Public Locations Research Articles

Characterization of non-cardiac arrest PulsePoint activations in public and private settings

BackgroundGeospatial smartphone application alert systems are used in some communities to crowdsource community response for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although the clinical focus of this strategy is OHCA, dispatch identification of OHCA is imperfect so that activation may occur for the non-arrest patient. The frequency and clinical profile of such non-arrest patients has not been well-investigated.MethodsWe undertook a prospective 3-year cohort investigation of patients for whom a smartphone geospatial application was activated for suspected OHCA in four United States communities (total population ~1 million). The current investigation evaluates those patients with an activation for suspected OHCA who did not experience cardiac arrest. The volunteer response cohort included off-duty, volunteer public safety personnel (verified responders) notified regardless of location (public or private) and laypersons notified to public locations. The study linked the smartphone application information with the EMS records to report the frequency, condition type, and EMS treatment for these non-arrest patients.ResultsOf 1779 calls where volunteers were activated, 756 had suffered OHCA, resulting in 1023 non-arrest patients for study evaluation. The most common EMS assessments were syncope (15.9%, n=163), altered mental status (15.5%, n=159), seizure (14.3%, n=146), overdose (13.0%, n=133), and choking (10.5%, n=107). The assessment distribution was similar for private and public locations. Overall, the most common EMS interventions included placement of an intravenous line (43.1%, n=441), 12-Lead ECG(27.9%, n=285), naloxone treatment (9.8%, n=100), airway or ventilation assistance (8.7%, n=89), and oxygen administration (6.6%, n=68).ConclusionsMore than half of patients activated for suspected OHCA had conditions other than cardiac arrest. A subset of these conditions may benefit from earlier care that could be provided by both layperson and public safety volunteers if they were appropriately trained and equipped.

School closures significantly reduced arrests of black and latinx urban youth.

Youth of color are surveilled and arrested by police at higher rates than their White peers, contributing to racial inequities across the life course and in population health. Previous research points to schools as an increasingly relevant site for youth criminalization, but existing studies emphasize within-school mechanisms, with limited analysis of policing in surrounding school areas. To fill this gap, we study changes in police arrests of youth after initial COVID-19 school closures in 2020 across four US cities overall and in relation to public school locations. We analyze geocoded arrest records and use interrupted time series negative binomial regression models with city and month fixed effects to estimate change in weekly arrest rates among White, Black, and Latinx youth. We estimate arrest densities within school areas before and after school closures using spatial buffers of 300 feet. In the immediate weeks and months following COVID-19 pandemic school closures, youth arrest rates fell dramatically and with lasting impacts compared to other age groups. During the period of remote learning, weekly youth arrest rates declined by 54.0% compared to youth arrests rates in 2019, adjusting for city and seasonality (Incident Rate Ratio 0.46, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.52). We estimate Black youth weekly arrests fell from 43.6 to 16.8 per 100,000, vs. 4.6 to 2.2 per 100,000 among White youth. However, Black youth arrest rates during the remote learning period were still nearly 5 times that of White youth pre-pandemic. We also find that youth arrest rates declined during two school closure periods: at the start of the pandemic in 2020 and during Summer 2019. A spatial analysis shows Black and Latinx youth arrest densities in the surrounding 300 feet of K-12 schools were at least 15 and 8.5 times that of White youth, respectively, in both pre- and remote-learning periods. Black and Latinx youth face a higher likelihood of being arrested near a school than do White youth and older age groups, and racial inequities in arrests remains after school closures. Our findings show school closures significantly reduced arrests of urban youth of color, and policies addressing youth criminalization and structural racism should consider the joint spatial context of schools and policing. Although school closures may have resulted in learning loss and harms to youth wellbeing, closures interrupted comparatively high levels of arrest for Black and Latinx youth.

Expressions of interest in research articles: Geo-academic location and time as influencing factors

Linguistic expressions of interest that signal academic authors’ epistemic attitude toward propositional content in their research articles are inherently associated with knowledge-making practices. Drawing on a semantic frame developed for expressions of interest, this study examined how an academic author’s geo-academic location and time of publication mediated the deployment of such interest markers in a 4-million-word corpus of 640 research articles sampled from four disciplines. To complement the corpus-based analyses of the interest markers, text-based interviews were conducted with 16 specialists from the four disciplines to explore their considerations in employing these markers. The corpus-based analyses found that time of publication and geo-academic location reliably predicted the overall use of interest markers and/or the presence of several frame elements. As revealed by the analysis of the interview data, these identified patterns of use were attributable to the Periphery-based scholars’ disadvantaged positions in academia and increasing competition for international publication.

Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of bystander CPR after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and the odds of receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (bCPR) after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). MethodsFor this cross-sectional retrospective study, data were obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System database for adults (≥18 years) with a witnessed non-traumatic OHCA in the year 2021. Patients were separated into two groups including Black/Hispanic and White. The primary outcome was the odds of receiving bCPR. We excluded traumatic etiology, do-not-resuscitate orders, and arrest in a healthcare facility or wilderness location. Multiple logistic regression controlling for known covariates was utilized and analyses were stratified by public versus non-public location, median household income, and rural, suburban, or urban setting. ResultsA total of 64,007 witnessed OHCAs were included. When compared to White, the Black/Hispanic group were younger (62 vs 67 years) and more often female (40% vs 33%), in neighborhoods with the lowest median household income (31% vs 13%) and in an urban setting (92% vs 80%). Overall, bystander CPR rates were 60% and 67% for the Black/Hispanic and White groups, respectively. Multiple logistic regression stratified by OHCA location found that the Black/Hispanic group had a decreased odds of receiving bCPR compared to the White group both in the home (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.77; 95% CI 0.74–0.81) and in public (aOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.64–0.76). This difference persisted throughout neighborhoods of different socioeconomic status and across the rural–urban spectrum. ConclusionsRacial/ethnic disparities exist for Black and Hispanic persons in the odds of receiving bCPR after a witnessed non-traumatic OHCA regardless of public or private setting, neighborhood income level, or population density.

Nuclear reactor at home? Public acceptance of small nuclear reactors in the neighborhood

Small Nuclear Reactors (SNR) can provide climate-neutral, stable electricity and heating if located in people’s neighborhoods close to people’s dwellings. The extensive use of SNR would reduce capacity requirements for energy transmission systems and increase the overall stability of energy grids. However, the public fear location of SNR close to their homes. This paper hypothesizes that the public acceptance of SNR in the neighborhood is contingent upon knowledge of technology, fear of nuclear energy (NE), trust in the government, the expected increase of future electricity needs and the expected ability of renewables to cover these needs, environmental and climate concerns, and media exposure. We rely upon representative survey data from the Czech Republic (N = 1,013, 51.2% female, aged 18–91, M ± SD: 47.7 ± 17.6; 19.6% with higher education). Methodologically we conduct exploratory Principal Component Analysis and a series of ordinal regressions. The results suggest that the knowledge of technology, trust in the government, the preference for NE expansion, and media exposure increased the acceptance of SNR, while fear of NE decreased SNR acceptance. The perceived replaceability of conventional energy sources with renewables decreased acceptance of SNR in most cases. Surprisingly, worries about climate change reduced the support for SNR. Women accept fewer SNRs located close to their residence compared to men. More educational effort is needed in the specifics of SNR technology and the environmental effects of SNR. Media proved to be an excellent way to start.

Sex- and Age-Based Disparities in Public Access Defibrillation, Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Neurological Outcome in Cardiac Arrest

ImportanceYounger females with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in public locations have less likelihood to receive public access defibrillation and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, the association between age- and sex-based disparities and neurological outcomes remains underexamined.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between sex and age and the rate of receiving bystander CPR, automated external defibrillator defibrillation, and neurological outcomes in patients with OHCA.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used the All-Japan Utstein Registry, a prospective, population-based, nationwide database in Japan containing data on 1 930 273 patients with OHCA between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2020. The cohort comprised patients with OHCA of cardiac origin that was witnessed by citizens and treated by emergency medical service personnel. The data were analyzed from September 3, 2022, to May 5, 2023.ExposureSex and age.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was favorable neurological outcome at 30 days after an OHCA. Favorable neurological outcome was defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 (indicating good cerebral performance) or 2 (indicating moderate cerebral disability). The secondary outcomes were the rates of receiving public access defibrillation and bystander CPR.ResultsThe 354 409 included patients who experienced bystander-witnessed OHCA of cardiac origin had a median (IQR) age of 78 (67-86) years and 136 520 were females (38.5%). The rate of receiving public access defibrillation was higher in males than females (3.2% vs 1.5%; P < .001). Stratified by age, age- and sex-based disparities in prehospital lifesaving interventions by bystanders and in neurological outcomes were observed. Although younger females had a lower rate of receiving public access defibrillation and bystander CPR than males, younger females had a higher favorable neurological outcome compared with males of the same age (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31). In younger females with OHCA that was witnessed by nonfamily bystanders, receiving public access defibrillation (OR, 3.51; 95% CI, 2.34-5.27) or bystander CPR (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.20-2.22) was associated with a favorable neurological outcome.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this study suggest a pattern of significant sex- and age-based differences in bystander CPR, public access defibrillation, and neurological outcomes in Japan. Improvement in neurological outcomes in patients with OHCA, especially younger females, was associated with increased use of public access defibrillation and bystander CPR.

Real-Time Face Mask Classification with Convolutional Neural Network for Proper and Improper Face Mask Wearing

Since the discovery of COVID-19, the wearing of a face mask has been recognized as an effective means of curbing the spread of most infectious respiratory diseases. A face mask must completely enclose the lips and nose properly for effective prevention of the disease. Some people still refuse to wear the mask, either out of annoyance or difficulty, or they are just wearing it incorrectly, which diminishes the mask's effectiveness and renders it worthless. The deep learning models described in this research provide a mechanism for assessing whether a face mask is being worn correctly or incorrectly using images. For both training and testing, the suggested method makes use of MaskedFace-Net dataset that contains annotated photos of an individual's face with proper and improper masks. Threshold optimizations are applied to produce significant results of prediction when comparing ResNet50, MobileNetV2 and DenseNet121 models. It is observed that better performance can be achieved with having accuracy as the target evaluation metric and reaching accuracy levels of 97.6%, 99.0%, and 99.8% for ResNet50, DenseNet121, and MobileNetV2, respectively after threshold optimization. As an outcome, DenseNet121 outperformed the other evaluated models when accuracy, recall, and precision metrics were used to assess the testing set. The face mask categorization can be used to automatically monitor face masks in real-time in public locations like hospitals, airports, shopping complexes and congested spaces to verify compliance with the published guidelines by the higher authorities in a country, making the results valuable for future use.

How To Apply Resfecfull Midwifery Care In Improving The Quality Of Midwifery Services?

Introduction: Midwives play a strategic role in shaping future generations and ensuring women's reproductive and sexual health. Every woman and newborn has the right to quality care and a positive birthing experience, which is best achieved through Respectful Midwifery Care (RMC). Method: This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, aims to explore the relationship between RMC and the improvement of midwifery service quality. Keywords such as “respectful midwifery care,” “women's empowerment,” “antenatal care,” “childbirth,” “family support,” and “pregnancy” were utilized. Out of 86 identified articles, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: The review included studies from various regions, examining characteristics like publication details, research design, and location. The findings consistently show a strong correlation between RMC practices—focused on women's empowerment, family support, and positive birthing experiences—and enhanced quality of midwifery services. Conclusion: The implementation of RMC, with an emphasis on empowerment and family involvement, significantly improves midwifery service quality. This review of 30 eligible studies from diverse global settings underscores the widespread effectiveness of RMC across different contexts.

PM2.5 exposure to marijuana smoke on golf courses and other public outdoor locations: A pilot observational study

Secondhand exposure to cannabis smoke occurs in public outdoor locations due to outdoor smoking or leakage of indoor smoking. Very little is known regarding the actual levels of exposure. This study examined PM2.5 exposure to marijuana smoke, focusing on one type of public outdoor location – golf courses where illegal marijuana consumption is increasingly common. Based on 24 visits to 10 courses over a 6-month period, >20 % visits encountered marijuana smoke, with peak PM2.5 exposures up to 149 μg/m3. The levels of exposure depended upon the source type (smoking versus vaping) and the proximity to the smoker/vaper. Ten additional investigations were performed to measure marijuana secondhand exposure in other public outdoor locations (near a smoker in a public park, near a parked car with in-car smoking/vaping, and near a residential garage with indoor smoking/vaping). 23 encounters of marijuana exposure events were documented in total. Average outdoor exposures to PM2.5 close to public outdoor smoking and vaping (on golf courses and a public park) were >3 times as high as those near a car or a building with indoor marijuana emissions. The average outdoor exposure caused by the leakage of in-car secondhand smoke was higher than that caused by in-building emissions.

Impact of Cultural and Linguistic Maintenance on Mental Health Outcomes in Migrant Adolescents: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

There is no consensus on how the disruption or maintenance of heritage culture and language affect mental health outcomes in adolescents with a migrant (also known as "immigrant" or "international migrant") background. Even though previous literature reviews have investigated the association between acculturation and mental health in migrants, none have explicitly focused on adolescents. The aim of the scoping review described in this protocol is to understand (1) the focus, scope, and nature of quantitative empirical research investigating heritage cultural maintenance, including linguistic maintenance, and mental health outcomes in adolescents with a migrant background worldwide and (2) the potential effects of cultural and linguistic maintenance or disruption on migrant adolescent mental health outcomes. A total of 11 key electronic health, medical, social science, and language databases (APA PsycArticles Full Text; Embase Classic+Embase; Ovid MEDLINE All and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, In-Data-Review and Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily; Ovid MEDLINE All; APA PsycInfo; University of Melbourne full-text journals; Science Citation Index Expanded; Social Sciences Citation Index; Arts & Humanities Citation Index; Scopus; Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts) were searched. Databases were searched without time restrictions from the beginning of their coverage. Publication date, location, and quantitative study design (except for literature reviews) were not restricted; however, the search was only conducted in English. Data from included studies will be extracted using a template with predefined data items, and results will be summarized in a structured, narrative summary. A search was conducted on April 20, 2021, returning 2569 results. We are currently at the final stages of screening titles and abstracts of our search results, which will be followed by a full-text review and the data extraction of included studies. We expect to submit the full review for publication by the end of 2023. The scoping review aims to provide a better understanding of existing research on the association between cultural (including linguistic) maintenance and mental health in migrant adolescents. It will help identify gaps in the existing literature and develop hypotheses that could inform future research, eventually facilitating the development of targeted prevention initiatives and improving migrant adolescents' well-being. DERR1-10.2196/40143.

Lessons learned from talking with adults about nutrition: A qualitative study in the PREPARED project.

Improving diet and dietary behaviour of men and women before pregnancy has the potential to benefit both their current and long-term health and the health of their children. Little is known, however, about adults' perception of diet's role in prepregnancy health. This study aimed to explore the state of knowledge and awareness of preconception nutritional health in adults within the fertile age range and what they perceived could motivate healthy eating using the self-determination theory as a theoretical framework. We analysed 33 short exploratory interviews with men (n = 18) and women (n = 15) aged 18-45 years. Participants were grab sampled from three different public locations in the southern part of Norway. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim in 2020 and analysed using a thematic analysis with a semantic approach in 2022. The findings suggest that adults within the fertile age range are not intrinsically motivated to eat healthily, but when they do, it is because eating healthily often aligns with other goals consistent with their values, that is, getting fit or looking good. They possess some basic knowledge of healthy behaviours during pregnancy but are generally unaware of the importance of preconception health and nutrition. There is a need to increase awareness of the impact of preconception health on the health of this and future generations. Improved nutritional education on the significance of diet before conception might facilitate optimal conditions for conceiving and for pregnancy in the adult population within fertile age range.

Channelizing Machine Learning Towards Early Threat Detection and Prevention Against Women Using Surveillance Cameras

Abstract: Closed Circuit Television Systems (CCTV) are being used in a growing number of office buildings, housing developments, and public locations. Many towns now have CCTV surveillance systems in place. Such monitoring systems create a tremendous load for the CCTV operators because the number of cameras views a single CCTV operator can process is constrained by human considerations. Surveillance automation of public places assumes an important role in proactively detection of possible threat to public and in maintaining law and order. Based on a review of the existing approaches followed in monitoring of crowd behaviours and the techniques applied, especially in public places like bus stands, railway stations and airports, the paper proposes surveillance automation i.e., automating the process of detecting, recognizing the suspects and suspicious behaviour of the people in the crowd. Here, in this project called channelizing machine learning towards early threat detection and prevention against women using surveillance cameras, we propose algorithms that are capable of alerting the human operator when: (1) Presence of a inhuman act, after setting zones of interest and danger zones within those zones of interest, the danger is detected when someone follows a women on streets, roads or any other public places, which can reduce the number of sexual harassment and other forms of sexual Algorithms violence in public spaces; (2) An abnormal behaviour of a person such as handling some objects abnormally; (3) In this project, our main aim is towards women safety and also we concentrate on reducing the amount of false alerts and to enable a real-life use of the system.

EV Charging Station Using Solar Power

Abstract: The main requirement for the adoption and implementation of electric vehicles (EV) is the availability of charging facilities in public locations. In order to create an enabling EVSE ecosystem and hasten the adoption of EVs, this paper addresses several challenges relating to electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) or charging stations linked to legislation, standards, interoperability, and business models. Electric vehicle (EV) supply equipment (EVSE) or charging equipment are necessary for vehicle owners to adopt EVs. With varying degrees of success, several nations utilised various strategies and economic models to build the EVSE ecosystem. As India prepares to launch an EV revolution, a few crucial EVSE-related questions continue to plague the industry's players: What criteria apply to EVSE in India? whose will berun and keep up an EVSE? Utilities? Utility franchisees, perhaps? or outside parties like business owners, parking lot managers, and fleet operators? What will the electricity cost be for charging an EV? Will there be only energy charges or will there be capacity charges as well (minimum monthly fee per kW of capacity)? Who will cover the expense of the electric grid upgrade (higher capacity distribution transformers and new cables when necessary): the owner of the EVSE or the utility's usual grid improvement capex? Where will the public EVSEs be installed, and will the land be given away for free, at a discount, or at market value? This paper seeks to summarise the extensive work that has previously been done by numerous parties on the aforementioned topics and environment that will facilitate the rapid implementation of EVs.

Coping practices and the spatial dimension of authority design

AbstractFrontline implementers develop coping practices to deal with implementation burdens. Unfortunately, we have only limited knowledge of how widespread and systematic these practices are applied. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the enforcement activities carried out in the context of the European Union Industrial Emission Directive, relying on a quantitative data set that summarizes the information from more than 2000 inspection reports published by the German state Baden‐Württemberg. Our analysis reveals that inspectors tend to give priority to sites that (1) are closer and easier to reach and (2) that pose only a small risk to their environment. These findings indicate that implementers are primarily guided by concerns over the quantitative rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. These insights highlight that public authorities' spatial location is a crucial, yet still unexplored factor in the study of policy implementation.

Child Detection Model Using YOLOv5

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems have been installed in public locations to search for missingchildren and fight crime. The Penang City Council has deployed a face recognition CCTV monitoring system. As a result, this research aims to identify children who were in the wrong area or at the wrong time and then notify authorities such as police and parents. According to child detection research, the average child loss rate is more significant due to lacking child detection features. Existing research employs machine learning and deep learning across several platforms, yielding inaccurate accuracy findings. Using the YOLOv5 algorithm, this study will categorize images based on children's detection in restricted locations. Coco, Coco128, and Pascal VOC were chosen because they are the standard datasets of YOLOv5 and the public dataset INRIA Person. Annotations and augmentation techniques are employed in the pre-processing phase to acquire labeling in text file format and offer data for any object position. The YOLOv5s model will then be designed to make the proposed detector model. After training using YOLOv5s, a child detector model is produced and evaluated on the dataset to acquire findings according to recall, precision, and mean average precision (mAP) performance metrics. Finally, the performance metrics obtained from all four datasets are compared. The INRIA Person dataset performed the best, with a recall of 0.995, an accuracy of 0.998, and a mean Average Accuracy of 0.995. Nevertheless, the findings for both YOLOv5s and the proposed model are pretty close. This demonstrates that the proposed model can detect as well as the YOLOv5s model.

The Importance of Street Art in Rejuvenating Urban Tourism in Bandar Hilir, Melaka

Objective: Street art is typically done in public locations and conveys a strong political or social message. Historically, street art has been associated with deviating from standard traditions in subjects or artistic forms. Graffiti motifs, such as huge bubble text or smaller decorative scripts, are frequently used in artists' works. Many know that street art is a piece created illegally; the urban planner’s scale and duration are often crucial variables in making street art. Artists commonly use spray paint and stencils to paint big surfaces, such as walls, in a short amount of time. The research focused on Bandar Hilir Melaka’s street arts and the transformation of unappealing street stores into a distinctive reflection of Melaka as a historical city. This research aimed to discover how important street arts are in Bandar Hilir from a tourism standpoint. The study's goal, however, is to look at the situation from the perspective of local tourists and conduct an observation analysis. The researchers used Nvivo 12 to analyze the study's data, providing a framework for model content configuration and insightful information. The information was gathered by interviewing 18 people using simple sampling and observation techniques. To produce the original model, qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which included the construction of codes and themes, as well as enlarged ideas for the literature of each main theme and five themes. Findings: At Bandar Hilir, the primary themes of street art are accessibility in walking, followed by serenity, the landscape environment, family togetherness, and the image established by street art. Finally, the street art characteristics of the streets significantly impact the tourism business. Determining the relationship between tourism activity and walkability on-street culture is critically important in the tourism business, and it helps Bandar Hilir maintain its vitality.

Are outdoor playgrounds the real culprit for elbow fractures in children? A lesson learned from COVID-19 sanitary measures.

The association between elbow fractures and outdoor playgrounds has always been anecdotal. We sought to determine the impact of closing outdoor playgrounds and other play areas during the COVID-19 lockdown on elbow fractures in a pediatric population. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all elbow fractures from a single pediatric referral hospital between 2016 and 2020 for the months of April and May. The months chosen corresponded to the COVID-19 lockdown during which outdoor playgrounds were closed. Inclusion criteria were elbow fracture diagnosis based on radiography and age younger than 18 years. Fracture type, where the injury occurred and the mechanism of injury were recorded. A total of 370 fractures were reported, with an average of 83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 83-84) per year for 2016-19 and only 36 recorded in 2020. The average annual number of fractures before 2020 was 17 (95% CI 16-17) for schools, and 33 (95% CI 31-34) for outdoor playgrounds, including 22 (95% CI 21-24) falls from playground structures. No fracture was reported in schools in 2020, and only 3 were reported from outdoor playgrounds (including 1 associated with falling from playground structures). We found an association between elbow fractures in a pediatric population and outdoor playground accessibility, but also with indoor public locations. Our findings emphasize the importance of safety measures in those facilities.

One-year survival after out-of- hospital cardiac arrest: Sex-based survival analysis in a Canadian population.

We investigated sex differences in 1-year survival in a cohort of patients who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) to hospital discharge. We hypothesized that female sex is associated with higher 1-year posthospital discharge survival. A retrospective analysis of linked data (2011-2017) from clinical databases in British Columbia (BC) was conducted. We used Kaplan-Meier curves, stratified by sex, to display survival up to 1-year, and the log-rank test to test for significant sex differences. This was followed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis to investigate the association between sex and 1-year mortality. The multivariable analysis adjusted for variables known to be associated with survival, including variables related to OHCA characteristics, comorbidities, medical diagnoses, and in-hospital interventions. We included 1278 hospital-discharge survivors; 284 (22.2%) were female. Females had a lower proportion of OHCA occurring in public locations (25.7%vs. 44.0%, P<0.001), a lower proportion with a shockable rhythm (57.7%vs. 77.4%, P<0.001), and fewer hospital-based acute coronary diagnoses and interventions. One-year survival for females and males was 90.5% and 92.4%, respectively (log-rank P=0.31). Unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR] males vs. females 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-1.24, P=0.31) and adjusted (HR males vs. females 1.14, 95% CI 0.72-1.81, P=0.57) models did not detect differences in 1-year survival by sex. Females have relatively unfavorable prehospital characteristics in OHCA and fewer hospital-based acute coronary diagnoses and interventions. However, among survivors to hospital discharge, we found no significant difference between males and females in 1-year survival, even after adjustment.

Activities and social contact as antecedents to sleep onset time in U.S. adolescents.

This study evaluated adolescents' evening patterns in activities, social contact, and location to better understand antecedents to adolescents' sleep onset time (SOT). The SOT is important for sleep duration and related health outcomes. Using a nationally representative sample of 15- to 18-year-old adolescents from the American Time Use Survey (N = 10,341; 47% female; 57% white), structural equation modeling demonstrated that late SOTs mediated links between evening activities, social contact, locations, and shorter sleep durations. Passive leisure, time in public locations, and time with friends late in the evenings were associated with later SOTs, whereas homework and active leisure did not. Parents and practitioners can use this information to carefully evaluate evening activities, social contact, and location to support healthy SOTs for adolescents across time.

A GIS-Based Spatial Decision Support System for Facility Location Planning in Nigeria

Abstract&#x0D; Public facilities are to be located optimally in the interest of society. In Nigeria, public facilities' locations are largely influenced by administrative constraints and politics, rather than efficiency and equity. This practice limits access, most especially, in rural communities where the population is dispersed. Studies on efficiency and equity in access to public health facilities focused on urban centres. The aim of this study, therefore, is to advance the understanding of the application of the spatial decision support system (SDSS) to evaluate efficiency and equity in access to public facilities in rural regions. The study used Ogun State, Nigeria as a case. The data used include the population and coordinates of the location of the settlements, coordinates of the location of health facilities and the transport networks. This study showed that 38.5% of settlements do not have access to primary care and the application of the p-median model showed that the efficiency of the existing location of health facilities can be improved by 40.6%. Application of the maximal covering location model showed that the existing maximum travel distance of 26.3km can be reduced. It can be reduced for the sake of equity to 9.9 km. This study demonstrated ways to develop evaluative tools for analyzing the distribution of public facilities in Nigeria. It is suggested that planners in rural regions of other developing countries can adopt these techniques and tools to make their location decisions more logical.&#x0D; Keywords: Geographic Information System, Public Health Facilities, Spatial Decision Support System, Location Efficiency, Location Equity.&#x0D;