Public Organizations Research Articles

Corruption in public procurement: Can e-procurement and artificial intelligence make a difference in Africa?

Corruption is a challenge that hinders countries’ development. The huge spending on public procurement, particularly on capital projects, makes it highly prone to corruption. The conventional paper-based procurement process has been linked to inefficiency and corruption in procurement practices. Given the expanding role of technology in an increasingly interconnected world, many leading experts suggest that technology can be a powerful tool to reduce opportunities for corruption in public procurement. In the past three decades, the use of technology, including electronic procurement (e-procurement) and artificial intelligence (AI), in public procurement has globally gained popularity. However, currently, technology in public procurement is not widely used in the African continent. This paper's main hypothesis is that technology can have an impact on reducing corruption in public procurement in Africa, with a particular emphasis on the prospects and challenges for technology adoption in Ghana and South Africa. The paper analyzes the types of initiatives that helped technology implementation in other countries and the utility of adopting such mechanisms in the context of the subject countries under review. The study investigates the critical success factors for adopting technology in public procurement activities in Ghana and South Africa using qualitative data analysis and mixed theories. This paper aims to assist public procurement practitioners, government entities, and funding organizations in a better understanding of the technology role, including public e-procurement and AI, in their efforts to minimize the scourge of corruption in public procurement.

The role of information flows in trust-based management

PurposeThis paper explores the role of work-related information flows in trust-based management in public sector organizations. Whereas the relationship that trust affects information sharing between employees as such is well known, the opposite relationship where information flows that facilitate access to and sharing of work-related information affect trust is less studied.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses survey data from 481 employees at lower hierarchical levels in home care and schools in the City of Oslo four years after the City Council decided to implement trust-based management, using structural equation modelling (SEM).FindingsThe results from the path models indicate that work-related information flows mediate the impact of trust-based management, contribute to the development of trust in managers and increase employee autonomy.Practical implicationsA practical implication is that work-related information flows seem to be an important design variable in trust reforms. Organizations that plan to implement more trust-based management should therefore pay close attention to how changes in management systems and leadership practices impact work-related information flows.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the public management literature and research on trust reforms by identifying the role of work-related information flows as a mediator in trust-based management. The paper provides new insights into the relationship between information flows, trust and autonomy by combining perspectives from public management, information studies and organizational behaviour.

Investigation of the effectiveness of the implementation of gender equality strategies: a case study of an Australian public sector organization in a male-dominated industry

Investigation of the effectiveness of the implementation of gender equality strategies: a case study of an Australian public sector organization in a male-dominated industry

«Языковая личность» - понятие и роль в современном мире

Relevance: In recent years, the Russian Federation has paid close attention to the official activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies from authorities, public organizations and institutions, and the population. First of all, we are talking about the observance by the employees of the internal affairs bodies of the norms of morality and ethics, rules of conduct in everyday life and speech culture. State policy determines the main areas of activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. Thus, in the decisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation it has been repeatedly noted that the successful solution of the tasks facing the internal affairs bodies largely depends on the level of training of the personnel. Fostering high civic, professional, psychological and moral qualities in employees, as well as the formation of a high professional culture, one of the key competencies of which is proficiency in language as a means of communication, strengthening the authority of the internal affairs bodies in society, increasing the prestige of the service are priority goals in the activities of the police and are regulated by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated December 25, 2020 No. 900 "Issues of organizing moral and psychological support for the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation". Therefore, the problem of general language processes occurring in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation at present leads to the need to study the features of communication underlying official activity, and therefore to its creator - the "linguistic personality". Statement of the problem: The article considers the issues of state support for traditional values ​​in the Russian Federation, the need to protect the norms of the Russian literary language, the role of language in human life. What are the features of the "linguistic personality"? One of the important conditions for the formation of a person's pedagogical culture is the study of pedagogical thought that has gone through a centuries-old historical path. The article considers the main and most significant stages in the development of the education system in the world, as well as domestic pedagogy, the founder of which is K.D. Ushinsky. Purpose of the study: clarification of the definition of "linguistic personality" based on the presented basic concepts of "linguistic personality" formed in world linguistics. Research methods: analysis of modern scientific definitions of the concepts of "personality", "linguistic personality", generalization of the results obtained. Results and key findings: the conducted research allowed us to formulate and propose the author's definition of the concept of "linguistic personality", which is proposed to be understood as a bearer of cultural and linguistic values, endowed with will and aspirations, moods and assessments, and also fully using language in business communication, professional activities and in everyday life.

Economic perspectives on redefining public service media in the digital era: broadcasting to media platform

AbstractThis paper examines the currently debated platform models of public service media (PSM) in Germany. As global platforms such as Meta, Netflix, and YouTube dominate the media landscape, PSM is shifting from linear broadcasting to digital platform strategies. This study analyzes 21 platform proposals and categorizes them into five archetypes using a taxonomy-based method and hierarchical clustering. The findings reveal a range of approaches, from pure public media platforms to hybrid models that include both public and private media organizations. However, despite the innovative character of these proposals, significant challenges remain, particularly in funding, governance, and aligning platform economics with public service media objectives. This research highlights the need to integrate a platform perspective further into the development of PSM strategies and address operational policy and market issues to ensure the successful transformation of PSM in the digital era.

Synergizing Organizational Values and Psychological Capital for Wellbeing: Insights from Sri Lankan Public Administration

The role of human cognitive processes and constructs such as psychological capital (PsyCap), wellbeing, and values in encouraging positive behavior has been extensively examined in the existing body of knowledge, especially capturing the attention of scholars and practitioners in the domains of management and organization studies. However, how these concepts interactively create positive behavior is rarely taken into consideration in scholarly discussions. Thus, the present paper aims to explore how the values professed by an organization (i.e. espoused values) could lead employees towards positive behaviors through PsyCap and wellbeing. The research setting is Sri Lankan public administrative organization (SLPAO) and the study participants are top-level managers. This study takes an interpretivist approach with a qualitative inquiry by employing a series of in-depth interviews and organizational documents, where the initial findings on espoused values of SLPAO were then subjected to a secondary qualitative framework analysis based on the theoretical lenses of CHOSE and PERMA models of PsyCap and well-being. The findings of the present study show that the public administrators’ perceived espoused values carry reflections of wellbeing and encompass the dimensions of PsyCap. Accordingly, positive emotions are reflected by the values independence and humanity & morality; engagement by service boundedness and duty consciousness; positive relations by fairness & justice and concern on employees; meaning by public inter-est and effectiveness; and accomplishment by efficiency, expertise and formality & order. The findings clearly highlight how the espoused values become a source of PsyCap, encompassing hope and optimism while also tending to the collective well-being, and thereby enhancing positive behaviors overall. The findings suggest the potential application of PsyCap and well-being to leverage espoused values as a precursor of positive behavior among public servants. Nonetheless, the study emphasizes the necessity for further scholarly endeavors to explore the intricate connections between organizational values, PsyCap, wellbeing, and positive organizational behavior.

Promoting Innovation in Public Organisations: An Analysis in a National Public Institution in Algeria

Organisational innovation has become a critical factor for the survival and competitiveness of public-sector organisations. This form of innovation entails the introduction of new ways of doing and organising work that aimed at enhancing the organisation’s capacity to achieve its objectives. The aim of this study is therefore to explore the conditions that stimulate the development of organisational innovation in the context of a national public institution experiencing transformation and modernisation in Algeria. More specifically, our aim is to identify the internal and external conditions that facilitate the emergence of innovation, using a descriptive and analytical approach based on qualitative data collection (interviews and observations). The results of this work show that innovation is not isolated in the organisation, but is influenced by the organisation’s internal and external environment. This environment exerts pressure but also provides the conditions and the opportunities for innovation. The existence of a clear development strategy and project-based working structures provides a favourable context for innovation. Innovation is also a collective phenomenon, arising from the contribution of all key people in the organisation and the mobilisation of collective capacities through the role of leadership and the organisational support. Public organisations must therefore pay particular attention to these aspects in order to create value and innovate in their practices and remain competitive in an increasingly turbulent environment.

The effects of mindfulness and psychological capital on reducing worker stress and promoting health

This cross-sectional study aims to test the combined effect of mindfulness and psychological capital on reducing stress and burnout and improving the perception of health (physical and psychological). The sample consisted of 398 workers (94.5% female) from a public organization in Puerto Rico dedicated to providing services to families and their children in their early formative stages. The results from moderated regressions showed that the interaction between mindfulness and psychological capital was significant, indicating that individuals with high levels of mindfulness and psychological capital showed lower burnout and stress and a higher perception of psychological health. These results suggest that mindfulness provides the conditions to foster the mobilization of personal resources (i.e., psychological capital) to deal with stressful situations and take actions toward greater well-being. Future intervention strategies should consider combining various personal resources to increase their effectiveness in reducing stress and promoting well-being.

Relations between reflexivity and institutional work: A case study in a public organisation

Reflexivity is often considered a prerequisite for institutional work. However, the relationship between reflexivity and institutional work has rarely been examined rigorously in empirical research, and there is a lack of consensus on when and how reflexivity motivates such efforts. This study aims to address this gap by reviewing existing operationalisations of reflexivity and exploring how different forms of reflexivity impacted employees’ engagement in institutional work in a public organisation undergoing institutional change. The empirical results revealed seven distinct patterns of reflexivity and institutional work, indicating that variations across three dimensions of reflexive evaluation – scope, openness and relationality – contributed to decisions about whether and how to engage in institutional work. The results also demonstrated that reflexivity is profoundly grounded in individuals’ concerns and shaped by their work and professional histories. These findings suggest that researchers and practitioners must develop a deeper understanding of the multidimensional nature of reflexivity in order to foster meaningful employee contributions to institutional processes.

Quality management practices toward project performance in healthcare sector: modelling the mediating role of intellectual capital

PurposeThe study examines the influence of quality management practices (QMP) on project performance (PP) and the indirect association of QMP with PP through the mediating role of intellectual capital (IC). QMP may be one of the most successful strategies to improve project performance. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) and institutional theory, the study examines the impact of QMP on PP through the mediating role of IC.Design/methodology/approachThe sample frame of 329 employees in different NGOs and public healthcare organizations was selected. Data were analyzed on SmartPLS 3.2.7 by applying SEM.FindingsThe outcome reveals that QMP has a significant impact on PP. The results found partial mediation of IC on the linkage between QMP and PP.Research limitations/implicationsThe key research limitation was that it examined only two antecedents (QMP and IC) of project performance based on RBV and institutional theory, which did not yield deep insights from other institutional forces that could influence the model, such as mimetic pressure, institutional pressure and business orientation.Originality/valueQMP is highly significant in the healthcare sector; however, research on the relationship between QMP, IC and PP is lacking. Thus, this research is an initial attempt to investigate these relationships empirically. We add to our understanding of RBV by investigating the role of IC in mediating the QMP-PP linkage.

Smart Cities, Digital Inequalities, and the Challenge of Inclusion

While cities on a global scale embrace smartness as a roadmap for efficient urban governance, disparities persist in the domain of digital accessibility, literacy, and skills, with manifestations of digital exclusion, ageism, and ableism prevalent in most digital urban experiences. Despite their commitment to bridging the digital divide, governments lack comprehensive frameworks to inform policymaking and action for inclusion in smart cities. This review paper aims to deepen the understanding of the multifaceted challenges confronting the governance of inclusion in smart cities. Drawing from a review of research encompassing digital inclusion, digital transitions, smart cities, and urban governance, we discuss who is included and excluded in the governance of smart cities; what are the necessary conditions to be met for smart cities to be considered inclusive; and how can smart city governance deliver public value and equal benefits for all. As a novel contribution, this paper outlines a reflective framework to inform citizen inclusion in the governance of smart cities. This framework is meant to act as a starting point in the design of inclusive digital urban policies, and can also be employed to assess the directions taken to date in public organizations towards more inclusive urban practices.

Configuring social assistance: conceptualizations and implications of the adoption of robotic process automation in the Swedish personal social services

ABSTRACT Many European countries’ public organisations have turned to digital automation as a strategy to enhance the efficiency of their service delivery. One example of this is the use of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) in the provision of Social Assistance (SA) in Sweden. Swedish SA is a means-tested subsidy intended as a last resort for the economically most vulnerable persons, and caseworkers exercise a high degree of discretion when deciding on clients’ eligibility for the benefit. Based on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders at the national and local levels, this study explores how these actors conceptualise and rationalise the adoption of RPA in the SA context and discusses how this relates to the mutual configuration of RPA and SA. The results show that RPA is framed as a simple technology to alleviate caseworkers’ administrative workload so that they can instead focus on supporting clients towards self-sufficiency. However, local actors describe RPA adoption as a challenging process with modest outcomes. As such, the study suggests that stakeholders’ simplified conceptualisation of RPA allows them to shift responsibility for its practical adoption to local PSS organisations, which ultimately pushes the PSS organisations towards configuring their SA casework processes around the limited capabilities of the technology.

Thinking alike, acting alike? An assessment of organizational homophily and paradigmatic pragmatism in networks for local integration policies

As migrant integration policies touch upon almost all spheres of citizens’ life, collaboration across policy levels as well as across policy domains is needed. Over time, a series of both policy and analytical paradigms on the integration of migrants emerged, going from the traditional ideas of differentialism and assimilation, over multiculturalism, interculturalism, integrationism, liberal egalitarianism and mainstreaming, up to superdiversity and intersectionality. While networks for integration policies are likely to be at least partly driven by these paradigms, recent studies seem to nuance this assumption based on so called paradigmatic pragmatism, meaning that cities draw on a variety of ideas and pragmatically combine them under the header of diversity policies. The need for multi-level and multi-actor governance on migrant integration, the theoretical knowledge about homophily in organizational networks, and the recent findings on paradigmatic pragmatism, raise the question to what extent collaboration between public and non-profit organizations active around migrant integration is based on a shared policy paradigm on the integration of migrants. This question is answered based on a multiple case study of four central cities in Flanders (Belgium), covering 1.403 organizations. In the quantitative and qualitative (social network) analyses, comparisons along both the axes of cities and policy domains are made. Findings contribute to literature on organizational homophily, showing that clustering of organizations is likely to be at least partly driven by policy paradigm on integration. This is however nuanced by the observation that policy paradigms appear to be ambiguous, which in turn reveals opportunities for more flexible collaborations between actors and for avoiding deadlocks in policy making.

The Impact Of Organizational Culture On EProcurement Implementation In Public Sector Organizations In Ghana

Purpose – This study aims to assess the impact of organizational culture on e-procurement implementation in public sector organizations in Ghana Design/Methodology/approach- Employing an explanatory design, this study used an in-depth interview guide and case study analysis. Three organizations implementing e-procurement were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected through structured interviews with six respondents from each organization, which focused on the impact of organizational culture on e-procurement implementation. Findings- The data was analyzed thematically on Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence and Facilitating Conditions. Cultures promoting innovation, inclusivity and excellence boost performance expectations. Emphasizing adaptability, customer-centricity and efficiency eases system use. Inclusivity, open communication and collaborative decision-making improve social acceptance while facilitating conditions like empowerment and accountability ensures long-term sustainability. These traits were evident in Organizations A, B, and E, which aligned with organizational values with e-procurement system requirements. Social implication – The findings from the study could help policy makers know the dominant organizational culture in the public sector and how the public organizations can foster collaboration and excellence through adaptability, user-centric design and comprehensive training, reducing perceived effort in e-procurement systems. Originality/Value – This study is one of the limited empirical qualitative type of research aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the impact of organizational culture on the implementation of e-procurement within public organizations in Ghana. The findings give insights to policymakers regarding the relationship between organizational culture and the implementation of e-procurement in the public sector

Satellite-Derived, Smartphone-Delivered Geospatial Cholera Risk Information for Vulnerable Populations.

Cholera, an acute waterborne diarrheal disease, remains a major global health challenge. Despite being curable and preventable, it can be fatal if left untreated, especially for children. Bangladesh, a cholera-endemic country with a high disease burden, experiences two peaks annually, during the dry pre-monsoon spring and the wet post-monsoon fall seasons. An early warning system for disseminating cholera risk, which has potential to reduce the disease burden, currently does not exist in Bangladesh. Such systems can raise timely awareness and allow households in rural, riverine areas like Matlab to make behavioral adjustments with water usage and around water resources to reduce contracting and transmitting cholera. Current dissemination approaches typically target local government and public health organizations; however, the vulnerable rural populations largely remain outside the information chain. Here, we develop and evaluate the accuracy of an early warning system-CholeraMap that uses high-resolution earth observations to forecast cholera risk and disseminate geocoded risk maps directly to Matlab's population via a mobile smartphone application. Instead of relying on difficult to obtain station-based environmental and hydroclimatological data, this study offers a new opportunity to use remote sensing data sets for designing and operating a disease early warning system. CholeraMap delivers monthly, color-coded geospatial maps (1km×1km spatial resolution) with household and community cholera risk information. Our results demonstrate that the satellite-derived local-scale risk model satisfactorily captured the seasonal cholera pattern for the Matlab region, and a detailed high-resolution picture of the spatial progression of at-risk areas during outbreak months.

Mapping aquaculture in inland continental areas of Brazil using machine learning on the Google Earth Engine

Aquaculture has played a significant and growing role in the provision of food, food security, and job creation, while simultaneously establishing itself as an important agricultural activity subject to increasingly stringent market practices. The generation of spatial information on aquaculture activity in Brazil can support more assertive planning of new enterprises as well as enable the monitoring of this activity over time, fulfilling an agenda of sustainable aquaculture growth in the country. The aim of this article was to map aquaculture areas in the state of Paraná (Brazil) by developing an automated methodology for the extraction of aquaculture ponds. The methodology was implemented on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and utilized satellite images with a spatial resolution of 4.77 m from Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) Program – Planet. The process involved pixel-oriented classification of satellite images and the utilization of the Random Forest (RF) algorithm for classification, based on 1200 training samples. The accuracy of the mapping and the algorithm was evaluated using Producer Accuracy (PA), User Accuracy (UA), and Overall Accuracy (OA). The mapping achieved an OA of 0.87, with a PA of 0.89 and a UA of 0.96 for the aquaculture class, and a PA of 0.66 and a UA of 0.41 for the non-aquaculture class. 42,369 aquaculture ponds were identified in the study area, covering a total area of 11,515 ha. The ponds had sizes smaller than 0.7 ha and non-circular shapes (compactness 0.70). Around 40% of the identified aquaculture tanks were concentrated in just two out of the ten analyzed mesoregions, accounting for 40% of the water surface area used for aquaculture in Paraná. Considering that the results obtained show potential to fill the gap in geospatial information about state aquaculture, our methodology would provide a broad understanding of the state’s aquaculture framework, definition of regions with capacity for the expansion of aquaculture ponds, accuracy in estimating the state’s productive space, monitoring the improper expansion of aquaculture areas, as well as establishing locations where the pressure on water resources by aquaculture prevents the expansion of this activity. Therefore, this study could benefit public and private organizations, and other stakeholders, by systematically monitoring aquaculture production in the country’s leading fish farming state, contributing to assertive decisions in regions where aquaculture production needs to expand sustainably.

Intention to adherence to social distancing for prevention of Covid-19 in the urban areas of southern Iran: a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis of theory of planned behavior

BackgroundSocial distancing is a key behavior to minimize and controlling COVID-19 infections. The current study applied an integrated Theory of Planned Behavior to identify the determinants of social distancing behavior, and the processes involved, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodsa cross-sectional study was conducted in Southern Iran among 1000 people from Shiraz by employing a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire based on the main constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 22 and Amos version 24. Level of statistical significance was declared at a P-value of less than 0.05.Resultsaccording to the results, the subjective norms (F = 2.696, effect size = 0.139) and attitude (F = 3.582, effect size = 0.155) play an important role in the samples’ PBC (P ≤ 0.05). Final adjusted structural equation model of the effects of independent variables (Gender, subjective norms, attitude) on samples’ intention to adherence social distancing for prevention of Covid-19 with the mediating role of one main variable of PBC. The PBC alone can be an important factor in creating intensive behavior in the samples (F = 3.560, effect size = 0.18).Conclusioncurrent findings highlight the importance of “attitude, subjective norms and PBC” as determinants of social distancing intention. Future research on long-range predictors of social distancing behavior and reciprocal effects in the integrated model is warranted. This evidence is relevant to public and private organizations in the process of developing strategies to promote and engage the population in adopting the behavior of “Adherence to Social Distancing” in Iran.

Use of Sustainable Energy Systems in Educational Institutions

Educational institutions like other public and private organizations should try to eliminate their carbon footprint for the achievement of the ambitious 2050 target of net-zero carbon emissions. Several mature, reliable and cost-effective sustainable energy technologies can be used in these institutions replacing the use of fossil fuels and reducing their carbon emissions. Solar energy, wind energy and biomass can be used for heat and electricity generation replacing the use of oil, gas and grid electricity. Additionally, various low-carbon emission technologies including heat pumps, co-generation systems, fuel cells, district heating systems and power storage technologies can be also used in them. The combined use of these technologies in schools, colleges and universities can replace the current use of conventional energy sources reducing or completely eliminating their carbon emissions. The abovementioned benign energy technologies are already used commercially in several sectors proving their reliability and cost-effectiveness. It has been indicated that a plethora of green energy technologies can be used in educational institutions eliminating their carbon footprint achieving the desired global 2050 target of net-zero carbon emissions. Our results could be useful to policy makers and to the authorities of schools, colleges and universities who are willing to promote their environmental sustainability, achieving economic benefits and offering valuable educational opportunities to students.

Elevated hematologic ratios are correlated with acne severity: a national, retrospective cohort study.

Prior studies demonstrated conflicting results regarding hematologic ratios in acne patients. We sought to further characterize hematologic ratios in acne patients, according to demographics and acne severity. National, retrospective cohort study of 122,822 patients using medical records from 2005 to 2024 of patients insured with the largest public healthcare organization in Israel, Clalit Health Maintenance Organization. Moderate-severe acne patients had higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) than mild acne patients at diagnosis and 12-18 months before diagnosis. A multivariable regression confirmed the significance of the correlation of increased NLR and PLR with acne severity. Adults and females had higher NLR and PLR than children and males, respectively, at diagnosis, and 12-18 months before diagnosis. Acne severity was significantly associated with elevated NLR and PLR. NLR and PLR may also serve as indicators of upcoming acne severity, as they were elevated 12-18 months before diagnosis. These biomarkers may contribute to the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with acne.

Deep learning models for hepatitis E incidence prediction leveraging Baidu index.

Infectious diseases are major medical and social challenges of the 21st century. Accurately predicting incidence is of great significance for public health organizations to prevent the spread of diseases. Internet search engine data, like Baidu search index, may be useful for analyzing epidemics and improving prediction. We collected data on hepatitis E incidence and cases in Shandong province from January 2009 to December 2022 are extracted. Baidu index is available from January 2009 to December 2022. Employing Pearson correlation analysis, we validated the relationship between the Baidu index and hepatitis E incidence. We utilized various LSTM architectures, including LSTM, stacked LSTM, attention-based LSTM, and attention-based stacked LSTM, to forecast hepatitis E incidence both with and without incorporating the Baidu index. Meanwhile, we introduce KAN to LSTM models for improving nonlinear learning capability. The performance of models are evaluated by three standard quality metrics, including root mean square error(RMSE), mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) and mean absolute error(MAE). Adjusting for the Baidu index altered the correlation between hepatitis E incidence and the Baidu index from -0.1654 to 0.1733. Without Baidu index, we obtained 17.04±0.13%, 17.19±0.57%, in terms of MAPE, by LSTM and attention based stacked LSTM, respectively. With the Baidu index, we obtained 15.36±0.16%, 15.15±0.07%, in term of MAPE, by the same methods. The prediction accuracy increased by 2%. The methods with KAN can improve the performance by 0.3%. More detailed results are shown in results section of this paper. Our experiments reveal a weak correlation and similar trends between the Baidu index and hepatitis E incidence. Baidu index proves to be valuable for predicting hepatitis E incidence. Furthermore, stack layers and KAN can also improve the representational ability of LSTM models.