in several directions. This is the development of the road transport network of territories, improving the quality of roads, improving the quality of service for public transport passengers, improving public transport waiting areas, pricing policy, and the interaction of transport companies with consumers of services. The generalization of the data obtained allows improving the work of regional transport companies and increase the methodological base for organizing and monitoring the quality of public passenger transport services.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТА ВИМІРЮВАННЯ КРИТЕРІЇВ ЯКОСТІ ПОСЛУГ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ПАСАЖИРСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ДОСВІДУ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article outlines possible ways to solve the scientific and applied problem of defining and measuring the quality criteria of public passenger transport services, taking into account the European Union experience. The main method of achievment this goal is the development and implementation national standards for defining quality criteria for passenger transport services and their measurement systems. They are based on identical translations two European standards: EN 15140:2006 and EN 13816:2002. Standarts provide the definition eight main criterias of service quality and three main methods of measuring these criterias. The paper presents examples of measuring certain criterias. These standards are intended for using by all modes of land transport (road, rail, urban electric and subway). The relevant parts of these standards have be used during designing appropriate systems for a particular mode of transport, The basic scheme of actions concerning management of quality of services of public passenger transport is developed. Extended examples of methods for measuring the quality of public passenger transport services are provided. The practical significance of the results are: national quality standards will be allowed; clear rules of framework agreements the public procurement procedure for transport services are established; the quality of transport services will improved. This is especially important in the context of the administrative-territorial reform Ukraine, when the bus route network changes. Keywords: measurement of service quality, public passenger transport, satisfaction of consumer needs, standarts, passenger transport services.

Justification of the Citizens’ Right of Access to Public Passenger Transport Services by the Human Rights to Mobility and Equality Before the Law

As opposed to authors who strive to justify the right of access to public passenger transport services of citizens predominantly on the principles of justice deriving from social ethics, the authors of this article justify the right of such access on the human rights to mobility and equality before the law, as the rights based on international legal acts, whereas the principles of fairness are used to upgrade the human right to equality and prohibition of discrimination. Based on the rights to mobility and equality before the law, the authors justify an obligation of democratic states to introduce a law to provide for people an adequate access to public passenger transport services at the interurban and urban level. The theoretical findings established herein will serve as a basis to evaluate legal regulations in the selected states (the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia), and create proposals to change the same.

The Impact of the State of Emergency on the Supply of Services and Passenger Demand for Public Transport

Abstract The paper deals with the research of the demand and supply of public passenger transport services in the state of emergency caused by the COVID-19 disease. The extraordinary situation has been affecting the behaviour and decision-making of passengers and their demand for public transport not only in the Slovak Republic but globally. The situation has caused a significant decline in passenger transport as well as changes in the structure of passengers who still use the public transport system. Several operators have responded to declining demand by reducing the transport services supply, to reduce operating costs. The declining demand is reflected in a decrease in transport revenues and an increase in the demonstrable loss of operators providing public passenger transport services.

Institutional foundations of the business environment in the field of transport services

The development of the services market is impossible without improving the regulation of trade in services. Trade in services has been regulated bilaterally for many years. However, as a result of the emergence of a network of services based on the use of modern technical means of communication and computers, the effectiveness of traditional regulatory methods in this area has decreased, which, in turn, has hindered the full realization of the economic potential of scientific and technological progress in the service sector. As a result, it became necessary to create a universal effective mechanism by which trade relations in this area could be coord inated. An important component of the implementation of state and private projects in the field of socially significant public interests at an effective level is the study of the functioning environment of economic entities that is adequate to modern competitive conditions for the provision of socially significant services. First, we are talking about the formation of a business environment, the functioning conditions of which are set by the state. The article substantiates the need to form a system of relations between economic entities based on the principles of public-private partnership in the field of public passenger transport services. It is proved that this system is aimed not only at increasing the number of financially independent actors and their associations, but also at transforming state institutions that become active participants in market relations, interacting, and sometimes competing with the business community, transferring more and more functions to it even in those industries for which they previously traditionally held sole responsibility.

A Setback for Competition (and State Aid) in the Railway Sector · Case C‑515/18 AGCM · Annotation by Roberto Caranta and Benedetta Biancardi

In a case concerning a direct award of passenger railways services to the old State owned monopolist, the Court of Justice opts for a literal interpretation of Regulation (EC) 1370/2007 on public passenger transport services by rail and by road limiting transparency and competition in the choice of the service provider.

A Research on the Quality of Public Transportation Services by Bus in Vietnam

This study was conducted to assess the status of the quality of public passenger transport services by bus in Hanoi. Data were collected from regular passengers using buses as a means of transportation in the city, including passengers standing at stations, waiting shelters and on vehicles to make trips and students of some universities who use buses as a means of transportation. We employ descriptive statistics and hierarchical analysis to learn about the topic of research. The results indicate that the quality of public transport services by buses in Hanoi, which was judged by passengers quite well. In particular, the safety level, convenience, security and hygiene is up to 70%, which was higher than the highest quality level. Quality of fast level and reliability are low. Keywords: quality of services, public passenger transport, buses, Vietnam. DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-13-04 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Data Structure Model on the Quality of Public Passenger Transport Services by Bus in Vietnam

The system of managing public passenger transport services (PPTS) by bus is a complex system, involving infrastructure, facilities, management and service communication activities between passengers and transport systems. In particular, quality information is the most important factor, providing necessary data for analysis, setting out measures to improve quality to meet the needs of passengers and meet the requirements of related parties. According to the peculiarity of the service, this study selects a database structure model to guide the process of computerizing the management of quality of PPTS by bus in urban areas in Vietnam. The results show that four database systems reflecting the quality information of the infrastructure, means of transport, transport operation and passenger service and each database system is structured by components that ensure proper implementation of QM process according to the continuous quality improvement cycle. The components of each database system are dispersed according to the scope of management to ensure the consistency for the quality management process and facilitate the collection, processing and distribution of information of related parties. Keywords: Quality, transport services, public passengers, Vietnam. DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-10-13 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

A Novel Model for Determining Public Service Compensation in Integrated Public Transport Systems

In free market conditions, if public passenger transport services are commercially unprofitable, there will be no interest for transport companies to perform them. However, directly because of the citizens’ interests, on the one hand, and indirectly because of the economy, passenger public transport services have become of a general public interest. The authorities must prepare appropriate legal fair market conditions, based on which public transport will be subsidized and conducted. In order to achieve that, for the mutual benefit of the public, users and transport companies, it is necessary that the right Public Service Obligation Model (PSO model or in some literature PCS—Public Service Compensation) be defined. Within this study, the optimal approach to assigning a PSC contract to transport companies for performing the PSO in integrated and regular public passenger transport systems is determined. A novel model, presented in this paper, can help national, regional and local authorities to choose and determine the way and level of PSCs for conducting the public transport of passengers and establishing a sustainable public passenger transport system.

The financing of public passenger transportation services is an equation to the European quality level

The EU transport policy regarding financial provision of public passenger transport is considered. Place the separate provisions of EC Regulation 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on public passenger transport services on rail and road transport, which repeals Regulation (EEC) № 1191/69 and (EEC) № 1107/70 of the Council, which must be over 8 years implemented in Ukraine. Keywords: social services, Regulation 1370/2009, benefits in cash, compensation for public services, contracts, publicity.

Methodology for Tendering the Performances in Long Distance Rail Passenger Transport

A fundamental step in the liberalisation of the rail market has been the separation of the railway infrastructure from the railway operating. The partial liberalisation of the rail market in the European Union (EU) was already underway in 2010. Opening up the market to new private railway operators means that operators can compete for the performance of selected lines. The opening up process of domestic rail passenger transport markets according to the fourth railway package has a variety of levels in Member States. This process is requested to be performed not later than 2019, while making public tenders for transport service contracts compulsory in the public interest. The paper is focused on tender implementation steps for long-distance rail passenger transport and shows the legislation requirements for the tendering process. There is a need to analyse the technical and other obstacles and threats to the operation of long-distance rail services entering competition. The idea is to meet the objectives of the EU White Paper on transport and The Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on public passenger transport services by rail and by road and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No. 1191/69 and 1107/70.

Research on Demand for Bus Transport and Transport Habits of High School Students in Žilina Region

Abstract The paper deals with the analysis of demand for bus transport to examine determinants of demand and practices of high school students based on survey of their transport habits in Žilina Region. Transport habits of students are individual and variable in time. This group of passengers is dependent on public passenger transport services because of their travelling to schools. Significant part of demand for public passenger transport is also formed by this this group of passengers. The knowledge of student's transport habits may help in process of adaptation of offering and quality of transport serviceability what may subsequently stabilize demand for public passenger transport.

Sources of Financing Public Passenger Transport Services

The paper deals with the financing of public passenger transport. It analyses unconventional types of financing public passenger transport abroad. The aim of the paper is to present the methodology of creating funding sources for the financing of public passenger transport which is applicable in the Slovak Republic and in the member states of the European Union. The key idea of the methodology is to use funding sources arising from the provision of public services.

The Development of Integrated Public Passenger Transport in Slovenia with Special Emphasis on Pricing

Within the EU, there exist deliberate attempts at the introduction of passenger-friendly integrated public passenger transport (PPT), which should solve many inconveniences that now hamper passengers in using the existing transportation system and should increase the PPT demand. The centerpiece of the integrated PPT system is the integrated ticket, which ideally also implies the integrated pricing (tariff) system. Due to the decline in PPT services in Slovenia the responsible Ministry launched a project aimed at the development of integrated PPT. A study was conducted as part of the project, focusing on the ticket pricing (tariff) model in relation to the existing customer structure. The model is largely based on the transport policy principle, rather than the cost principle, with the Austrian state of Styria as the selected comparable region. The paper also presents the introduction of very reasonably priced integrated monthly student ticket in Slovenia, which demonstrated the importance of substantial government subsidies leading to an increase in student ridership.

A standardised approach for sustainable interoperability between public transport passenger information systems

A significant number of passenger information systems for public passenger transport exist throughout Europe at national levels but, regrettably, their trans-national interoperability is very limited. Any passenger information system depends on several underlying heterogeneous information systems; ranging from the management of transport infrastructure networks, public transport infrastructure objects, public passenger transport services, and public transport processes and regulations. Public transport service providers have their own local information systems that should be vertically interoperable with their national passenger information system. In the future, a trans-national interoperability system is anticipated for national passenger information systems when journey-planning across Europe.This paper explores the interoperability of passenger information systems and any appropriate ITS standards. An existing information system for the management of public passenger transport is described, and a proposal put forward for implementing sustainable interoperability requirements. Finally, a European Passenger Information System – EPIS is proposed as a new solution for the possible sustainable trans-national interoperability of passenger information systems across Europe.